中考英語語法正誤辨析和典題講解——形容詞、副詞

1、形容詞、副詞(一) 知識概要形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語中用處也很多，但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué)習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no, a

2、lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。英語中形容詞與副詞有原級、比較級、最高級之分，其規(guī)則如下：構(gòu)詞法 原 級 比較級 最高級 加er，或est Tallyoung talleryoungertallestyoungest 只加r或st nicelargenicerlargernicestlargest 重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個輔音 字母時雙寫該字母加er、est big fathotbigger fatterhotter biggestfattesthottest 不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞：原 級 比較級 最高級 good better best Well be

3、tter best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far fartherfurther farthestfurthest old olderelderoldesteldest 要注意的是許多形容詞同時又是副詞，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容詞則要經(jīng)過一定變化才能轉(zhuǎn)為副詞，其規(guī)律如下：構(gòu)詞法 形容詞 副 詞 一般加ly Carefulkindcarefullykindly 尾是y時將y變成i加ly

4、 Happybusyeasyhappilybusilyeasily 其 他 trueterriblefullpossibleshywholetrulyterriblyfullypossiblyshylywholly 在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級和最高級形容詞。能修飾比較級的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修飾最高級的有：the very, much the, far等。(二) 正誤辨析誤 The young likes playing football very much.正 The

5、 young like playing football very much.析 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。誤 The danger has gone, so the worst are over.正 The danger has gone, so the worst is over.析 意為：危險已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束。用定冠詞加最高級形容詞作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。誤 It is the gold age of the young.

6、正 It is the golden age of the young.析 golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。誤 She is a warm heart woman.正 She is a warmhearted woman.析 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞，或數(shù)詞，加名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如：warmhearted 熱心腸的，whitehaired 白毛的誤 There is an alive fish in

7、 the pool.正 There is a living fish in the pool.析 在初中范圍內(nèi)所學(xué)到的以a字母開頭的形容詞一般不能作定語，只能作表語。如：The fish is alive.(魚還活著)這樣的形容詞有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。誤 The ill man nearly died.正 The sick man nearly died.析 ill一般不作定語來形容某人有病，而要用sick，但作表語時則都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill作定語時則另有他意，如：ill luck (厄運(yùn))，il

8、l nature(天性惡劣),ill temper(心緒不好)誤 I have important something to tell you.正 I have something important to tell you.析 不定代詞something, anyone, somebody在用形容詞修飾時，形容詞應(yīng)放其后。但要注意thing則不是不定代詞，不符合上述規(guī)律。如：I have an important thing to tell you.誤 Ill be free on next Sunday.正 Ill be free next Sunday.析 在表達(dá)將來時的時候：next

9、Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介詞。誤 The girl is twoyear old.正 The girl is two years old.正 She is a twoyearold girl析 由連字符連接若干名詞、數(shù)詞組成的形容詞，在學(xué)習(xí)時要記住兩點(diǎn)，其一是這些詞中的名詞都不要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：twothousandword report(兩千字的報告)；其二是這樣構(gòu)成的形容詞只能作定語，即用于名詞之前，而不能作表語。誤 The foreigners like those little b

10、eautiful Chinese paintings.正 The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.析 在名詞前若有幾個形容詞作修飾語時，其順序如下。1. 指示代詞，定冠詞 2. 數(shù)量詞 3. 性質(zhì)詞 4. 大小 5. 形狀 6. 老少，新舊 7. 顏色 8. 材料但要注意的是英語的習(xí)慣是一個名詞前的形容詞一般不要多于三個。如： What a pretty little white horse!Those first few short English stories were not difficult to u

11、nderstand. 誤 The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.正 The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.析 good是形容詞，這里是修飾動詞speak的，所以應(yīng)用副詞well，但well作形容詞講時只作身體好。如：He is well.(他身體很好)。He is good.(他是個好人)。誤 The children play on the grass happyly.正 The

12、 children play on the grass happily析 多音節(jié)y結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時應(yīng)將y變?yōu)閕再加ly.誤 The teacher looked angry at the students.正 The teacher looked angrily at the students.析 英語中感觀動詞后面要接形容詞，這時它是修飾主語的，如：The food smells good.食物聞起來很香。The teacher looked angry 老師看起來很生氣。 而此句的意思為：老師生氣地看著學(xué)生，所以應(yīng)用副詞形式。誤 He worked with me friendly.

13、正 He was friendly to me.析 不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是副詞，但friendly是形容詞，這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, costly, livelymonthly weekly。但其中有些詞既是副詞，又是形容詞，如：early, hourly, monthly誤 You can speak free in front of your friends.正 You can speak freely in front of your friends.析 free作為形容詞意為自由的，有空閑的，免費(fèi)的。作為副詞講則是免費(fèi)之意。而freely作為副詞則是自由的，隨便的

14、。這些要注意的詞還有：hard 努力，艱苦 hardly 幾乎不 late 遲，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 幾乎like 像 likely 幾乎誤 They must have arrived till now.正 They must have arrived by now.析 by now是用于表達(dá)到目前為止某一動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以應(yīng)用瞬間動詞。而till now是強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，所以一定要用持續(xù)性動詞。must have+過去分詞是對過去某一事情所作的肯定推測。誤 Someone called you right now.正 Someone cal

15、led you just now.析 just now有兩個意思，其一是剛才，其二是現(xiàn)在，而right now只能用于現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。just則用于完成時態(tài)，如： I have just finished my homework.誤 My father will be back from America at present.正 My father will be back from America presently.析 presently有兩個意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美語中是現(xiàn)在之意，與at present相同。而for the present為暫時，如： I teach English

16、 in the school for the present.誤 Ill be back at the moment.正 Ill be back in a moment.析 at the moment 其意為現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)時，而in a moment意為馬上過一會，與in a minute意思相近。誤 The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time.正 The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time.析 on time為準(zhǔn)時，而in time有兩個含意。其一是及時，如：The doctor arriv

17、ed in time。其二是將來，終究。誤 I met an old friend sometimes last month.正 I met an old friend sometime last month.析 Sometime 過去，或者將來某時。Sometimes 有時如： Sometimes I go to school by bus.Some time 一些時間 如： I need sometime to do my homework. Some times 幾次 如： I went to Shanghai sometimes this month.at times 有時，偶爾at

18、all times 經(jīng)常some other time 改天 誤 I had met an old friend three days ago.正 I had met an old friend three days before.正 I met an old friend three days ago.* ago 用在時間狀語中時，主句中謂語動詞一般用過去時，而before用于時間狀語時則主句的謂語動詞宜用完成時態(tài)。誤 He studied very hard. and at the end he passed the exam.正 He studied very hard, and in

19、the end he passed the exam.析 in the endat last 意為最終，終于，表達(dá)經(jīng)過若干努力而達(dá)到的結(jié)果。而at the end是在某事的結(jié)束時如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。誤 I will come here to help you each three days.正 I will come here to help you every three days.析 every three days 為每三天，即每隔二天，而every other day為每隔一天

20、。誤 He didnt go to the cinema yesterday. and I didnt go, too.正 He didnt go to the cinema yesterday and I didnt go either.析 英語中表示也，有4個字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3個用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too與as well一般要用在句尾，而also則可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too. 又如： Ive also read h

21、er other novels.誤 We should help the poor girl in anyway.正 We should help the poor girl in any way.析 anyway為不管怎么講，無論如何，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.any way 為任何方式。這種常見的錯誤還發(fā)生在以下幾組詞中，如：everyday 日常的 every day 每天faraway 遙遠(yuǎn)的 far away 遠(yuǎn)離altogether 總計(jì) all together 一塊，大家一起already 已經(jīng) all

22、 ready 全準(zhǔn)備好了誤 You can come to the doctors at anytime.正 You can come to the doctors at any time.析 anytime 是副詞 而any time中的time是名詞。誤 She said nearly nothing.正 She said almost nothing.析 nearly 與 almost的含意相近，在很多場合可以互換，但在否定詞前用almost。誤 There are too much mistakes in your homework.正 There are too many mista

23、kes in your homework.析 too much 后接不可數(shù)名詞，如：There is too much water for the flowers. 而too many 后加可數(shù)名詞，much too 后面加形容詞，如：It is much too difficult to learn English well.誤 It is late enough that we can go home now.正 It is late enough for us to go home now.析 要注意的是enough后面一般不接從句而接不定式，或不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for somebody

24、 to do something。誤 The twins are very alike.正 The twins are much alike.析 用a為首字母的形容詞不能用very修飾，一般要用much來修飾。誤 - How long does he write to his parents?- Once a week. 正 - How often does he write to his parents?- Once a week. 析 英文與中文表達(dá)法不同，隔多長時間辦一次某事，實(shí)際上問的是該事發(fā)生的頻率，所以要用how often。誤 As soon as I arrive in New

25、 York, Ill call up you.正 As soon as I arrive in New York, Ill call you up.析 當(dāng)動詞詞組的賓語是人稱代詞時則一定要放于動詞之后，如果是名詞則可以放在詞組其后。如：I want to watch TV. Please turn on the TV. 也可以講： Please turn the TV on.誤 He drove quickly his new car.正 He drove his new car quickly.析 副詞在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下幾種用法：實(shí)意動詞之前，如：He quickly give

26、me the answer. 在be動詞之后，如：The little boy is often late for class. 第一助動詞之后，如：This book has almost been finished. 在單獨(dú)使用的be動詞和助動詞之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是無論如何也不能將副詞置于動詞與賓語之間，如果是賓語從句或是很長的名詞詞組作賓語則才可以這樣用：He heard clearly what the teacher said.誤 The children came late yesterda

27、y to the cinema.正 The children came late to the cinema yesterday.析 表示一定長度的時間的副詞不應(yīng)放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào)則可放于句首。誤 You have few new books, havent you?正 you have few new books, have you?析 英語中的數(shù)量形容詞有兩組。修飾可數(shù)名詞的有few(很少，幾乎沒有)，a few(有一些，幾個)；修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有l(wèi)ittle (很少，幾乎沒有)，a little(有一點(diǎn)，有一些)。要注意的是當(dāng)few和little用于句中時應(yīng)看作否定句，而

28、 a few 和a little 用于句中時則應(yīng)看作是肯定句。 誤 He spent quite little money on his food.正 He spent quite a little money on his food.析 quite a 為一固定用法，其意為十分，相當(dāng)，所以。 quite a fewmany, quite a littlemuch 而only a littlelittle, only a few=few.誤 Do you want to have many bread?正 Do you want to have some bread?析 some與any都可以

29、用作形容詞、副詞或代詞，在一般情況下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑問句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答復(fù)時，應(yīng)用some。 其次是some 可以用來修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。誤 Please tell me where the shoes shop is?正 Please tell me where the shoe shop is.析 在用名詞作修飾詞來修飾另一名詞時，這個作修飾詞的名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，如：a shoe shop 鞋店 a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 書店a post office 郵局 a police station 警察局 a bus stop

30、汽車站誤 He is weak at physics.正 He is weak in physics.析 在表達(dá)擅長于作某事時用be good at something, 而其反意詞為be bad at something， 但be weak in something。誤 This dictionary is worth to buy.正 This dictionary is worth buying.析 be worth 后可接動、名詞表達(dá)值得作某事，又可接價格、金錢表示值多少錢。誤 Dont afraid of that.正 Dont be afraid of that.析 afraid

31、在英文中是形容詞而不是動詞。這樣的詞組還有：be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心be certain of 有把握，確定 be sure of 確信be glad of 高興 be sick of 厭惡be fond of 喜歡誤 The work has already been done well.正 The work has already been well done.析 well 與badly作副詞時，表示好壞，如果句子是被動語態(tài)，則應(yīng)放在過去分詞之前，如：This machine has been badly damaged. 如果句子是主動語態(tài)，則應(yīng)放

32、于句末，如：I did my homework well.誤 We are yet in the classroom now.正 We are already in the classroom now.析 already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑問句中，如：Did you finish it? No. not yet.誤 Look. Here comes he!正 Look! Here he comes!誤 Look! Here the bus comes!正 Look! Here comes the bus!析 在句子開頭用Here時，如主語是人稱代詞則不要用倒裝語序，如果主語

33、是名詞則要用倒裝語序。誤 She is my older sister.正 She is my elder sister.析 elder 和eldest是用來指家庭中兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系，而older, oldest 則是指歲數(shù)大多少，如：She is three years older than I.誤 Im tired. I cant go further.正 Im tired. I cant go farther.析 far有兩個比較級 farther 較遠(yuǎn)的，further 進(jìn)一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要進(jìn)一步的解釋嗎?當(dāng)然

34、它也有兩個最高級。farthest和furthest.誤 I went to Beijing University five years before.正 I went to Beijing University five years ago.析 ago常與過去時連用，而before則多與完成時連用。誤 - Have you finished your homework?- No, not already. 正 - Have you finished your homework?- No, not yet. 析 仍然有三個英文字可以表達(dá)它們是already， yet 與 still。 要注意的

35、是 already經(jīng)常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。 而yet 多用于疑問句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still則常用于主語與謂語動詞之間，如：We still cant decide what to do. 但也有時用于be 動詞之后，如：He is still here.誤 He is very higher than I am.正 He is much higher than I am.析 much可以用來修飾比較級，而very則用來修飾形容詞原級，如：Im very tired.誤 -

36、 Can I walk to the station?- Youd better not. It is very far. 正 - Can I walk to the station?- Youd better not, It is a long way. 析 for一般用在疑問句與否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isnt far.誤 Ive ever been to America.正 Ive been to America once.析 once 多用于肯定句，而ever則用于疑問句，否定句，及條件狀語從句中，如：H

37、ave you ever been to London?誤 - Could you pass the exam this time?- No, I am not afraid so. 正 - Could you pass the exam this time?- No, Im afraid not. 析 在肯定的答語中我們可以用so來代替上句所講的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ Im afraid so.但在否定的答語中，英語口語的習(xí)慣用法則有所不同，如，I

38、dont think so 而在hope, belive 與 afraid后則常用not， 如：I hope not.誤 She didnt work enough hard, so she couldnt pass the exam.正 She didnt work hard enough, so she couldnt pass the exam.析 enough 可以作名詞用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well. (對于如何學(xué)好英語已經(jīng)講的足夠多了。)另外它可以作為形容詞，如：I have enough money (

39、or money enough) to buy this dictionary. 注意 enough作為形容詞時即可放于名詞前又可放于名詞后，在初中范圍的考題中多用于名詞之前。如果enough 作為副詞用，那么它一定要放在被修飾的形容詞或副詞之后。誤 You cant be very careful.正 You cant be too careful.析 此句話的含意是你如何小心也不過分。tooto的用法是太以至于不能作某事。但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用時也常常將后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那對我來講是太貴了。誤 He is good past fifty.正 H

40、e is well past fifty.析 well 作為副詞用時除用于好之外還有大大地、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地，等意。往往有人對下面兩句的對或錯有爭議；He is well.He is good.其實(shí)這兩句都是正確的表達(dá)法，只不過其含意不同。He is well是他身體不錯，而He is good 則為他是個好人。誤 She is not as half clever as her brother.正 She is not half as clever as her brother.析 在asas結(jié)構(gòu)中要將修飾形容詞的數(shù)量詞倍數(shù)及nearly, almost, exactly 等置于第一個as之前。誤 H

41、e is same age as Tom.正 He is the same age as Tom.析 the sameas是固定的用法，其中定冠詞the是不可省也不能換成別的詞的。誤 Mother and her daughter are exactly like.正 Mother and her daughter are exactly alike.* like 作為介詞，其意為像，應(yīng)用于 look like, be like, sound like, 其后要加賓語。而 alike 是形容詞，或副詞，如: You and I think alike. The twins are dresse

42、d alike。 但 alike 僅作表語而不能用于名詞前作定語。誤 Who is taller of the two?正 Who is the taller of the two?析 兩者的比較級之前要加定冠詞。誤 I have less books than Tom.正 I have fewer books than Tom.析 less 是 little的比較級，而fewer是few的比較級。less后應(yīng)加不可數(shù)名詞而fewer后是可數(shù)名詞。誤 There are three girls in my group. The cleverer is Mary.正 There are thre

43、e girls in my group. The cleverest is Mary.析 在兩者之間應(yīng)用比較級，在三者之間或三者以上的范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用最高級。誤 The boy sat there as quiet as his sister.正 The boy sat there as quietly as his sister.析 asas的用法要注意的是：在其中間應(yīng)加形容詞或副詞的原級，而不可加比較級，也有的語法書中稱為同級比較。要根據(jù)句意決定是加形容詞還是副詞，這要看它具體是修飾動詞還是名詞而定，如：He is as good as his friend.誤 The harder you s

44、tudy, and you can learn more.正 The harder you study, the more you can learn.析 英文中如果要表達(dá)越來越怎樣，在初中范圍有兩種表達(dá)法：比較級+and+比較級。定冠詞+比較級，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。 要注意的是多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級前要加more，這樣的用法是：more and more 加形容詞，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful.誤 Studying physics is not so interest

45、ing as to learn English.正 Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English.析 在作比較時，英語一般要求對比的兩部分結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)一致。如用動名詞，應(yīng)都用動名詞，用不定式時則都用不定式。但有時在后一個不定式前的符號to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as (to) buy a new one.誤 The girl is more cleverer than the boy.正 The girl is much more clever (muc

46、h cleverer) than the boy.析 clever有兩個比較級：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比較級來修飾比較級。clever的兩個比較級也各有不同之處，如用在兩種不同性質(zhì)的比較時多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest. (他的聰明要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其誠實(shí)。)析 The boy is the tallest to the three.正 The boy is the tallest of the three.析 最高級的范圍要用of加復(fù)數(shù)形式或加集合名詞。誤 This book is one of the

47、most useful dictionary.正 This book is one of the most useful dictionaries.析 在one of 后面最高級形容詞后要加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。誤 This dictionary is the much best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.正 This dictionary is much the best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries. 析 在修飾最高級時應(yīng)用 far/by far/much 加the加最高級。但very例外，如：He

48、 is the very best player in the team.誤 Shanghai is bigger than any other cities in China.正 Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.析 在比較級中表示比較對象時如用any other其后一般要加單數(shù)名詞。誤 Most of stories in this book are written in English.正 Most of the stories in this book are written in English.正 Most storie

49、s in this book are written in English.析 大多數(shù)一詞的表達(dá)法有most of the +名詞，或most+名詞。當(dāng)用前一種結(jié)構(gòu)時，其后面的定冠詞不可少。誤 The temperature of that room is higher than this room.正 The temperature of that room is higher than that of this room.析 比較級用于兩句話之間時，比較的部分不可省略掉，但為了避免重復(fù)，一般都要用that代替前面的單數(shù)名詞，而用those代替前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：The books in t

50、hat box are bigger than those in this box。誤 He is no more here. Maybe he is at home.正 He is no longer here. Maybe he is at home.析 no more在現(xiàn)代英語中多譯為：從此再也不會了，如：His voice is no more here. 他已經(jīng)去世了，他的聲音不可能再出現(xiàn)了。而用no longer 表達(dá)目前的狀態(tài)。要注意下面幾組句子的實(shí)際含意：This room is no cleaner than that one.即兩間屋子都不干凈。(兩者都不干凈) This

51、room is not cleaner than that one,即這屋子不如那間干凈。(前者不如后者干凈。即一間干凈，一間不干凈。)(三) 例題解析1 I think Chinese is than maths. interesting B more interestingC. most interesting D. the most interesting 答案 B. 析 在有than作比較的句子中應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級。2 - What does Lucy like better, singing or dancing?- Singing. of course. Shes known to

52、 it.A. be good at B. be good for C. be bad at D. be bad for 答案 A. 析 be good at為固定搭配，意為擅長作某事。初中英語中有些這樣的固定用法應(yīng)記牢，而不能似是而非。如：be good at, be bad at, be poor in, be week in, be fit for3 The Huang He River is one of in China.A. The long river B. the longest riverC. the longest rivers D. the longer river 答案

53、C. 析 在one of + 定冠詞+最高級之后的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4 The girl was afraid she threw her bag away.A. so, that B. too, to C. too, that D. enough, to 答案 A. 析 sothat為如此怎樣以至于如何，此句意思是：小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而tooto的意思為如何如何，以至于不能作某事。但to的后面是動詞原形，而不是從句。5 It was yesterday than today.A. hot B. hoter C. hotter D. the hottest 答案 C. 析 用t

54、han表達(dá)比較的句中應(yīng)用比較級 。6 Which subject do you like , English Chinese or maths?A. best B. well C. better D. good 答案 A. 析 在兩者之間應(yīng)用比較級，而在三者之間或三者以上用最高級。7 None of the students watched it .A. careful enough B. enough carefully C. carefully enough D. enough careful 答案 C. 析 首先應(yīng)判定是選用用來修飾名詞的形容詞還是用來修飾動詞的副詞。這里是修飾watch這一動詞，