主語和謂語的一致

1、主語和謂語的一致1. 主語和謂語的一致關(guān)系：謂語要與主語在 人稱和數(shù)上保持一致：Her dreams have come true.Her dream has come true.She often arrives at school late.They ofte n arrive at school late.It is getting dark.Eggs are gett ing scarcer.1 am gett ing bored.2. 確定主語單復(fù)數(shù)的三個原則：2 - 1.語法上一致的原則：The boy plays football well.The boys play footb

2、all well.It is bitterly cold.1 am very cold.2 - 2.概念上一致的原則：My family are all early risers.（指家中的全體成員,有復(fù)數(shù)含義）His family has moved into the new house.（指整個家,用作單數(shù)）Five minutes is enough.（一個時間段,看作單數(shù)）指全體船員，復(fù)The crew are wait ing for in structi ons from the capta in.（2 - 3.鄰近詞一致的原則：Neither he nor they are wh

3、olly right.Neither Tom nor the Brow ns enjoy their journey to Beiji ng owi ng tothe bad weather.Either your key or my key is miss ing.Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party.He or I am in the wrong.-what s worth visiting there?-well, there s the park, the castle and the museum.

4、3. 主謂一致的具體原則：3 - 1.根據(jù)語法一致的原則確定謂語形式：單數(shù)主語+單數(shù)謂語；復(fù)數(shù)主語+復(fù)數(shù)謂語The teacher encourages the students to speak freely.My wages are low, but me taxes are high.Their house has nine room.It always pays to give your paper one final check.在“主語+系詞+表語結(jié)構(gòu)”中，系動詞要與主語的數(shù)保持一致，不受其表語的 影響.Their greatest concern is the childre n

5、.The most appreciated gift was the clothes that you sent us.What we n eed most is books.Paul is frie nds with bill.在“單數(shù)名詞(主語)+(together)with+這是因為上述短語只起修飾主語的作用 短語：Along with, as well as, in addition名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語只與主語保持一致，,而非主語的一部分to, accompanied by, rather than, asmuch as, no less tha n, in clud ing, besid

6、es, except, but, like.The factory with all its equipme nt has bee n bur nt.You as well as I are wr ong.The manager, along with his secretaries, _is. going to a dinner party toni ght.An expert, together with some assista nts, was sent to help in this work.The teacher, as much as the pare nts, is to_b

7、lame for the accide nt.Mr. Robbins, accompa nied by his wife, is arrjvi ng toni ght.3 - 2主語含有and時的謂語形式：“單數(shù)名詞+ and +單數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three R s.Joe and Bob are smart.He and I are good frien ds.The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.如果由

8、and所連接的并列主語指的是同一個人或物事，謂語動詞用單數(shù).The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.A teacher and no velist is going to make a speech in the hall.A / The + 單數(shù)名詞人+ and + 單數(shù)名詞人+單數(shù)謂語 指同一個人身兼兩種職務(wù)A / The + 單數(shù)名詞人+ and + a/the +單數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語指不同職務(wù)的兩個人The con ductor and composer was greeted by a crowd of pe

9、ople.The con ductor and the composer were greeted by a crowd of people.一下已被看成一個整體，因而做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)Knife and fork, n eedle and thread, a cup and saucer, a horse and carriage, trial and error, law and order, etc.Law and order has bee n established.Bread and butter is our daily food.Fish and chips is a p

10、opular fast food.The stars and stripes is the natioanl flag of USA.The sum and substa nee of the speech was an tiwar.主語為“ every / each +單數(shù)名詞 + and + (every / each +)單數(shù)名詞” 時,謂語用單數(shù).Every man, woma n, and child n eeds love.Each boy and girl was give n a book.Each book and each paper is held in place.Ev

11、ery min ute and every sec ond is precious.主語為“形容詞+ and + 形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”，并且是涉 及到該名詞的品種或類別時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).Chin ese and british beer are served at the pub.Cooli ng draft beer is served at the pub.Clever and dull students are treated alike.There is a black and white picture on the wall.當“ bothand ”連接兩個單數(shù)名詞

12、作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).Both his brother and sister are married.Both whales and dolphi ns are mammals.3 -3根據(jù)鄰近詞一致的原則確定謂語形式：用or連接兩個名（代）詞作主語時，依據(jù)“鄰近原則”確定謂語形式.George or Tom is_wa nted.George or I am wr ong.Were you or he there?用eitheror連接連個名代詞作主語時,鄰近原則.Either John or his friends are to blame for the bad results.Ei

13、ther the shirts or the sweater is a good buy.Not onlybut also ；notbut連接兩個名代詞作主語時,鄰近原則.Not on ly Mary but also Joh n was invited to the party.Not the stude nts but their teacher is invited to the party.3-4謂語用單數(shù)形式的情況：動名詞，動詞不定式或主語從句作主語.Reasing is a great pleasure in life.To live mea ns to creat.That we

14、 n eed more time is obvious.數(shù)詞或“數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（表示時間，距離，金額，重量，大小，體積等）”作 主語.Eight hours of sleep is enough.Five is an odd number.A hundred miles is quite a drive, isn t it?Five tons is a heavy load.Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞作主語.The Philipp ines consists of more tha n 7,000 isla n

15、ds.The Un ited Nati ons has its head quarters in New York City.The Times has a large circulation.“ many a / more than one +單數(shù)名詞”作主語.Many a little makes a mickle.Many a ship has bee n wrecked on those rocks.More tha n on grammatical mistakes was found in his compositi on.表示群意義的詞組 ,如:a flock of birds,

16、 a pack of dogs, a pride of lions, aherd of cattle, a school of fish作主語.A flock of birds is cifcli ng overhead.The herd of cattle is break ing away.3 -5謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況 trousers, pants, pyjamas, shorts, pliers, scissors, pincer, tongs, glasses, spectacles, tights, compasses 等;一般都用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但當這些詞前面有單數(shù)量詞時，謂語動詞常用

17、單數(shù)形式.Where are my scissors?There is a pair of scissors on the table.有些集合名詞作主語時，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語Sheep, Cattle, Police, Poultry, militia, people 等;Cattle feed on grass.The police are look ing into the matter.“Several / (a) few / both / ma ny + (of+)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或上述詞”單獨用作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Several of you need to work harde

18、r.Several have already writte n to me.3 -6謂語用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可的情況：有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但做主語，謂語多用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Means, works, tid in gs, headquarter 等;The firm s headquarters are / is in London.The good tid ing come / comes too late.There is / are no means of finding out what happe ned.The steel works is / are closed for the

19、 holiday.數(shù)詞組成的數(shù)學(xué)算式作主語，謂語單復(fù)亦可：Two and three is/are five.Twice two make/makes four.一些復(fù)數(shù)形式疾病名稱作主語 , 通常用單數(shù) , 復(fù)數(shù)也可以 .The measles is an infectious illness.Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults.3 -7不定代詞作主語時的謂語形式：由 any, some, no, every 與 body, one, thing 構(gòu)成的不定代詞作主語或主語 的一部分, 謂語用單數(shù).Somebody, anyone, nothing, eve

20、ryone等;Everybody is doing his best.There is nothing you can do to help.There s something interesting in the newspaper.“ each, each +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 ; each of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時 , 謂語用單數(shù)形式 .Each arrives on time.Each of the building blocks is painted a different colour.Each boy has tried twice.Each 位于復(fù)數(shù)主語之后 , 不影響主語的數(shù)

21、, e.g. The boys each have an apple.Either, neither 作主語或主語一部分時 , 謂語用單數(shù)形式 ：Either is acceptable.Either one is good enough for me.Is/are either of them a doctor?Neither is/are to blame.Neither answer is correct.Neither of us wants/want to do it., 特別在口語中 ,注意, neither, either of 和 neither of 等用于否定或疑問句時 也

22、可以跟復(fù)數(shù)謂語 .All, some, more, most 作主語或主語一部分時上述 + 不可數(shù)名詞作主語 , 謂語用單數(shù) ;上述 + 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語 , 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式 ;All hope has gone.Some money was spent on books.All roads lead to Rome.Most Arabic speakers understand Egyptian.All is going well.There s some in the pot.The most you can hope for is five dollars.All are agreed

23、 on this point.Some are wise and some are otherwise.Many people support the proposal, but more are against it.All, some, more, most 與 of 連用時 :同樣原則 ;All of this is yours.Some of the book is good.Some of the food has been eaten, but not all of it.Most of his writing is rubbish.Most of the books on tha

24、t shelf are in English, and the rest are in Russian or French.None 作主語或主語一部分時 :-Is there any milk in the cup?-No, there is none.None have arrived.None has returned from the meeting.“None of + 名詞” 作主語 :None of us is perfect.None of the guests want to stay.None of this money is yours.None of these sug

25、gestions is/are very helpful.Any 用作主語或主語一部分 :Any is better than none.Any is good enough for me.Give me some if there are/is any.If there is any trouble, let me know.Any child wants to know that.There are scarcely any flowers in the garden.Any of these authorities are/is reliable.I don t think any of

26、 us want/wants to work tomorrow.Is there any more of this stuff?Half 用作主語或主語一部分 :Half was damaged.Half are here.I broke the chocolate into halves, and hereHalf his time was wasted.Half the soldiers were killed.Half my class has/have obtained driverHalf of the apple was rotten.Half of the time was sp

27、ent in the country.Half of the fruit is bad.Half of my class has/have obtained driverHalf of them are here.Half of the plums are bad.Enough 作主語或主語的一部分 :Enough has been said on this matter.Enough are here to constitute a quorum.There is enough food for everybody.There are enough players for a game.3

28、-8表示數(shù)量的短語作主語時的謂語形式s your half.s licenses.s licenses.A lot of, lots of, plenty of, the percentage of,分數(shù)詞 + of, a quantityof, quantities of 作主語的一部分時Two-fifths of the money is mine.Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.There was quantities of rain this fall.Lots of

29、my friends are here.There were a quantity of people in the hall.A great deal of, an amount of, (a) little of, much of 與不可數(shù)名詞連用時 謂語用單數(shù) :Much of that furniture is uncomfortable.Little of the equipment was standardized.There is a limited amount of oil in the world.A good many, a great many, a number of

30、 與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用 , 謂語用復(fù) 數(shù).There were a great (good) many people in the park.A number of students were absent.“ the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 單數(shù)謂語” , 因為 the number of 的詞義為“的數(shù)目”, 如 the number of days in a week is seven.3 - 9 there be 句型中的謂語形式：There be 句型中 , be 的形式通常取決于 be 后的主語的數(shù) ;There aren t any letters in the mai

31、l for you today.There isn t any mail for you today.There re some good programs on TV.非正式英語中 , 如果 there be 后是由 and 連接的并列主語 , 可以用復(fù)數(shù)謂語 , 也可以依據(jù)鄰近詞一致的原則來確定謂語形式 .There are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.There is a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.3 - 10需經(jīng)判斷來確定句子的謂語形式：1. 集合名詞作主語如果集合

32、名詞被看作是一個整體 , 或一個組織 , 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式The graduating class is in the laboratory.The audience was rather small.A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.如果著重其各組成部分或成員的行動 , 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式 .The class were all cheerful.The audience were excited by his speech.The team were talking over some new plays.常用集合名詞 ：Army, audience, club, class, committee, crew, faculty, troop, group,organization, government, jury, public, school, staff, team等;2. 物主代詞作主語Mine is a new bike.Theirs are old bikes.3. “the + 形容詞” 作主語指人時 , 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)The ri