紅外溫度測試儀中英文翻譯

1、附錄一：英文技術(shù)資料翻譯英文原文：Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 August; 14(8): 12551258.doi: 10.3201/eid1408.080059PMCID: PMC2600390Cutaneous Infrared Thermometry for Detecting FebrilePatientsPierre Hausfater, Yan Zhao, Stphanie Defrenne, Pascale Bonnet, and Bruno Riou* Author information Copyright and License informationT

2、his article has been cited by other articles in PMC.AbstractWe assessed the accuracy of cutaneous infrared thermometry, which measures temperature on the forehead, for detecting patients with fever in patients admitted to an emergency department. Although negative predictive value was excellent (0.9

3、9), positive predictive value was low (0.10). Therefore, we question mass detection of febrile patients by using this method.Keywords: Fever, mass detection, cutaneous infrared thermometry, infectious diseases, emergency, dispatchRecent efforts to control spread of epidemic infectious diseases have

4、prompted health officials to develop rapid screening processes to detect febrile patients. Such screening may take place at hospital entry, mainly in the emergency department, or at airports to detect travelers with increased body temperatures (13). Infrared thermal imaging devices have been propose

5、d as a noncontact and noninvasive method for detecting fever (46). However, few studies have assessed their capacity for accurate detection of febrile patients in clinical settings. Therefore, we undertook a prospective study in an emergency department to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared therm

6、al imaging.The StudyThe study was performed in an emergency department of a large academic hospital (1,800 beds) and was reviewed and approved by our institutional review board (Comit de Protection des Personnes se Pr tant la Recherche Biomdicale Piti -Salp tri re, Paris, France). Patients admitted

7、to the emergency department were assessedb y a trained triage nurse, and several variables were routinely measured, including tympanic temperature by using an infrared tympanic thermometer (Pro 4000; Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA), systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and heart

8、rate.Tympanic temperature was measured twice (once in the left ear and once in the right ear). This temperature was used as a reference becausei t is routinely used in our emergency department and is an appropriate estimate of central core temperature (79). Cutaneous temperature was measured on the

9、forehead by using an infrared thermometer (Raynger MX; Raytek, Berlin, Germany) (Figure 1). Rationale for an infrared thermometer device instead of a larger thermal scanner was that we wanted to test a method (i.e., measurement of forehead cutaneous temperature by using a simple infrared thermometer

10、) and not a specific device. The forehead region was chosen because it is more reliable than the region behind the eyes (5,10). The latter region may not be appropriate for mass screening because one cannot accurately measure temperature through eyeglasses, which are worn by many persons. Outdoor an

11、d indoor temperatures were also recorded.Figure 1Measurement of cutaneous temperature with an infrared thermometer. A) The device is placed 20 cm from the forehead. B) As soon as the examiner pulls the trigger, the temperature measured is shown on the display. Used with permission.The main objective

12、 of our study was to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermometry for detecting patients with fever, defined as a tympanic temperature 38.0 C. The second objective was to compare measurements of cutaneous temperature and tympanic temperature, with the latter being used as a reference point. Da

13、ta are expressed as mean standard deviation (SD) or percentages and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Comparison of 2 means was performed by using the Student t test, and comparison of 2 proportions was performed by using the Fisher exact method. Bias, precision (in absolute values and percentag

14、es), and number of outliers (defined as a difference 1 C) were also recorded. Correlation between 2 variables was assessedb y using the least square method. The Bland and Altman method was used to compare 2 sets of measurements, and the limit of agreement was defined as 2 SDs of the differences (11)

15、. We determined the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculated the area under the ROC curve and its 95% CI. The ROC curve was used to determine the best threshold for the definition of hyperthermia for cutaneous temperature to predict a tympanic temperature 3C8. We performed multi

16、variate regression analysis to assess variables associated with thedifference between tympanic and infrared measurements. All statistical tests were 2-sided, and a p value 75 years of age, and 62 (3%) had a tympanic temperature 38C. Mean tympanic temperature was 36.7 C 0.6 C (range 33.7 C40.2 C), an

17、d mean cutaneous temperature was 36.7C 1.7 C (range 32.0 C42.6 C). Mean systolic arterial blood pressure was 130 19 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure was 79 13 mm Hg, and mean heart rate was 86 17 beats/min. Mean indoor temperature was 24.8C 1.1 C (range 20 C28C), and mean outdoor temperature was

18、 10.8 C 6.8 C (range 0C32C). Reproducibility of infrared measurements was assessedi n 256 patients. Bias was 0.04 C 0.35 C, precision was 0.22C 0.27 C (i.e., 0.6 0.7%), and percentage of outliers 1 C was 2.3%.Diagnostic performance of cutaneous temperature measurement is shown in Table 1. For the th

19、reshold of the definition of tympanic hyperthermia definition used (37.5 C, 38C, or 38.5 C), sensitivity of cutaneous temperature was lower than that expected and positive predictive value was low. We attempted to determine the best threshold (definition of hyperthermia) by using cutaneous temperatu

20、re to predict a tympanic temperature 38C (Figure 2, panel A). Area under the ROC curve was 0.873 (95% CI 0.807 0.917, p0.001). The best threshold for cutaneous hyperthermia definition was 38.0 C, a condition already assessed in Table 1. Figure 2, panels B and C shows the correlation between cutaneou

21、s and tympanic temperature measurements( Bland and Altman diagrams). Correlation between cutaneous and tympanic measurements was poor, and the infrared thermometer underestimated body temperature at low values and overestimated it at high values. Multiple regression analysis showed that 3 variables

22、(tympanic temperature, outdoor temperature, and age) were significantly (p 38C.第二個(gè)目的是比較皮膚溫度和鼓膜溫度的測量， 后者被用來作 為一個(gè)參考點(diǎn)。數(shù)據(jù)表示的意思標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差 （SD）或百分比和 95%可信區(qū)間（CIs ）。采用t檢驗(yàn)和Fisher 確切概率法對 2種方法進(jìn)行比較。 偏置，精度（絕對值和 百分比）被記錄下來， 異常值的數(shù)量（定義為差 1 C）也會(huì)被記錄下來。 2 個(gè)變量之間的相關(guān)性，利用最小二乘法進(jìn)行評(píng)估。 Bland 和奧特曼方法是用來比 較2組測量值，協(xié)議的限制定義為 2 SDS的差異（ 11 ）

23、。我們確定接收器工作 特性（ROC）曲線，然后計(jì)算 ROC曲線下的面積和它的調(diào)用計(jì)時(shí)器的 95%的值。 ROC 曲線被用來確定皮膚溫度的最佳閾值，它的熱療定義的預(yù)測鼓膜溫度 38C。我們進(jìn)行了多元回歸分析來評(píng)估鼓膜溫度和實(shí)際紅外測量值之間的差異。 所有 的統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)都有雙面性， P值75歲，62（3%）位鼓膜溫度 38C.意味著 鼓膜溫度為 36.7 C 0.6 C（33.7C40.2C），平均皮膚溫度為 36.7 C 1.7C（32C42.6C）。平均收縮壓為 13019 mm Hg，平均舒張壓為 79 13毫米汞柱，平均心率為 8617次/ 分。也意味著室內(nèi)平均溫度為 24.8 C 1.1

24、C（20C28C），室外平均溫度為 10.8 C6.8 C（0C32C）。 紅外測量的可重復(fù)性在 256例患者中進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。偏見為 0.04 C0.35 C，精 度為0.22C0.27C（即0.60.7%），這其中異常值 1C的比例為 2.3%。皮膚溫度測量診斷性能如表 1所示。鼓膜熱療定義的閾值通常定義值用 （37.5C，38C或38.5 C），皮膚溫度的敏感性低于預(yù)期，陽性預(yù)測值較低。 我們試圖利用皮膚溫度預(yù)測鼓膜溫度 38 C（圖2，圖A）來確定最佳閾值（定 義熱療）。 ROC曲線下面積為 0.873 （95% CI 0.807 0.917，P0.001）。皮膚 腫瘤熱療的定義的最佳閾值為 38C，一個(gè)條件在表 1中已被評(píng)估。圖 2中面板 B 和C顯示皮膚和鼓膜溫度測量值之間的相關(guān)性 （Bland 和奧特曼圖） 。皮膚和鼓膜 測量之間的相關(guān)性較差， 紅外測溫儀在低值區(qū)低估了身體溫度， 在高值區(qū)高估了 它的溫度。多元回歸分析顯示： 3個(gè)變量（鼓膜溫度，室外溫度和年齡）相關(guān)明 顯（ P0.001 ），皮膚和鼓膜的測量值之間的差值獨(dú)立相關(guān)（表 2）。表1預(yù)測增加的鼓膜溫度中的皮膚溫度診斷性能