2020-2021學(xué)年高中英語(yǔ) Unit 3 Sea Exploration Learning About Language學(xué)案新人教版選擇性必修第四冊(cè)

1、2020-2021學(xué)年高中英語(yǔ) unit 3 sea exploration learning about language學(xué)案新人教版選擇性必修第四冊(cè)2020-2021學(xué)年高中英語(yǔ) unit 3 sea exploration learning about language學(xué)案新人教版選擇性必修第四冊(cè)年級(jí)：姓名：unit 3sea explorationlearning about language語(yǔ)法精講素養(yǎng)提升不定式(the infinitive) 觀察上面句子, 并說(shuō)出畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分的作用不定式作后置定語(yǔ)。不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。這里的to是不定式標(biāo)志, 沒(méi)有詞

2、義。不定式具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的某些語(yǔ)法功能, 又有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn), 可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)意義一般時(shí)to doto be done表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后完成時(shí)to have doneto have been done表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前進(jìn)行時(shí)to be doing表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行完成進(jìn)行時(shí)to have been doing表示其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前并且一直在進(jìn)行*i plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.

3、 我打算參加明天舉行的會(huì)議。(attend的動(dòng)作在plan之后發(fā)生, 且meeting與hold之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系)*they are said to be studying psychology. 據(jù)說(shuō)他們正在研究心理學(xué)。(be said與study同時(shí)發(fā)生)*im very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 讓你一直無(wú)所事事閑坐著我很抱歉。(keep發(fā)生在be sorry之前)*no harm seems to have been done. 似乎并沒(méi)有什么危害發(fā)生。(do發(fā)生在seem之前, 且harm與do之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)

4、系)*she is known to have been dealing with the problems for many years. 大家知道她處理這類(lèi)難題已經(jīng)有很多年了?！久麕燑c(diǎn)津】不定式的“被動(dòng)”與“否定”(1)不定式的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)為不定式動(dòng)作的承受者。*its a great honour to be invited to marys birthday party. 被邀請(qǐng)參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)是一件非常榮幸的事情。(2)不定式的否定式通常是將否定詞not或never置于不定式之前, 即構(gòu)成not to do 或never to do 這樣的形式。*they took a v

5、ote and decided not to do it. 他們進(jìn)行了表決, 決定放棄。*how many times has your mother told you never to talk to strangers? 你母親告訴你多少次了, 絕不能和陌生人談話(huà)? 【即學(xué)活用】 語(yǔ)法填空(1)the world will be different, and we will have to be prepared(prepare)to adapt to the change. (2)she pretended to be sleeping (sleep)when her mother ca

6、me in. (3)he is said to have been working (work)in this factory for more than twenty years. 二、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能動(dòng)詞不定式可以用來(lái)作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ), 表示比較具體的意義。1. 不定式作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)多表示將來(lái)特定的某一次動(dòng)作。*to blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 責(zé)備那個(gè)工人彌補(bǔ)不了損失。*(2018天津高考)it took him a long time to acquire the skills h

7、e needed to become a good dancer. 他花了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才獲得成為一名優(yōu)秀舞者所需的技能。不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 為了保持句子平衡, 往往用it作形式主語(yǔ), 而把不定式短語(yǔ)置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。若要說(shuō)明不定式的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 可以在不定式前面加上“for/of+n. /pron. ”結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)事物的特征時(shí)用for sb. ; 當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)人所具有的特征或品質(zhì)時(shí)用of sb. , 這樣的形容詞有careful, cruel, foolish, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice, stupid, wise, wr

8、ong等。*it is generous of him to contribute so much. 他捐獻(xiàn)了這么多真是太慷慨了。*it is important for us to live a low-carbon life. 過(guò)低碳生活對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空(1)it is common to find (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in peoples homes. (2)if you live in a cold climate, it will be important to know (k

9、now) your dogs limits and how you can keep it safe and warm. (3)it is an honor for me to be invited (invite) to attend the meeting. 2. 不定式作表語(yǔ)不定式作表語(yǔ)主要有三種情況, 一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等連系動(dòng)詞之后的不定式(尤其是to be); 二是像my job is to sweep the floor. (我的工作就是擦地板。)這樣的主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)“等價(jià)”的情形; 三是表示想法、約定、義務(wù)、命令、可能性、命運(yùn)等。*h

10、e seems to be ill. 他似乎生病了。*her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是當(dāng)一名教師。*we are to meet at the station at three. 我們約定3點(diǎn)鐘在車(chē)站見(jiàn)面。【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空(1)it is important to remember when youre trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem to be ignoring (ignore) you, everyone is just doing the best th

11、at they can. (2)he is childrens books editor, whose job is to sort (sort)through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in the times. (3)the goal of this activity is to meet (meet) the needs of common people. 3. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)(1)下列動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ), 請(qǐng)牢記下面的口訣: 決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望, 拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝dec

12、ide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃, 同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help*we agreed to meet at the school gate. 我們一致同意在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)面。(2)在某些動(dòng)詞如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后, 常用it作形式賓語(yǔ), 然后加賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 最后加不定式作真正的賓語(yǔ)。*we think it our du

13、ty to protect the environment. 我們認(rèn)為保護(hù)環(huán)境是我們的責(zé)任。【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空(1)he pretended to be reading (read) the text when i came in. (2)i heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused to stop (stop) until we reached the next stop. (3)i think it necessary to send (send) for an expert. (4)but sa

14、rah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 4. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(1)在很多動(dòng)詞后都可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。*father will not allow

15、 us to play in the street. 父親不會(huì)允許我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?2)下列動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))接省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。一感 (feel), 二聽(tīng)(hear, listen to), 三使(let, have, make), 五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at), 半幫助 (help), 動(dòng)詞不定式作help賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí), 既可帶to, 也可不帶to。*nobody saw him come in. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))沒(méi)人看見(jiàn)他進(jìn)來(lái)。以上單詞, 當(dāng)其所在句子改為被動(dòng)句時(shí), 動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)“to”必須保留。例如: *

16、the thief was observed to enter the bank. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))有人看見(jiàn)小偷進(jìn)了銀行?！炯磳W(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空(1)what caused him to change (change) his mind? (2)he didnt allow the students to go (go) there. (3)the teacher got some students to stay (stay) in the classroom after school. (4)he was made to work (work) day and night. 5. 不定式作定語(yǔ)(

17、1)不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。*i wanted to come to your birthday party, but i had a project to finish then. (2)不定式常放在某些名詞或代詞后作定語(yǔ)。如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞, 或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等, 不定式后需要加相應(yīng)的介詞。*i need a pen to write with. 我需要一支鋼筆寫(xiě)字。【名師點(diǎn)津】如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way等, 不定式后的介詞習(xí)慣上可以省去。(3)不定式用來(lái)修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no, all, any等限定的

18、中心詞, 且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。*he is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他總是第一個(gè)到校, 最后一個(gè)離校。(4)被修飾詞是抽象名詞時(shí), 常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的該類(lèi)名詞有: ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。*the ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的能力

19、與觀點(diǎn)本身同等重要?！久麕燑c(diǎn)津】不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 若句子主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 則用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義; 若句子主語(yǔ)不是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 則用被動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。*she has a sister to look after. 她有一個(gè)妹妹要照顧。(she是look after的執(zhí)行者)【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空(1)the best way to set (set) yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are smart: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, an

20、d timely. (2)were having a meeting in half an hour. the decision to be made (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. (3)birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay (stay) away. (4)volunteering gives you a chance to change (change) lives, including your own. 6.

21、不定式作狀語(yǔ) (1)作目的狀語(yǔ)。表示“為了”, 可以單獨(dú)放在句首、句中或句末。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的性, 不定式前也可加in order或so as, 但so as to不能置于句首。*to/in order to increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. 為了提高社區(qū)服務(wù)水平, 一些學(xué)校已經(jīng)發(fā)起了義務(wù)志愿者服務(wù)計(jì)劃。(2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)常表示令人意外的結(jié)果, 有時(shí)前面加only, 以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中: only to do表示意想

22、不到的結(jié)果enough to do足夠做too. . . to do太而不能so/such. . . as to. . . 如此以至于*tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 湯姆乘出租車(chē)去了機(jī)場(chǎng), 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他要乘坐的飛機(jī)已飛入高空。*he is old enough to go to school. 他到上學(xué)的年齡了。(3)作原因狀語(yǔ)。表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等的形容詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí), 后可接不定式作原因狀語(yǔ), 用以說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生這種心理活動(dòng)或情緒的原因, 常用于這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有sorry, sur

23、prised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。*maggie was glad to be home in her own bed. 瑪吉回到家躺在自己的床上, 覺(jué)得非常高興。*im delighted to hear that you are keen on chinese traditional culture. 我很高興聽(tīng)到你喜歡中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化?！炯磳W(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空(1)to liberate (liberate) our country, they devoted the

24、ir lives. (2)to learn (learn) more about chinese culture, jack has decided to take chinese folk music as an elective course. (3)mary rushed home immediately she heard the news, only to find (find) that her husband was gone. (4)you will never know how happy i was to see (see) her yesterday. 課時(shí)檢測(cè)素養(yǎng)達(dá)標(biāo).

25、 單句語(yǔ)法填空1. (2020全國(guó)卷) i encourage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchase (purchase) a book. 2. (2020全國(guó)卷)a housewarming party is a special party to be held (hold) when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house. 3. (2020江蘇高考) there will still be lots of challeng

26、es if we are to classify (classify) garbage in a short time. 4. (2020天津高考)to help (help) us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes. 5. (2019全國(guó)卷) it takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb (absorb) a days

27、worth of vitamin d. 6. its everyones responsibility to make (make) good use of water, such as recycling and saving water in our daily life. 7. if successful, wen xu, 32, will be the first person to cross (cross)antarctica alone from the shore berkner island, according to the event organizer. 8. they

28、 have been in the room listening to explanations when things seem to have gone (go) wrong. 9. jack was in low spirits those days and his friends did all they could to cheer (cheer) him up. 10. i was watching the clock all through the meeting, as i had a train to catch (catch). . 用不定式完成句子1. chinese r

29、esearchers hope to use the instruments onboard change-4 to find and study areas of the south pole aitken basin. 中國(guó)的研究者希望使用嫦娥四號(hào)上的設(shè)備來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)和研究南極艾特肯盆地。2. i didnt mean to eat anything but the ice cream looked so good that i couldnt help trying it. 我當(dāng)時(shí)什么都不想吃, 但是那個(gè)冰激凌看上去太誘人了以至于我禁不住品嘗了它。3. the best way to solv

30、e the problem is to depend on yourself. 解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最好辦法是依靠你自己。4. during the mid-autumn festival, family members often gather together to share a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. 過(guò)中秋節(jié)的時(shí)候, 家人們通常會(huì)團(tuán)聚在一起吃飯、賞月和品嘗月餅。5. it is a great pleasure for me to have been working with you these days. 我很高興這段時(shí)間和你一起共事。6. i have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term. 這個(gè)學(xué)期結(jié)束前, 我要做很多閱讀練習(xí)。7. helen borrowed my book the other day, promising to return it soon. 海倫在幾天前借了我的書(shū), 答應(yīng)我會(huì)