時間理論（THEORY OF TIME）

1、時間理論（theory of time） 目錄：table of contents前言introduction1客觀時間the objective time 絕對客觀時間the absolutely objective time 相對客觀時間the relatively objective time2 主觀時間the subjective time 絕對主觀時間the absolutely subjective time 相對主觀時間the relatively subjective time 模糊主觀時間the indefinitely su

2、bjective time3 什么是時間單位？what is the unit of time?4 時間是直線的，還是彎曲的？is time curved or straight?5 時間的定義是什么？ 時間的本質(zhì)是什么？what is the definition of time?  what is the essence of time？6 時間的表達(dá)式the formulation of time7 時間系統(tǒng)圖the chart of “time system” 結(jié)束語end remarks前言：introduction物質(zhì)，空間，能量，時間是物的基本組成部分，但是它們的定義和

3、本質(zhì)還在困惑著我們。和上對時間的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識會為我們對客觀世界和規(guī)則有更深層次的理解，“時間理論”的提出就是基于這樣的一種努力。matter, space, energy and time, they are the fundamental parts in physics today, though their definitions and the essence are still perplexed for answers. further interpretations of time in science and philosophy will make us more unders

4、tanding of the world and the natural laws, and advancing the “theory of time” typically based on such an effort.尋求宇宙真理是哲學(xué)和科學(xué)的目的，哲學(xué)家沒有必要去知道宇宙的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式應(yīng)當(dāng)是怎樣的，只要了解其出的結(jié)果就行了；科學(xué)家也不要太去擔(dān)心自己被劃分成什么主義，而只要懂得哲學(xué)里有很多有用的思想和方法就可以了。seeking for the truth of the cosmos is the goal of philosophy and science. philosophers n

5、eed not know what the mathematical equation of the universe should be, but know the result computed by the expression; and it is not necessary for scientists to worry too much about “what-ism” they were sorted out, but necessarily realize that there are many useful thoughts and methods in philosophy

6、.時間是我們生活中最重要的組成成分之一。對時間的討論經(jīng)歷了幾千年，留給我們的概念仍然是模糊和局部的。盡管到現(xiàn)在人們對時間的定義和時間的本質(zhì)還沒有統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識，就像其他很多概念沒有被解去面紗一樣，它并沒有影響人類的基本生活和科技的快速。time plays an extremely important role in science and our lives. controversies have been lasting for thousands of years, but the concept of time left us is still indefinite and partial.

7、 though there were widely divergent views about its definition and its essence, time made no difference to our development in science and technology.“時間理論”采用的討論方法，既不是針對某些我認(rèn)為是錯的或者不同的觀點，也不是針對某些我認(rèn)為值得尊敬的人而進(jìn)行論述的，它是建立在系統(tǒng)研究基礎(chǔ)上，對時間概念進(jìn)行全方位的詮釋。the discussions in the “theory of time” neither focused on the cer

8、tain views assumed they might be wrong or different, nor aimed at those venerable people. the theory of time was founded on the basis of systematic research.現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和哲學(xué)的發(fā)展為我們揭開時間之迷提供了基礎(chǔ)，我的嘗試是把時間做了統(tǒng)一分類，并對什么是時間和時間本質(zhì)作了解釋，另外，我還盡可能多地指出一些人們對時間概念錯誤的認(rèn)識。對時間進(jìn)行分類就像對生物進(jìn)行分類一樣，這將會使人們對時間的理解和進(jìn)一步研究變得容易起來。the achievement

9、s of modern science and philosophy provided the possibility to unveil the secret of time. consequently my attempt was to classify the time, to tell what is “time” and what its essence should be, and, moreover, i was trying to point out some misconceptions of time. the classification of time, such as

10、 the species in biology, would be an important approach that made our researches on time become easily. 時間理論里附了許多的圖片說明，這些都會為你逐漸理解時間概念提供幫助；文中的有些例子，為了加強你的理解和記憶，我特意做了重復(fù)舉例使用，當(dāng)然，你也可以為鞏固你的知識，提出自己的例子進(jìn)行對照，以便能加深對時間的理解。這篇文章是為所有對時間概念感興趣的人設(shè)計的，希望能使你對時間有一個全面的，新角度的認(rèn)識。 “theory of time” provides this approach m

11、aking you gradually learn the concept of time with many paradigms and diagrams. some instances were repeated in order to enhance our understandings and memories, as well as to reduce our unnecessary speculation. however, you might deepen your comprehension with you own examples. it is hoped that you

12、 will view the time at a different angle. meanwhile, the article is designed for all viewers who are interested in the field.1. 客觀時間（the objective time）首先，為了不在開始的時候去面對太多的抽象概念，我分步驟地為你介紹“時間的種類，”我想這樣能使你比較容易地理解時間的全貌。對時間的理解，我知道每一步都是“艱難”的，希望現(xiàn)在開始后不會是這樣。我們都知道，時間可能會改變一切，你可以花些時間仔細(xì)閱讀，也可以任意挑選你感興趣的章節(jié)。好了，現(xiàn)在就

13、讓我們開始我們的“時間旅行”。first of all, in order to avoid thinking too many abstract notions at the beginning, i would like to introduce you the “variety” of time step by step, which i thought somehow they are the “easily understandable” aspects of time. i knew every step was hard, and hopefully not so from no

14、w on. take your time and read the article freely. time might change everything. now lets start our “time travel”.時間分為“客觀時間”和“主觀時間”。time is divided into “objective time” and “subjective time.” 所謂“客觀時間”就是那些：不以意識或觀測者存在與否而存在的。the objective time: exists no matter whether there are observers or human bein

15、gs.相對論突出的貢獻(xiàn)之一是提供給我們的“時空(space-time)”概念。有些相對論者認(rèn)為時間不能獨立于空間單獨存在空間是時間的主體，這個論述恐怕沒有多少人愿意或有勇氣去反駁，盡管有不少懷疑者。這里我做個小把戲，現(xiàn)在我們把一“空間”弄得與宇宙一樣大，根據(jù)他們的理論，那么我們就找到了“宇宙時間”（the universal time）。其實，宇宙時間是亙古存在的，它伴隨宇宙的存在而存在，而與小把戲（空間）沒有任何聯(lián)系（更多在第五部分）。one of the notable contributions of relativity is the notion of “space-time.” t

16、he relativists do not treat space and time independentlyspace is the subject of time, which nobody is willing to rebut at the moment. thus i play a “trick”: let us blow “space” as big as the universe room, according to their theory, then we would find out the universal time. actually the universal t

17、ime has existed for a long, long time, and it will accompany the universal life throughout the whole evolution, and it does not matter with the “trick (space) ”（more in part 5）.眾所周知，宇宙有過去和現(xiàn)在，正是由于有這樣的變化，才表明了宇宙時間的存在。如果在科學(xué)技術(shù)允許的情況下，我們可以通過“時鐘”測量到“宇宙時間?！薄坝钪鏁r間”是一個客觀時間，它的存在和是否命名它，取什么樣的名字無關(guān)，我把這個時間分類到“絕對客觀時間。

18、”對客觀時間的研究是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的范疇。所說的客觀時間就是一種客觀存在，正如我們看不到電磁場，但我們可以通過儀器測量到它；時間，同樣，我們也可以通過儀器測量到它的變化，所以，時間并不是概念上或想象的東西?？陀^時間包括絕對客觀時間和相對客觀時間。as known, the universe has past and present, and just because of this kind of change, it indicates the existence of the universal time. with the permission of science and technolog

19、y, we could measure the universal time by “clock.” the universal time is an objective time, which exists no matter whether we named it or not, and i sorted it out into the part of “absolutely objective time.” the study of the objective times belongs to the scientific realm. so-called “the objective

20、time” means time is a kind of existences, such as we can not see the earths magnetic field which it can be measured by instruments; time, also, we can capture by the chronometers, i.e. time is not conceptive or imaginary “thing.” the objective time includes absolutely objective time and relatively o

21、bjective time.  絕對客觀時間： 指宇宙時間和宇宙中個體的壽命。the absolutely objective time: includes the universal time and the bodies life-span.宇宙時間是一個進(jìn)行著的時間，而宇宙?zhèn)€體的壽命是一個絕對的量，即一個絕對的時間期間，舉個例子，想一下一個恒星的壽命或者一個分子的壽命。由于我們還無法準(zhǔn)確地確定宇宙時間是何時開始的，我們還無法利用這個時間來作為參照坐標(biāo)（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間）。但是，我們可以通過科學(xué)計算或觀測了解絕對客觀時間，例如，科學(xué)家通過觀測和計算可以推測恒星是什么時間開始和結(jié)束的。想了

22、解我們每個人的生命時間是何時開始，我們最好去查找出生記錄；如果把我們生命開始的時間定于受精那一刻，我們就不得不暴露父母的隱私。如果以宇宙時間為參照坐標(biāo)（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間），宇宙中任何一點發(fā)生的時間都是同時的。the universal time is a progressive time, and a bodys life-span is an absolute quantity-an absolute period of time or interval, for instance, thinking about a stars or a molecules life-span. because w

23、e can not make certain when the universal time started, we are unable to utilize this time as a frame of reference (standard time) at the moment, but we might discover the absolutely objective time through the scientific calculation or observation, for example, scientists might find out when a star

24、began and ended by means of the calculation or observation. if we want to know when we came into the world, it would be better to look up our birth registers; if our lives were considered to begin at the moment of the impregnation，we might have to expose our parents privacy. if we set the universal

25、time as a frame of reference - standard time, time is simultaneous at every point in the universe.  相對客觀時間：指物體與另一物體通過相互作用或聯(lián)系產(chǎn)生的時間。the relatively objective time: occurs by the interaction or relationship between two objects.例如地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)，地球和太陽之間存在一個運行周期。這個周期的存在當(dāng)然比我們?nèi)祟惖某霈F(xiàn)時間要久遠(yuǎn)的多，我把這個時間（周期）分類到“相對客觀時間。

26、”我們的祖先很早就發(fā)現(xiàn)了和利用了這個客觀時間，因此制定出公歷和農(nóng)歷（陰歷）。公歷是以地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)周期-這個客觀時間作為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并且給出一個人為化的數(shù)據(jù)（概念）-“365天”或“年?！睂嶋H上，年這個時間是一個主觀時間，下面我們進(jìn)一步討論什么是主觀時間。有必要理解的是，客觀時間可以被人類利用，而客觀時間并不需要人為的給出概念和數(shù)量，像“年” 或“365”。for example, the earth moves round the sun, thus there is a period between them. this period had existed for a long time

27、before mans appearance. i sorted this period out into the group of “relatively objective time.” our ancestors discovered and made good use of this objective time, which created the solar calendar. the solar calendar or the gregorian calendar was found based on the referential period of the earths ro

28、tation around the sun，and the period was given a man-made name and quantity “year” (about 365 days). actually “year” is a kind of subjective times which the followings will be discussed. it could be necessary to realize that the objective times could be used by man and they do not need the man-made

29、concepts or quantities, like “year” or “365.”2. 主觀時間 ：由意識主體（人）或觀測者參與所制定的時間。the subjective time: to be constituted by observers or human beings.  我們暫且不去討論動物和外星人。主觀時間是我們?nèi)祟惿畹闹匾M成部分。例如，我們研究起源，研究，研究，我們建金字塔，我們趕飛機，我們工作，可以說我們離不開時間概念。主觀時間是我們?nèi)祟悘淖约旱慕嵌葮?gòu)建的時間系統(tǒng)。let us ignore the animals and the aliens. the

30、subjective time is a very important component in our lives, for example, we studied the origin, law, history; we built the pyramids, traveled and worked, etc., it could be said that time involved in everything we did. the subjective time is a time system constructed by humans.牛頓認(rèn)為的“絕對時間”通常的解釋是：對宇宙中的

31、每一個觀測者來說時間的運行都是在同一速率或者至少可以是一個共同的量度。他認(rèn)為的“絕對時間”實際上是觀測者以宇宙時間為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，就是說“絕對時間”是人類利用宇宙時間作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間，但它并不是宇宙時間，就像我們前面說到的人為定義的“年”一樣，代表著地球圍繞太陽的一個客觀存在運行周期。這里，牛頓沒有太多考慮到其實每一個人都可能有自己的一個時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就是說，每一個觀測者都可以認(rèn)為某些時間開始于自己認(rèn)為的某一刻，舉個例子，觀測一輛汽車從a點移動到b點所花費的時間，觀測者可以假定汽車停在位置a時的時間為出始時間或者說是零點時間。isaac newtons “absolute time”, which wa

32、s made comments as ran at the same rate for all observers in the universe or at least that can be scaled to such a common rate, actually his hypothetical time was supposed to base on the observers set the universal time as the frame of reference (standard time)“absolute time” was the time for human

33、beings to utilize the universal time as standard time but it was not the universal time, like the understanding of man-made name “year” and the existent “period” of the earths moving round the sun. isaac newton had not thought much that everyone might have his own time standards, i.e. observers migh

34、t think that some times started at a certain moment, for an instance, measuring the time of a car traveling from position a to b, the observers might postulate that the time of the car staying at “point a” was the initial time or zero time.而愛因斯坦的“相對時間”是觀察者以在不同的時間參照坐標(biāo)系條件下進(jìn)行討論的，例如，觀測者可以在一個正在飛行的飛機中。牛頓和

35、愛因斯坦，兩位科學(xué)巨人討論的前提條件不同，也不能說誰比誰對時間論述更清楚。牛頓應(yīng)該看到時間是可以被改變的或者可以被調(diào)整的，例如，夏令時，同時，愛因斯坦最好能懂得一個統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間對人類是非常重要的，例如，格林威治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時。這里要說明的是，“絕對時間”和“相對時間”都屬于主觀時間，因為二者都是從人（觀測者）這個角度構(gòu)建的，兩者都需要觀測者的行為和介入。我做了一個簡單分類，把主觀時間分為：絕對主觀時間，相對主觀時間和模糊主觀時間。下面將逐一闡述。albert einsteins “relative time” was the time for us to depict that the observ

36、ers might live in different time coordinates systems (e.g. in a flying plane). both premises of the discussion about time were different, and neither of two giants told time clearly. isaac newton would better know that times could be changed or adjusted (e.g. daylight saving time), and in the meanti

37、me, albert einstein would better know that a unified standard time was very important for humans(e.g. the greenwich mean time). both “absolute time” and “relative time” are subjective times because both would be constituted by human beings or both needed observers conduct or involvement. i divided t

38、he subjective time into three groups: absolutely subjective time, relatively subjective time and indefinite subjective time. now let us discuss them one by one. 絕對主觀時間： 具體數(shù)字時間。the absolutely subjective time: exactly numeric time. 普遍的時間概念認(rèn)為時間是指一段時間或連續(xù)時間，但我們生活中的確存在著“點時間”的概念，例如，“1980年6月20日”，“3點整”，

39、“今天”，“昨天”等，這些都具有“點時間”的概念。另外，像“1秒”，“20年”，“2小時，”“星期一，”“去年，”“明天”等都是絕對主觀時間。順便提一句，“昨天”可看成一個“時間點”，也可認(rèn)為是“過去的24小時”。general notion of time is considered as “duration” or “interval,” but sometimes time can be considered a “point,” for example, “june 20, 1980,” “three oclock sharp,” “today,” “yesterday,” etc.,

40、 in addition, “one minute,” “20 years,” “two hours,” “monday,” “l(fā)ast year,” “tomorrow,”  and so on, all above are absolutely subjective times. by the way, “yesterday” can be called a “point of time” or “24 hours in the past.”  相對主觀時間： 意識主體或觀測者通過觀測，計算和度量等手段確定的時間。the relatively subjective ti

41、me: determined by means of observation, calculation and measurement. 例如，我們制定的時間單位，秒，分，小時，天，年等。相對主觀時間內(nèi)容非常廣泛，是我們有關(guān)科學(xué)研究和個人生活時間表達(dá)的主要構(gòu)成部分。我這里舉一個眨眼睛的事件，希望有助你理解這個概念。一個人或觀測者：測出自己眨眼睛的時間（t1）。測出別人眨眼睛的時間（t2）。被別人測出眨眼睛的時間（t3）。測出火車上乘客眨眼睛的時間（t4）。被火車上乘客測出眨眼睛的時間（t5）。計算出人類平均眨眼睛的時間（t6）。從t1到t6都屬于相對主觀時間。世界上有數(shù)不盡的事件，宇宙中有無數(shù)

42、的現(xiàn)象，如果我們愿意的話，并且在科技能力允許下，我們可以通過各種手段找出其中的時間關(guān)系。for example, the units of time constituted by us“second,” “minute,” “hour,” “day,” “year,” etc.the contents of the relatively subjective time are wide abroad, which closely refers to the scientific researches and personal experiences. giving an instance of

43、 “event of wink” below, it is hoped that you would comprehend it easily.a person or an observer,had measured the “time of wink” of his own (t1).had measured the “time of wink” of others (t2).had been measured the “time of wink” by others (t3).had measured the “time of wink” of passengers in a travel

44、ing train (t4).had been measured the “time of wink” by passengers in a traveling train (t5).had computed the average of “time of wink” of humans (t6).from t1 to t6, all of them are relatively subjective times. there are countless events and phenomena in the universe. we could find out the different

45、time relationships by all means within the permissibility of science and technology if we wish.  模糊主觀時間： 含糊的或不確定的時間。the indefinitely subjective time: the ambiguous or uncertain time.模糊主觀時間在生活中大量存在，豐富了我們的語言和生活的樂趣。例如，“時間就是金錢，”“時光如飛，”“我今天早上和女朋友聊天，時間過得真快，” “過去，”“現(xiàn)在，”“將來，”“10年前，”“大約20分鐘”等都是模糊主觀時間。下面

46、我再舉些模糊主觀時間的應(yīng)用例子：過去就是過去的時間；現(xiàn)在就是此刻；未來是想像的時間；昨天就是我們的歷史；生活是今天；明天是希望；真正的時間是到現(xiàn)在；未來是從現(xiàn)在開始，等等。 there are many kinds of indefinitely subjective time in our lives, which enriches our imagination and languages. for example, “time is money,” “time flies,” “time was elapsing quickly when i talked to my girlfrien

47、d this morning,” “past,” “present,” “future,” “ten years ago,” “about 20 minutes,” etc., all of them are indefinitely subjective times. now giving other instances, “past is dead time; present is right now; future is imaginary time,” “yesterday is our history; today is our living; tomorrow is our hop

48、e,” “real time is till now; future is from now on,” etc. 3什么是時間單位？（unit of time）what is the unit of time?每天我們都會用到“秒，”“分，”“小時”來辨別時間的流逝，大家都知道，它們都是為了讓我們在生活中能夠比較容易用來衡量或度量時間的一部分時間單位。時間的國際單位叫“國際秒?！薄懊搿钡亩x有很多參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，我這里只簡單介紹“國際秒，”它的定義是：銫133原子基態(tài)的兩個超精細(xì)能級間躍遷對應(yīng)的輻射的9192631770個周期的持續(xù)時間。不難看出，“秒”與我們公歷定義的“年，”本質(zhì)上沒有差別。它們都

49、是我們?yōu)榱松钪杏嬎惴奖悖每陀^時間的規(guī)律性，人為規(guī)定的“一段時間，”也就是主觀時間。你現(xiàn)在更清楚客觀時間是一種真實存在，它有時對我們生活非常重要。everyday we use “second,” “minute,” “hour” to tell the time. as known, they are parts of the units of time to let us easily to measure or scale the time in our life. the si (international system) base unit of time is the “si

50、second.” the definition of “second” was based on several referential standards, here are introduced the “si second.” its definition is: “the second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the ce

51、sium 133 atom.” it is not hard to realize that there is no difference in essence between the “si second” and the “calendar year,” which both (subjective time) are still “intervals” fixed by us to make use of the regularities of the objective times for our conveniences while calculating. now more cle

52、arly the objective time is a kind of existences and is very important for our living. 時間通常被看做是一個“間隔”，例如，1980年至1985年，或者被認(rèn)為是一個“連續(xù)體，”比如，宇宙時間。但是，為了對時間進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計，在現(xiàn)實中或者在一個時間坐標(biāo)里，我們會把某些“時間間隔”看做成“點時間，”例如我們前邊提到的“1980年6月20日，”“1990年，”還有“秒?！睍r間的連續(xù)性最終會牽扯出什么是時間的最小單位，這個問題下面將做些討論。time usually is considered as an interval

53、(e.g. 19801985) or a continuum (e.g. the universal time). in reality or with respect to time coordinates, for the conveniences, in statistics some intervals were regarded as “point of time,” e.g., as mentioned, “june 20, 1980,” “year 1990,” as well “second.” the continuity of time ultimately refers

54、to what the smallest unit of time should be, and the question will be discussed further later on.“國際秒”不是最小的時間單位，目前，普朗克時間（planck- time）是理論上認(rèn)為可以測到的最小“時間單位，”它大約等于5.4x10-44秒。我們?nèi)匀粺o法找到時間的最小“單位，”而時間的最小單位對科學(xué)研究是非常重要的。我猜想我們今后可以把最小時間單位定義成像“光子”一樣的“東西?！边@里我大膽提出一個新的詞匯“時間量子”（chronotum），它是由“chrono”和“quantum”組成的，“chr

55、ono”來自希臘文“khronos”是時間的意思；“quantum”是物理學(xué)里量子的名稱。這個專用術(shù)語“時間量子”（chronotum）就代表了時間的最小單位?！皊i second” is not the smallest unit of time. at the moment plank-time is considered the smallest unit of time that theoretically could be measured - it is about 5.4x10-44 seconds. we still could not find the smallest un

56、it of time, though the smallest unit of time would be significant in the territory of science. i supposed that someday we would have defined the smallest unit of time as “something” similar to “photon,” but here i dared to present a new word “chronotum” which was combined with “chrono” (from greek k

57、hronos-time) and “quantum.” the term “chronotum” represents the smallest the quantum of time or the smallest unit of time.客觀時間是沒有“時間單位”概念的，它也不需要“時間單位，”而主觀時間是我們制定的，它可以更改，也可以定義“時間單位?！蔽覀兛梢粤私饪陀^時間的規(guī)律，并通過數(shù)量化的主觀時間來表述，正如“秒”和“年”概念的由來，前面提到過，“年”或者“365天”是地球圍繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)周期，這個客觀時間被人類定義出來的。我們已經(jīng)知道了客觀時間是一種存在，而且也可能有規(guī)律，它也不需要

58、“時間單位?！毕旅嫖覀儗⒂懻摃r間的形狀。the objective time does not need the “unit of time”, nor does the concept of “unit.” but the subjective time is established by us, and it can be altered and defined the “units.” we could find out the regularities of the objective times and could quantify them with the subjective times, as well as make use of the regularities of the objective times to define as “units” or time standards, for the same instance mentioned, the earths rotational period around the sunone of th