選修unit語法定語從句

1、1. 定語從句：定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從修飾某一名詞或代詞的從 句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在 它所修飾的先行詞之后。它所修飾的先行詞之后。 2. 先行詞：先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。 3. 關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。 RevisionRevision 關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。 關(guān)系代詞有關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as；關(guān)系副詞有；關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why。 關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作

2、用：關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用： A. 引導(dǎo)定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句 B. 代替先行詞代替先行詞 C. 在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句(restrictive) 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句( non-restrictive） 定語定語 從句從句 The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老師告訴老師告訴 我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。 His mother, who loves him very much, i

3、s strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴(yán)格。他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴(yán)格。 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句: 所謂限制性定語從句就是先行詞在意義所謂限制性定語從句就是先行詞在意義 上不可缺少的定語上不可缺少的定語, 如果去掉如果去掉, 主句就失主句就失 去意義或意義不完整。這種從句和先行去意義或意義不完整。這種從句和先行 詞的關(guān)系十分密切詞的關(guān)系十分密切, 寫時(shí)不用逗號和主寫時(shí)不用逗號和主 句分開。句分開。 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句: I was the only person in my office who was in

4、vited. 我是我們辦公室唯一被邀請的人。我是我們辦公室唯一被邀請的人。 (如果把從句部分去掉如果把從句部分去掉, 整個(gè)句子的含義就整個(gè)句子的含義就 變了。變了。) 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句: 非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系并不十非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系并不十 分密切分密切, 只是對先行詞做些附加說明只是對先行詞做些附加說明, 如如 果去掉果去掉, 主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從 句和主句之間往往用逗號隔開。在講話句和主句之間往往用逗號隔開。在講話 時(shí)須停頓，一般不用時(shí)須停頓，一般不用that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。 1. His dog, which was now v

5、ery old, became ill and died. 他的狗當(dāng)時(shí)很老了他的狗當(dāng)時(shí)很老了, 生病后就死了。生病后就死了。 (去掉從句去掉從句, 主句的意義仍然完整主句的意義仍然完整: 他的他的 狗生病死了。狗生病死了。) 2. Yesterday I met Li Lei, who seemed to be very busy. 昨天我碰上李雷了昨天我碰上李雷了,他好象很忙。他好象很忙。 (去掉從句去掉從句, 意義仍然完整意義仍然完整: 昨天我碰上昨天我碰上 李雷了。李雷了。) 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句 形形 式式 上上 不用逗號不用逗號“ ，” 與主

6、句隔開與主句隔開 用逗號用逗號“ ，”與主與主 句隔開句隔開 意意 義義 上上 是先行詞不可缺是先行詞不可缺 少的定語，如刪少的定語，如刪 除，主句則失去除，主句則失去 意義或意思表達(dá)意義或意思表達(dá) 不完整不完整 只是對先行詞的補(bǔ)只是對先行詞的補(bǔ) 充說明，如刪除，充說明，如刪除， 主句仍能表達(dá)完整主句仍能表達(dá)完整 的意思。的意思。 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別 限制性定語從限制性定語從 句句 非限制性定語非限制性定語 從句從句 譯法上譯法上 譯成先行詞的譯成先行詞的 定

7、語：定語：“ 的的 ” 通常譯成主句通常譯成主句 的并列句的并列句 關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞 的使用的使用 上上 1. 作賓語時(shí)可作賓語時(shí)可 省略省略 1. 不可省略不可省略 2. 可用可用that 2. 不用不用that 3. 可用可用who 代代 替替whom 3. 不可用不可用who 代替代替whom 1. A. This is the place where I lived ten years ago. B. She is going to spend the winter holiday in Macao, which returned to China in 1999. 2. A. He is

8、 a man who I can ask for help. B. His father, who works in Beijing, came back yesterday. 限制性定語從句和先行詞關(guān)系密切，如果限制性定語從句和先行詞關(guān)系密切，如果 去掉從句，剩余部分意義不完整；非限制去掉從句，剩余部分意義不完整；非限制 性定語從句只是先行詞的附加說明，如果性定語從句只是先行詞的附加說明，如果 去掉從句，意義仍然完整。去掉從句，意義仍然完整。 All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written b

9、y him. 里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。 All the magazines here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的雜志都是他寫的所有的雜志都是他寫的, 里面都有漂亮的圖里面都有漂亮的圖 畫。畫。 有時(shí)同一個(gè)限制性從句變?yōu)榉窍拗朴袝r(shí)同一個(gè)限制性從句變?yōu)榉窍拗?性從句會(huì)改變?nèi)涞囊馑?。性從句?huì)改變?nèi)涞囊馑肌?（雜志有帶圖畫和不帶圖畫兩類）（雜志有帶圖畫和不帶圖畫兩類） （雜志只有一種）（雜志只有一種） His father, who works in B

10、eijing, came back yesterday. 當(dāng)先行詞是地名人名、世界上獨(dú)一當(dāng)先行詞是地名人名、世界上獨(dú)一 無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時(shí)，通無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時(shí)，通 常只用非限制性定語從句。常只用非限制性定語從句。 Shanghai, which is in East China, is developing rapidly. 在在of which/whom之前可以使用表達(dá)之前可以使用表達(dá) 數(shù)量或定位的數(shù)詞或代詞。數(shù)量或定位的數(shù)詞或代詞。 1. I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite hel

11、pful to my health. 2. Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diets. 3. There are 54 students in my class, three of whom come from the US. The town where I live is beautiful. Kenli, where I live, is beautiful. Teachers who are kind are popular with the students. Mr Wang, who is ki

12、nd, is popular with the students. Please compare:Please compare: Teachers who are kind are popular with the students. Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students. 分析兩種定語從句省略后的結(jié)果分析兩種定語從句省略后的結(jié)果 The town where I live is beautiful. Kenli, where I live, is beautiful. 限制性定語從句省略后主語所指就不明限制性定語從句省略后主語所

13、指就不明 確，所以不能省略。確，所以不能省略。 非限制性定語從句和單句的比較非限制性定語從句和單句的比較 1. He failed in the exam._ made his parents angry. 2. He failed in the exam, _made his parents angry. 3. He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. 4. He has two sons, both of _ are teachers. This which whom them that 一、一、 非限制性定語從句通常不能用非限制性定語從句通常不能用

14、that引引 導(dǎo)。導(dǎo)。 1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜歡這本書，這是昨天買的。我喜歡這本書，這是昨天買的。 2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜歡昨天買的那本書。我喜歡昨天買的那本書。 非限制性定語從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：非限制性定語從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 二、二、 非限制性定語從句不能用非限制性定語從句不能用why引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo) 要用要用for which代替代替why。 1. I had told them the reason, for which I d

15、idnt attend the meeting. 我已經(jīng)把理由告訴了他們，為此我沒有我已經(jīng)把理由告訴了他們，為此我沒有 去開會(huì)。去開會(huì)。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting. 我告訴了他們我不去開會(huì)的理由。我告訴了他們我不去開會(huì)的理由。 (限制性定語從句限制性定語從句“the reason why.”是是 常見搭配。常見搭配。) 三、三、 非限制性定語從句置于句首時(shí)，不能非限制性定語從句置于句首時(shí)，不能 用用which引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)非限制性引導(dǎo)非限制性 定語從句位置比較靈活，可以放主句前

16、，定語從句位置比較靈活，可以放主句前， 也可以放主句后。也可以放主句后。 1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所預(yù)料的，他不相信我。正如我所預(yù)料的，他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她聽到一個(gè)可怕的聲音，這讓她把心她聽到一個(gè)可怕的聲音，這讓她把心 都提到嗓子眼了。都提到嗓子眼了。 四、四、 非限制性定語從句由非限制性定語從句由“介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞” 引導(dǎo)時(shí)，其中的關(guān)系代詞不能用引導(dǎo)時(shí)，其中的關(guān)系代詞不能用as。 1.

17、He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花兩萬多美元買了這輛車，他父親對他花兩萬多美元買了這輛車，他父親對 此很生氣。此很生氣。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，隨后我坐著看了我提前干完了我的活，隨后我坐著看了 會(huì)兒報(bào)紙。會(huì)兒報(bào)紙。 五、五、 在非限制性定語從句中，指人的關(guān)系在非限制性定語從句中，指人的關(guān)系 代詞作賓語時(shí)，只

18、能用賓格代詞作賓語時(shí)，只能用賓格whom; 不能不能 用用who替換，也不能省略。替換，也不能省略。 1. Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你認(rèn)識湯姆嗎你認(rèn)識湯姆嗎? 我們談到過他。我們談到過他。 2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 這本書會(huì)給你提供所有你需要的資料，這本書會(huì)給你提供所有你需要的資料， 它在任何一家書店都能買到。它在任何一家書店都能買到。 (非限制性定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作非限制性定

19、語從句中引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作 賓語，無論指人還是指物都不能省略。賓語，無論指人還是指物都不能省略。) 六、六、Which可指前面整個(gè)句子。可指前面整個(gè)句子。 The sun sends out light and heat, which makes it possible for living things to exist on the earth. 太陽發(fā)出光和熱，這使得生物能夠在地球太陽發(fā)出光和熱，這使得生物能夠在地球 上生存。上生存。 His father is an engineer, _ makes him very proud. A. for what B. which C. tha

20、t D. what 1. Yesterday Mr. Li finally bought his own house, _ is a hospital. A. in where B. to the east of which C. to the east of it D. in the east of that 2. My brothers purse, _ he put ￥1,000, was missing on the bus. A. there B. which C. in which D. that 課堂練兵課堂練兵 3. His glasses, _ he could see no

21、thing, was taken away by a naughty boy. A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those 4. The computer, _ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle. A. which B. for which C. that D. to that 5. In the past we lost many chances, _ we paid little attention. A. which B. that C. in which D. t

22、o which 6. The pen, _ I had been writing for ten years, was broken. A. with which B. with that C. as D. with it 7. Mary has two brothers, _ are doctors. A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. whom of both 8. On the way home I met my friend John, from _ home the thief had stolen a compute

23、r. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose 9. Paul, _ everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. A. that B. when C. which D. whom 10. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. what B. as C. that D. who 11. She showed her teacher a reason, _ she was

24、late for school the day before yesterday. A. that B. which C. for which D. why 12. The 10:00 train, _ is usually very punctual, was late this morning. A. as B. when C. that D. which 1. I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005 遼寧卷遼寧卷) A. which B. when C

25、. where D. that 2. The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006 天津天津卷卷) A. what B. that C. how D. as 3. She was educated at Beijing University, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (2006 陜西陜西卷卷) A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that

26、4. Last week, only two people came to look at the house，_ wanted to buy it. (2007 安徽安徽卷卷) A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom 5. It is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (2007 四川四川卷卷) A. they both B. which both C. both of

27、them D. both of which 6. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control. (2008 湖南卷湖南卷) A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that 7. They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days. (2008重慶卷重慶卷) A. where B. the

28、re C. which D. when 8. Many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village (2009 安徽卷安徽卷) A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom 9. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (2009 山東卷山東卷) A. who B. which C. when D. that 10

29、. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. (2010 全國全國I) A. which B. Where C. What D. that 11. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2010 浙江卷浙江卷) A. whom B. which C. them D. those I was

30、the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我們辦公室唯一被邀請的人。我是我們辦公室唯一被邀請的人。 (如果把從句部分去掉如果把從句部分去掉, 整個(gè)句子的含義就整個(gè)句子的含義就 變了。變了。) 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句 形形 式式 上上 不用逗號不用逗號“ ，” 與主句隔開與主句隔開 用逗號用逗號“ ，”與主與主 句隔開句隔開 意意 義義 上上 是先行詞不可缺是先行詞不可缺 少的定語，如刪少的定語，如刪 除，主句則失去除，主句則失去 意義或意思表達(dá)意義或意思表達(dá) 不完整不完整 只是對先行詞的補(bǔ)只是對先行詞的補(bǔ) 充說明，如刪除，充說明，如刪除， 主句仍能表達(dá)完整主句仍能表達(dá)完整 的意思。的意思。 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別 His father, who works in