高分句表達(dá)法(正式文體)

1、高分句表達(dá)法(正式文體)寫作高分句子及文體（注：英語考試中的寫作，都屬于正式文體）1: 寫作時，盡量不要用縮寫形式。如dont, mustnt, hes, Ive, etc., should be avoided in formal E writing，應(yīng)寫成： do not, must not, he is/he has, I have等。2. 人稱代詞的使用（one, we, you they四個代詞中，最正式的人稱代詞是one，其次是we,口語中多用you）例：Onemustbelieveinsomething.人一定要有信仰。（最正式）也可以說： We must believeinso

2、mething.3. Participle phrases are generally used (分詞詞組屬于高分句)4. Nominative absolute constructions(獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)) are generally used in formal style:5.Adjective and adverbial phrases placed before the subject often make the sentence formal:Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.（形容詞以及

3、副詞詞組用于句首，屬于高分句句型）6. Parenthetical remarks often make a sentence formal: 使用 ,prntkl插入語 He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front the mirror above the sink.7. Avoid informal words and phrasal verbs (colloquial)8. A series of nouns, verbs, or adjectives may make a sentence sound

4、formal: His anger prevented him from doing, saying, and listening to anything. Informal /common formal/big/learned words（注：也就是高分詞） queer, strange eccentric learned erudite same/similar identical clear explicit raise elevate lucky fortunate leave depart try endeavor room accommodation live dwell abou

5、t approximately ask inquire begin commence buy purchase carry bear(承載) change transform end conclude(結(jié)束),terminate get(獲得) obtain have possess say emark use -employ; adopt; utilize careful cautious enough -sufficient give offer deep profound clever (smart)- intelligent; hard-working- - diligent; ric

6、h- - wealthy Poor- impoverished so-therefore, consequently, accordingly very- extremely Phrasal verbs are colloquial and often used in conversational style （注：口語詞匯多用在口語中，也就是說這些動詞詞組多用在口語中，在寫作中，多用他們的對應(yīng)的高分詞） carry on continue come in enter come across meet/encounter give in surrender go on continue go

7、along with(陪伴) accompany look into investigate put up with bear, endure, stand, tolerate get away leave, escape take in absorb in the end eventually send for (派人請) summon take in absorb push in (插入) insert; add push down depress(擠壓) set up erect put together aggregate put out; go out （熄滅） extinguish

8、 takeinto pieces(拆除) dismantle set fire to(點火) ignite turn upside down(使顛倒) invert keep up (維持) maintain take away (移開) remove drive forward (推進(jìn)) propel look at over檢查 examine bring in introduce fill up(占住) - occupy find out discover carry out -implement/perform use up exhaust; consume wear away ero

9、de makeweak weaken put off postpone/delay at once -immediately/instantly Do away with; get rid of; put an end to -abolish Get in touch with -Contact make up for-compensate (loss) If you dont Failing / Failure to Im sorry but （口語句式） We regret to inform you that （后面的屬于高分句） Im happy to say that We have

10、 pleasure in announcing that （后面的屬于高分句）If you lose it, then please contact us as soon as possible. （口語句） Any loss of this document should be reported immediately （高分句）8. Modal Usage If you need any help give us a call. Should you require any assistance, please feel free to contact us （虛擬的倒裝，高分句）2. w

11、hen expressing an opinion or belief, try to use impersonal structures. (不帶個人色彩的結(jié)構(gòu)) Eg: it can be seen that .instead of you can see; it is commonly believed that I believe , it is said instead of I hear. 正式表達(dá)法句型或句子 Other examples of impersonal constructions include: it is argued that it is found thro

12、ugh research that research has found that studies have revealed that it is estimated that This is where the disagreements and controversies begin . The data indicates that . This is not a view shared by everyone; Jones, for example, claims that . It is worthwhile at this stage to consider that Of co

13、urse, more concrete evidence is needed before . Several possibilities emerge . A common solution is that3. Nominalization （名詞化） 1）Our monitor didnt come today. He has got a flu.（口語化句子） The flu caused the absence of our monitor today. （正式化句子） The absence of our monitor is because of his illness. （正式化

14、句子） 2）lack of(if there is no), ignorance of (dont know ), illiteracy in(cant read/ cant use), failure (didnt do) （括號內(nèi)的屬于口語化表達(dá)法） 例：要是沒有足夠的資金，這個工程就會癱瘓If there is no enough money, the project will be paralyzed.(口語版) Lack of sufficient money will paralyze the project.（寫作版） All over the country people no

15、 longer believe that marriage is necessary. 口語版) Belief in the necessity of marriage has declined for all age groups and in every region of the country. （寫作版）4. Use modality toshow cautionabout your views, or to allow room for others to disagree, for example, instead of writing （說話不要太絕對） I think sec

16、ond-hand smoke causes cancer（太絕對，不好）Second-hand smoke may cause cancer, （稍好）There is evidence to support the possibility that second-hand smoke increases the risk of cancer. （最好的表達(dá)，建議背下來）3) I cant agree with this idea. （口語版） It would be difficult to agree with this idea. This idea requires further d

17、iscussion and research before agreement may be reached. （背）We all believe that a person who wants to learn will have a certain amount of success with the learning experience. (口語版)Revised: It is widely believed that a motivated learner will have a certain degree of success with the learning experien

18、ce.Revised: Many researchers accept the idea that motivation leads to success in learning. 練習(xí)題Task: The sentences below are grammatically accurate but the style Is inappropriate. Re-write these sentences in a more academic style making any changes you need to. 1. The planners reviewed the report and

19、 said that it was ok/great. 2. Its obvious that the work environment is going to get a lot worse. 3. The Chinese economy would like to look after itself, but its also affected by things that happen outside the country. 4. Their historical approach to economics is just not the right way to go about i

20、t. 5. Personally, I think that economic stability depends upon social cohesion. (社會凝聚力)6. The research team said that their techniques were ok but needed to be further refined. 7. It was clear that the team had done a lot and were satisfied with what theyd done. 8. They worked together on the projec

21、t for 10 years. 參考答案1. The planners reviewed it was very satisfactory. 2. It is obvious that the work environment is going to deteriorate/worsen. ( dark en widen形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成對應(yīng)的動詞的變法)3. The Chinese economy would like to be self-sufficient, but it is also affected by external factors. 4. Their historical ap

22、proach is inappropriate. 5. Some writers maintain that economic stability depends upon social cohesion. 6. The research team said that their techniques were satisfactory but needed to be further refined. 7. It was clear that the team had completed a significant amount of work and were satisfied with

23、 their achievements. 8. They collaborated on the project for 10 years. 如果我們（你們）采用這種技術(shù)，我們（你們就能大大地提高效率。 （口語版）采用這種技術(shù)，就能大大地提高效率 （漢語的正式版）If we adopt this technique, we will be able to raise the efficiency. (英語口語版)Adopting this technique will be able to raise the efficiency. (英語中不太常用)Adoption of this tech

24、nique will be able to raise the efficiency. (英語中更常用的正式版，因為adopt本身具有它對應(yīng)的名詞形式adoption，所以用它對應(yīng)的名詞形式adoption更好些)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的寫作方法首先要注意，分詞或分詞結(jié)構(gòu)只與動詞有關(guān)，漢語中很喜歡用動詞，現(xiàn)在探討怎么樣把漢語中的動詞改變成英語中的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)或分詞短語。一、培養(yǎng)英語思維，也就是說，把漢語中的無主句都加上相應(yīng)的主語，變成英語中的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，再用連詞連接起來。E.g. 1. 不覺冬去春來，久困思動，今日醒來，陽光照屋，精神為之一振，扔在屋角的包袱一直未曾打開，趁天氣晴朗，一把拎了過來，抖出冬天換下的

25、衣裳，上面尚有點點雨漬雪痕，便將它攤在窗前曬起。 Before very long, winter passed and spring arrived. One day when Liu Mengmei woke up, he was pleased to find that the room full of sunshine. He had lain on the bed for a long time and now found it better to get up and move around. He jumped up and took up the bundle which he

26、 had thrown in the corner of the room many days ago. His winter clothes still had stains of rain and snow and he hung them up by the window to dry. 分析：整段漢語，一個句子，很難找到主語，但英語每個句子應(yīng)該有對應(yīng)的主語，所以，必須找到并加出相應(yīng)的主語，這樣就變成了5個英語句子。E.g. 2. 憑窗站了一會, 微微的覺得涼意侵入。轉(zhuǎn)過身來, 忽然眼花繚亂。Standing at the window for a while, I felt a bit

27、 chilly. As I turned round, my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly. E.g. 3. 開始我和母親是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開了，抽吧，揀好的買，想抽就抽。At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke. After ( ) contracted the fatal disease, ( ) thought differently. ( ) just ( ) smoke, ( ) buy

28、 the best cigarettes, ( ) smoke whenever ( ) liked to.上例是漢語化的死對應(yīng)的英語句子，不是正確的英語句子，要想變成正確的英語句子，必須按照英語語言和語法的習(xí)慣，補出相應(yīng)的主語和連詞，即括號內(nèi)的詞或詞組。At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke. After ( Father ) had the fatal disease, ( we ) thought differently. ( We would ) just ( let him ) smoke, ( and ) buy the bes

29、t cigarettes, ( so he could ) smoke whenever ( he ) liked to.二、 使用連詞后，必須把兩個句子的主語變成或調(diào)整成一個相同的主語。E.g. 1. 老師進(jìn)教室時，同學(xué)們在讀英語。When the teacher entered into the classroom, the students were reading English.這兩個句子的主語不相同，不能變成分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，寫作時，根據(jù)自己的需要，調(diào)整成一致的主語，變?yōu)椋豪蠋熯M(jìn)教室時，老師看到同學(xué)們在讀英語。這樣，就可以改寫成分詞句了。Entering into the classroo

30、m, the teacher found the Ss reading English.E.g. 2. 那時舅舅抱著我，哄著我，覺得很溫暖。(主語切換) In those days, sitting in my uncles lap, being humored all the way, I was feeling very good. 主語切換就是說，漢語中每個句子或成分的主語可以隨便變換，但是在英語中，一般不隨意更換句子的主語，這樣在翻譯或?qū)懽鲿r，就要把漢語中不同的句子或成分的主語進(jìn)行改變，把他們的主語調(diào)整成一個相同的主語，這樣就可以使用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了。這句就成了“那時，我坐在舅舅的懷抱里，整

31、天被他哄著，我感到很溫暖。”humor 迎合，哄三、 漢語中的謂語并列，或有幾個或一些列的動詞并列時，原則上都可以改寫成分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是一些列的動作有明顯的先后時間關(guān)系時，都可以改寫成分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。E.g. 1. The girl cried, and she threw the gift out of the window.E.g. 2. The girl cried as she threw the gift out of the window. E.g. 3. The girl cried, throwing the gift out of the window.E.g. 4. Crying, the girl threw the gift out of the window.E.g. 5. The crying girl threw the gift out of the window. 動詞的并列關(guān)系類 1. She decided to go home at once. And she knew her mother was anxiously waiting for her.She decided to go home a