人工智能是福還是禍

1、人工智能是福還是禍When people think of artificial intelligence （Al） the study of the design of intelligent systems and machines talking computers often come to mind. But most Al researchers are focused less on producing clever conversationalists and more on developing intelligent systems that make people&apo

2、s ； s lives easierfrom software that can recognize objects and animals， to digital assistants that cater to1 ）， and even anticipate， their owners&apos ； needs and desires.But several prominent thinkers ， including the famed physicist Stephen Hawking and billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk2）， warn tha

3、t the development of Al should be cause for concern.人工智能（Al）研究的是智能系統(tǒng)和智能機器的設(shè)計， 當(dāng)人們想到它時，腦中出現(xiàn)的往往是會說話的計算機。但大 多數(shù)人工智能研究者更為關(guān)注的不是制造聰明、健談的機器， 而是開發(fā)可以讓人們的生活更加便利的智能系統(tǒng)，從可以識 別物品和動物的軟件，到能夠迎合甚至預(yù)見主人需求和愿望 的數(shù)字助手等等，不一而足。但是，包括著名物理學(xué)家斯蒂芬 ?霍金和億萬富翁企業(yè) 家埃隆 ?馬斯克在內(nèi)的一些富于思考的知名人士提醒大家，人工智能的發(fā)展應(yīng)該引起我們的擔(dān)憂。Since the field of AI was offi

4、cially founded in the mid-1950s ， people have been predicting the rise of conscious machines. Inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil ， director of engineering at Google ， refers to a point in time known as the singularity3 ) ， when machine intelligence exceeds human intelligence. Based on the exponentia

5、l4 ) growth of technology according to Moore&apos ；s Law( which states that computing processing power doubles approximately every two years )， Kurzweil has predicted the singularity will occur by 2045.But cycles of hype5) and disappointment the so-called winters of AI have characterized the history

6、 of artificial intelligence ， as grandiose6) predictions failed to come to fruition7 ) .Nevertheless ， a number of prominent science and technology experts have expressed worry that humanity is not doing enough to prepare for the rise of artificial general intelligence8 )， if and when9 ) it does occ

7、ur. Recently ， Hawking issued a dire10 ) warning about the threat of AI.The development of full artificial intelligence could spell11) the end of the human race ， Hawking told the BBC ， in response to a question about his new voice recognition system， which uses artificial intelligence to predict in

8、tended words. ( Hawking has suffered from a neurological disease ， and communicates using specialized speech software. )And Hawking isn&apos ； t alone. Musk told an audience at MIT that AI is humanity&apos ；s biggest existential threat. He also once tweeted12 )， We need to be super careful with AI.

9、Potentially more dangerous than nukes13 ) .Currentcomputers can already complete many tasks typically performed by humans. But possessing humanlike intelligence remains a long way off. I think we&apos ； re still very far from the singularity. This isn&apos ； t a subject that most AI researchers are

10、working toward. Ng said.Instead ， companies like Google focus on making technology more helpful and intuitive20 ) . And nowhere is this more evident than in the smartphone market.人工智能是一個涉及面廣、活躍度高的研究領(lǐng)域，但它 已不再僅僅是學(xué)者們的研究范疇；如今，各大公司都越來越 多地將人工智能融入自己的產(chǎn)品之中。在這一領(lǐng)域，有一個名字被不斷提及，那就是谷歌。從智能手機助手到無人駕駛汽車，這家總部位于舊金山灣區(qū)的科技

11、巨頭正在為成為未來人工智能領(lǐng)域的主力做準(zhǔn)備。谷歌在機器學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用方面一直都是先驅(qū)機器學(xué)習(xí)是指那些能夠通過數(shù)據(jù)進行學(xué)習(xí)而非盲目聽從命令 的計算機系統(tǒng)。 特別是該公司使用了一套總稱為 “深度學(xué)習(xí)” 的機器學(xué)習(xí)算法，它們使計算機能夠進行諸如從大量數(shù)據(jù)中 識別圖案等的操作。斯坦福大學(xué)人工智能研究員、現(xiàn)任中國搜索引擎百度的 首席科學(xué)家吳恩達(dá)表示， 目前，谷歌和百度(有時被稱為 “中 國的谷歌”)這兩家公司包括語音識別、網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索及廣告投 放在內(nèi)的許多產(chǎn)品都具有深度學(xué)習(xí)的功能。現(xiàn)有的計算機已經(jīng)可以完成很多通常由人類來完成的 工作，但是它們離擁有與人類相似的智力仍有很大的差距。 “我認(rèn)為我們距離奇點還非常

12、遙遠(yuǎn)。奇點并不是大多數(shù)人工 智能研究者正在研究的方向。 ”吳恩達(dá)說。相反，谷歌等公司卻致力于讓科技變得更有用、 更好用。 這一點在智能手機市場比在任何領(lǐng)域都要表現(xiàn)得更為明顯。In the 2013 movie Her ， actor Joaquin Phoenix&apos ；s21) character falls in love with his computer operating system ， Samantha， a computer-based personal assistant who becomes sentient22 ). The film is obviously a

13、 product of Hollywood ， but experts say that the movie gets at least one thing right ： Technology will take on increasingly personal roles in people&apos ； s daily lives， and will learn human habits and predict people&apos ； s needs.Anyone with an iPhone is probably familiar with Apple&apos ； s digi

14、tal assistant Siri， first introduced as a feature on the iPhone 4S in October 2011. Siri can answer simple questions ， conduct Web searches and perform other basic functions. Microsoft&apos ；s equivalent is Cortana ， a digital assistant available on Windows phones. And Google has the Google app Goog

15、le Now23 )， available for Android phones or iPhones， which bills itself as24 ) providing the information you want ， when you need it.For example， Google Now can show traffic information during your daily commute25 )， or give you shopping list reminders while you&apos ；re at the store. You can ask th

16、e app questions ， such as Should I wear a sweater tomorrow ？ and it will give you the weather forecast. And ， perhaps a bit creepily26 )， you can ask it to show me all my photos of dogs (or cats， sunsets or even a person&apos ；s name)， and the app will find photos that fit that description ， even if

17、 you haven&apos； t labeled them as such.While a phone that can learn your commute ， answer your questions or recognize what a dog looks like may seem sophisticated27 )， it still pales28 ) in comparison with a human being. In some areas ， AI is no more advanced than a toddler. Yet， when asked， many A

18、I researchers admit that the day when machines rival human intelligence will ultimately come. The question is ， are people ready for it ？在 2013 年上映的電影她中，華金 ?菲尼克斯飾演的 角色愛上了自己的計算機操作系統(tǒng)薩曼莎，一個通過計算機 提供服務(wù)、變得具有感知力的私人助理。雖然這部影片帶有 明顯的好萊塢烙印，但專家們表示，它至少說對了一件事： 科技將在人們的日常生活中扮演越來越個性化的角色，將學(xué) 習(xí)人類的習(xí)慣并預(yù)測人們的需求。任何一個擁有 iPhone 手機的人大概都對蘋果公司的數(shù) 字助手Siri非常熟悉，Siri是在2011年10月作為iPhone 4S 手機的一大特色首次推出的。 Siri 可以回答簡單的問題，進 行網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索并執(zhí)行其他一些基本操作。 微軟的 Windows 手機 上也有類似的產(chǎn)品，即數(shù)字助手“微軟小娜” 。谷歌則推出 了安卓手機和 iPhone 手機都可使用的谷歌手機軟件 Google Now ，它號稱提供“你想要的信息，當(dāng)你需要它時” 。譬如， Google Now 可以在你每天上下班的路上為你顯示 交通狀況，或是當(dāng)你在商店時提醒你購物清單的內(nèi)容。