中考復(fù)習(xí)之英語閱讀-猜測詞義

1、閱讀理解猜測詞義閱讀理解猜測詞義 熟詞新義熟詞新義 How to guess the How to guess the meaning of words?meaning of words? 一詞多義一詞多義( (熟詞新義熟詞新義) )是語言的普遍現(xiàn)象。是語言的普遍現(xiàn)象。 在英語中，除了術(shù)語以外，單義詞是很少的；多 數(shù)的詞都是多義詞，而且在名詞、動詞、形容詞、 副詞中，往往詞的使用頻率越高，詞義越多，它 的生命力就越強(qiáng)。一詞多義(熟詞新義)給我們學(xué) 習(xí)英語帶來很多困難，尤其是在閱讀理解中，對 準(zhǔn)確理解句義形成了很大的障礙。所以，在平常 學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中，關(guān)注這一現(xiàn)象，并盡可能多 地掌握理解詞匯的

2、諸多意義，顯得格外重要。其 實(shí)，著名的語言學(xué)家Chomsky早就說過： Every word is a new word.他的意思就是 說，我們只能在具體的語言環(huán)境中(通過上下文 from the context)才能準(zhǔn)確理解一個詞的含 義。 20102010年四月調(diào)考完形填空原句：年四月調(diào)考完形填空原句： 1. Fire makers faced the most problems during the time. Some of them had no idea how to keep fire burning. 臉臉面對面對 2. It took us an hour to make t

3、he fire. 制作制作生（火）生（火） 3. Finally over ten students were named “King of Cooking”. 名字名字起名字，命名起名字，命名 4. “Our eyes had tears from all the smoke and our faces became dirty,” he added. 加上加上補(bǔ)充道補(bǔ)充道 小結(jié)：以上這些詞都是小結(jié)：以上這些詞都是熟詞，但是在文中的意思和平時常見的意思熟詞，但是在文中的意思和平時常見的意思 不同，詞義發(fā)生了變化，必須結(jié)合上下文來進(jìn)行猜測和推斷。不同，詞義發(fā)生了變化，必須結(jié)合上下文來進(jìn)行猜測和

4、推斷。 Two questions:Two questions: 1. 1. 你能根據(jù)上下文猜出以下幾個單詞的意思嗎？你能根據(jù)上下文猜出以下幾個單詞的意思嗎？ 2. 2. 你分別用的是哪幾種方法來猜測出它們的呢？你分別用的是哪幾種方法來猜測出它們的呢？ 1. Do you know the composition of the milk? That is to say, what is the milk made up? 作文作文構(gòu)成構(gòu)成 2. I didnt know you would come because you didnt give me a call. Please give m

5、e a ring first next time you come here. 戒指戒指電話電話 3. He became cross at my words because I said he was a big fool and I hated fools most. 橫過橫過憤怒的憤怒的 4. He doesnt like his past jobs, but he likes his present job very much. 禮物禮物目前的目前的 小結(jié)小結(jié): 1. 根據(jù)釋義猜詞根據(jù)釋義猜詞; 2. 根據(jù)同義詞關(guān)系猜詞根據(jù)同義詞關(guān)系猜詞; 3. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜詞根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜詞; 4

6、. 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系猜詞。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系猜詞。 一詞多義：一詞多義： Treat Its certain that a new drug will be found to treat this kind of cancer in the future. His teachers treat him as their son. They care for him and love him very much. Today its my treat. You dont have to pay for your dinner. （治療）（對待）（請客）（治療）（對待）（請客） Break He

7、 broke the glass yesterday. So today we should buy a new one. Lets have a break after the class, we are really very tired. The sun shone through a break in the clouds, so there is a little light in the sky. （打破）（休息）（縫隙）（打破）（休息）（縫隙） Match He needs some matches to light the fire. We won the match last

8、 night. The game is really exciting. The shoes dont match the suit. They are not in the same style. He is a strong match against us. Maybe we cant beat him in the game. （火柴）（比賽）（與（火柴）（比賽）（與相配）（對手）相配）（對手） Present Toms mother gave him a computer as his birthday present. They presented a sum of money t

9、o charity. They want to help the poor children. He cant present his feeling now. He even cant say anything. I thought she wouldnt come, but she was present before the party began. （禮物）（贈送）（表達(dá)）（出現(xiàn)的）（禮物）（贈送）（表達(dá)）（出現(xiàn)的） 一詞多義九大類一詞多義九大類 1. v.adj. The shop is open for 24 hours, so you can go there at any ti

10、me you like. (open 打開打開 / open 開放開放) 2. n.v. (1) Have you booked the air ticket for Beijing? We must leave in two days. (book 書書 / book 預(yù)訂預(yù)訂) (2) The piece of paper is too thick to tear easily. How can you make it into pieces? (tear 眼淚眼淚 / tear 撕撕) (3) Dont address me as Mr. Fox. I dont like other p

11、eople call me like this. (address 地址地址 / address 稱呼稱呼) (4) For two days he was nursed by his mother, and he got well again. (nurse 護(hù)士護(hù)士 / nurse 護(hù)理護(hù)理) (5) He was fired for stealing money. His boss asks him to go away. (fire 火火 / fire 解雇解雇) (6) Immediately after his wound was dressed, he went to work.

12、 (dress 連衣裙連衣裙 / dress 愈合愈合) 3. n.adj. (1) Remember to be patient with these kids, although you may have to teach them a lot of times. (patient 病人病人 / patient 有耐心的有耐心的) (2) He is the person who always has novel ideas. The ideas are very new and different from others. (novel 小說小說 / novel 新奇的新奇的) 4. v

13、.n. (1) Why is there a fly in the tomatoegg soup? Its nasty. (fly飛行飛行 / fly 蒼蠅蒼蠅) (2) I took the 8:00 am express to Shenzhen. The train is very fast. (express 表達(dá)表達(dá) / express 快車快車) 5. n.adv. Dont wake up the baby. He is sound asleep. (sound聲音聲音 / sound 徹底地徹底地) 6. adj.n. He put that days earnings into

14、 his safe. The box is very safe. (safe 安全的安全的 / safe 保險箱保險箱) 7. adj.v. Peter was fined $200 for dangerous driving. He handed the money to the policeman. (fine 好的好的 / fine 罰款罰款) 8. n.n. He has a good command of the French language. He masters it very well. (command 命令命令/ command 掌控掌控) 9. v.v. (1) The

15、re was still a little time to go, so I killed time by watching kids swimming. (kill 殺死殺死 / kill 消磨消磨) (2) My father used to make a living by running a small shop. He was the owner. (run 跑步跑步 / run 經(jīng)營經(jīng)營) (3) The film was shot in black and white. Its very traditional. (shoot 射擊射擊 / shoot 攝影攝影) (4) Don

16、t invent any excuse. I know why you are so sleepy. (invent 發(fā)明發(fā)明 / invent 虛構(gòu)虛構(gòu)) 老實(shí)坦率的狗老實(shí)坦率的狗 道貌岸然的狗道貌岸然的狗 帶前綴后綴改變該詞意義帶前綴后綴改變該詞意義( (構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞法) )： 1. When you visit France, it is a disadvantage if you cannot speak French. 不利條件不利條件 2. Incorrect password; please try again. 不正確的不正確的 3. Its impolite to smoke

17、during a meal in France. Its rude. 無禮的無禮的 4. The restaurant looks good, its nearly being done , except for the unfinished work. 未完成的未完成的 5. Do not misjudge her by her look! She is much better than you imagine. 對對判斷錯誤判斷錯誤 6. The old temple fell down in the war will be reconstructed soon. 重建重建 7. Chil

18、dren are allowed to play harmless jokes on their friends until twelve oclock. Its just for fun. 無惡意的無惡意的 表示否定的前綴表示否定的前綴 1dis加在名詞、形容詞、動詞之前。加在名詞、形容詞、動詞之前。disadvantage, disagree, disabled (缺點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)) (不同意不同意) (殘疾的殘疾的) 2in-加在形容詞、名詞之前。加在形容詞、名詞之前。incorrect, inability, inaccurate (不正確的不正確的) (無能，無力無能，無力) (不準(zhǔn)確的不準(zhǔn)

19、確的) 3im-加在字母加在字母m, b, p之前。之前。impossible, impolite (不可能的不可能的) (不禮貌的不禮貌的) 4un-加在名詞、形容詞、副詞之前。加在名詞、形容詞、副詞之前。unfinished, undoubted, unemployment (未完成的未完成的) (無疑的無疑的) (失業(yè)失業(yè)) 5mis加在動詞、名詞之前加在動詞、名詞之前。misunderstand, misjudge, misleading (誤解誤解) (誤判誤判) (誤導(dǎo)誤導(dǎo)) 6dis-加在動詞之前。加在動詞之前。disappear, disarm, disconnect (消失消

20、失) (解除武裝解除武裝) (失去聯(lián)系失去聯(lián)系) 7de-加在名詞、形容詞之前。加在名詞、形容詞之前。decolor, destruction (脫色脫色, 漂白漂白) (破壞，毀滅破壞，毀滅) 表示表示“回回”、“再次再次”、“向后向后”的前綴的前綴 Re-: refuel, retranslate, reconstruct, return (給給加油加油)(再譯再譯) (重建重建) (返回返回) -less意為意為“沒有，無沒有，無”：speechless, careless, hopeless, meaningless (無語的無語的) (粗心的粗心的) (絕望的絕望的) (無意義的無意

21、義的) 小結(jié)：小結(jié)： 對于帶有前綴或后綴的詞，首先找到原詞，根據(jù) 原詞的含義，結(jié)合上下文推斷出它的意思。像 dis, in, im, un, mis的前綴和帶less的后綴一 般都表原詞的否定意思，re開頭的前綴表再一次， 又一次的意思。要學(xué)會比較、歸納、總結(jié)、運(yùn)用。 熟詞新義熟詞新義 對比對比 轉(zhuǎn)折轉(zhuǎn)折 因果因果 關(guān)系關(guān)系 同義詞同義詞 構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞法 定義定義 上下文上下文 How to guess the meaning of words? 中考真題大比拼 1. He saw his father standing on the boat, although it was a little

22、 far from here. He cupped his hand and shouted. A.A.獎杯獎杯 B. B. 杯子杯子 C. C. 拿杯子拿杯子 D. D. 使成杯狀使成杯狀 2. It was not Santa Claus(圣誕老人圣誕老人)himself，but Kris, who was giving away Christmas cheer to all of the stores shoppers, giving hundred dollars bills to each of them. He gave out $10,000 to 100people that

23、evening. A. A. 賬單賬單 B. B. 票據(jù)票據(jù) C. C. 清單清單 D. D. 鈔票鈔票 中考真題大中考真題大比拼比拼 3. “Mum，come to see my dog!”, I followed my daughter to the bush and found a wolf! Seeing me, he stood up! I could see his teeth! God! My mouth felt dry. A. thirsty B. happy C. nervous D. sad 4. After I started to paint, I felt my d

24、ried-out brain receiving a new source of refreshing water. I would never feel sad. A. 使人重新振作的使人重新振作的 B. 使清爽的使清爽的 C. 提神的提神的 D. 再次新鮮的再次新鮮的 中考真題大中考真題大比拼比拼 5. She lost her job recently, and she doesnt know how to get money. And her inability to pay the rents caused trouble. A. A.有能力的有能力的 B.B.無能力的無能力的 C.

25、C.決定性的決定性的 D.D.依靠的依靠的 6. Without a new donor(捐獻(xiàn)者捐獻(xiàn)者)，she would face poor health. Its really terrible. Maybe she would die. A.A.可憐的可憐的 B.B.貧窮的貧窮的 C.C.差的差的 D.D.卑鄙的卑鄙的 中考真題大中考真題大比拼比拼 7. Knowing she had no idea how bad the smell was, he agreed on a price that was about one tenth of what the house had been worth. But she had to sign the papers that very day. She agreed. A. 簽署簽署 B. 作手勢作手勢 C. 作記號作記號 D. 作符號作符號 8. A cowboy rode into a town. He fastened(栓牢栓牢) his big fine horse to a post outside a rough bar, kicked open the bar door. A. 崗位崗位 B. 標(biāo)桿標(biāo)桿 C. 郵遞郵遞 D. 郵件郵件 中考真題大中考真題大比拼比拼 9. A similar misfort