講義句子成分及句子結(jié)構(gòu)

1、百度文庫英語語法之句子成分及句子結(jié)構(gòu)一、句子成分組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語 和賓語補足語等。主語和謂語是句子的主體部分（在英文中一般的句子必須有主語和謂 語）。即：句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、 賓語、定語、狀語、補語和同位語1 .主語（subject）主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在 there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句和倒裝句 中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動 名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。找出句中主語The sun rises in the e

2、ast.名詞Twenty years is a short time in history.數(shù)詞The poor are now living in the shelter名詞化的形容詞Seeing is believing.動名詞To see is to believe.不定式He likes dancing.代詞What he needs is a book .句子（主從）It is n ecessary to master a foreig n Ian guage.2謂語：說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征；動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。（1）簡單謂語:由動詞或動詞詞組組成I saw th

3、e flag on the top of the hill.He looked after two orphans.（2）復合謂語 由情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+動詞；He can speakEnglish well.Shedoesn t sedonlike dancing3賓語：動作的對象或承受者 一一及物動詞或介詞的賓語，即動賓&介賓，常用名詞或 相當于名詞的詞（動詞不定式或動名詞）、代詞和數(shù)詞充當Show your passport, please.名詞She did nt say anything.代詞How many do you want? - I want two.數(shù)詞 I enjoy t

4、raveling. 動名詞 He pretended not to see me 不定式They sent the injured to hospital.名詞化的形容詞I think （that） he is fit for this job. 句子（賓語從句賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語.直接賓語指物或事，間接賓語指人或動物.（雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)）He gave me some books.Please passne the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers/4. 賓語補足語有些及物動詞除了有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補足語，說明賓語的身份和狀

5、 態(tài)以補充其意義不足，使句子的意義完整（賓語的復合結(jié)構(gòu)）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、 副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。常用的接賓語的復合結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動詞有：get, let , see, call, find, have, make, cause, con sider例句I found the book interesting. 形容詞Do you smell something burning?現(xiàn)在分詞He have the bikerepaired. 過去分詞i百度文庫5. 表語：在系動詞后的部分就是表語；表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)。表語般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式

6、、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句 表示。常見的系動詞有：be （am,is,are,were,was）感官： look, smell, taste, sound, feel 變化： go, get, grow, come, tur n,become 持續(xù)：stay, keep, rema in,狀態(tài)：seem, prove , appea等表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表 語從句充當。Our teacher of En glish is an America n.名詞The speech is exciting.現(xiàn)在分詞His hobby is p

7、laying football.現(xiàn)在分詞短語The weather has turned cole形容詞 His job is to teach En glish.不定式The mach ine must be out of order.介短Time is up. The class is over.畐U詞The truth is that he has n ever bee n abroad句子(表從)6. 定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或從句。定語可由形容詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、現(xiàn)在 分詞、過去分詞等充當。He is a clever boy.His father works in a st

8、eel factory名詞There are _54 students in our class.Do you know Betty sister?名詞所有格There is a sleeping baby in bed.現(xiàn)在分詞His spoken English is good過去分詞定語后置：如果定語是由一個單詞表示時，通常要前置（有特殊情況，如復合不定代詞, 單個單詞做定語要后置，eg. something importan）。而由一個詞組或一個句子表示時，通 常則后置。_The girl in red is his sister.介短We have much work to do不定

9、式The girl standing under the tree is his daughter現(xiàn)在分詞短語Do you know the man who spoke just no w定從7. 狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。 可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He works harder to improve his English.（不定式短語）He is in the room makin

10、g a model pla ne.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）When he got home, he felt tired and hungry.（狀語從句）狀語有如下10種：1) How about meeting againat six?時間2) Last night she didn t go to the dancaipatof the rain 原因3) I shall go there if it doesn . t 條件4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.地點5) She put the eggs into the ba

11、skewith great care. 方式6) She came inwith a dictionary in her hand. 伴隨7）ln order to catch up with the others I must work harder.目的8）He was so tiredthat he fell asleep immediately 結(jié)果.9）She works very hardthough she is old 讓步 10）I am taller than he is 比較8同位語位于名詞或代詞后面，說明它們的性質(zhì)和情況We young people should re

12、spect the old.He himself will do the experime nt.He is the oldest among them four. He told me the n ews that our team won the game.二、句子分類：句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1） 陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn t hear of you before.2） 疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skat in g? How old is he?Is he six or seve

13、n years old?Mary can swim, can t she?3）祈使句： Be careful, boys; Don t talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1） 簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are America n boys.She likes draw ing and ofte n draws pictures for the wall n ewspapers.2）并列

14、句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一 起構(gòu)成。.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓 語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.三. 簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)1.S V

15、（主+ 謂）2.S V P （主 +系 + 表）3.SVO（主+謂+賓）4. S V o O （主+謂+間賓+直賓）5.SVOC （主+謂+賓+賓補）（1）S|V （不及物動詞）/1. The sun | rose.2. What he said | does not matter.3. They | talked for half an hour.、4. The pen | writes smoothly.此句型的句子有一個共同特點,即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。翻譯練習：1.你應當努力學習。2.她昨天回家很晚。3.那天早上

16、我們談了很多。4.在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。Keys:1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday eve nin g/last ni ght.3. That morni ng we talked a great deal/a lot.4. Great cha nges have take n place in my home tow n in the past ten years.(2)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語(S+Vt+O)1. He | has refused I to help th

17、em. /2. He | enjoys | reading.3. He | said |“Good morning. ”4. He | admits | that he was mistaken.此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞 都具有實義,都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整 的意思，必須跟有一個賓語,即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。 翻譯練習：1.昨晚我寫了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你談談。3.這本書他讀過多次了。4.你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。Keys:1.1 wrote a letter last ni ght.2. I want to talk with you

18、this after noon.3. He has read this book many times. 4. You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語(S+Vt+IO+DO)有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語,.give/pass/bring/show。這兩個賓語通常一個指人(間接賓 語);一個指物(直接賓語)。| brought | you | a dicti on ary.2. I | showed | him | my pictures.3. I | told | him | that the bus w

19、as late. 4. He | taught | me | how to run the machine. 翻譯練習：1. Johnson先生去年教我們德語。2.奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。3.請把那本字典遞給我好嗎？Keys:1. Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.3. Would you please pass me the dicti on ary? 主語+連系動詞+表語(S+V+P)| is | an En glish-Chi nes

20、e dicti on ary.2. The dinn er | smells | good./3. Everyth ing | looks | differe nt.4. Our well | has gone | dry. /5. His face | turned | red./翻譯練習：1.布朗夫人看起來很健康。2.十五歲他就成為有名的作家了。3.樹葉已經(jīng)變黃了。4.這個報告聽起來很有意思Keys:1. Mrs Brow n looks very healthy.2. At the age of fiftee n he became a famous writer.3. The leav

21、es have tur ned yellow.4. The report sounds in teresti ng(5)主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(S+Vt+O+OC)此句型的句子的共同特點是:動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整 的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。1. They pain ted the door gree n.2. This set them thi nking.3. They | found | the house | deserted. 4. He | asked | me | to come back soon.5. I | saw |

22、 them | gett ing on the bus.翻譯練習：1.我們叫她Alice.2.他的父母給他取名為John.3.我們大家都認為他是誠實的。Keys:1. We call her Alice. 2. His parents named him John. 3. All of us considered him honest.分析下列句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 1.主語 + 系動詞 + 表語2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語3. All of us con sidered him hon est. 主語 +動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語4. My gran dfather bought me a pair of sports shoes主 語+動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語5. He broke a piece o