人機工程（Man-machine engineering）

1、人機工程（Man-machine engineering）A human subject, namedThe United States: Human Engineering; Human Factors Engineering engineering human engineering or human factors.Europe: Ergonomics human engineering or ergonomics. The international organization for standardization has been formally adopted, meaning:

2、 Labor law.Other: Engineering Psychology (USSR) (Japan); human engineering; ERGONOMICS; ERGONOMICS; ERGONOMICS; ERGONOMICS; and etc.China: ergonomics, ergonomics, ergonomic design, man machine environment system engineering, human engineering, ergonomics, human engineering, engineering science, psyc

3、hology, and human factors.International general name is named Ergonomics by Western European countries. Two words in greek:Ergon (work, output) Nomics (law, normal)Intended for the labor law of the peoples, can also be understood as the mechanical product design into very accord with human work or a

4、ction of the laws or customs, the word can fully reflect the nature of the subject.Two, the definition of Ergonomics (IEA, Chinese management encyclopedia and the general definition, simple definition)The International Ergonomics Association (International Ergonomics, Association, IEA) (2000.8): the

5、 interaction between human and other factors in the system, and the application of relevant theory, principle, data and methods to design in order to optimize the performance of the system and human subjects.China enterprise management will be defined as the Encyclopedia of ergonomics: Studies on th

6、e interaction of people and machines, the environment and the reasonable combination of the machine and environment system design of the physiological and psychological characteristics for the people, to improve efficiency in production, safety, health and comfort to.General definition: ergonomics i

7、s based on peoples physiological and psychological characteristics as the basis, from the view of system engineering, analysis and Study on the interactions between people and products, people and the environment, product and environment, with the design of simple operation, labor saving, safety and

8、 comfort of the human - machine - environment to achieve the best condition of the project the system provides the theory and method of subject.Ergonomics simple definition: according to the design characteristics of the peopleAnd the improvement of human machine environment science.Three, what is t

9、he specific meaning of human machine environment system, each of the elementsMan machine environment system is a system composed of a total of at the same time and space of the people and its use of the machine and the environment around them, referred to as the human machine system in man machine s

10、ystem, man machine environment are interdependent and interact with each other to complete a special work or life.Man: refers to the operator or user.Machine: refers to the person can operate and can use the machine, can be, can also be all things and people relations between the various appliances

11、or household goods, facilities, computer software and other place.Environment: the environment is the coexistence of human and machine environment, such as the workplace and work space, natural environment and social environment etc.Four, human engineering credits for which phase (3)1, the experienc

12、e of the early history of ergonomics in early twentieth Century 2 1945 1960, the science of ergonomics3, 1960 - now modern ergonomicsIn experiment five, two famous experience of ergonomicsTaylor (ergonomic ancestor) Taylor shovel testGil Burroughs (ergonomics research pioneer Gil Burroughs) laying t

13、estSix, China Ergonomics Society (CES) founded in what timeEstablished in 1989 Chinese Ergonomics Association (CES)Seven research contents, ergonomics (4 points)(1) the study of human characteristics (natural person, social person)(2) the overall design of human-machine system (division of labor and

14、 information exchange)(3) workplace design and information transfer device(4) environmental control and safety protection designMethods eight, ergonomics (7 kinds)Simulation analysis and model test observation measurement experiment method of computer numerical simulation method research methodNine,

15、 what is the anthropometryAnthropometry is an important part of the human engineering, is a branch of ergonomics, is a study of human body measurement method for the physical characteristics of science.Ten, anthropometric method(1) the common measurement method based on the instrument is time-consum

16、ing and error prone(2) photography(3) a three-dimensional mathematical measurement method,The basic terminology of eleven, anthropometric measurements (body size, position, function measurement measurement datum and measurement direction)1. position measurement(1) (referred to as: standing upright p

17、osture) was erect, head to eye ear plane positioning, eyes straight ahead, shoulders relaxed, arms drooping naturally, arms, palms toward the side of the body, light finger stick side of thigh, knee naturally straight, left and right foot heel and up front, separately, the biped at approximately 45

18、degrees angle, weight evenly distributed in the biped. In order to ensure the upright posture correctly, the subjects should make the heel, hips and back contact with the same vertical plane.(2) sitting: measured by the chest sitting is adjusted to the height of the fibular head to head on the plane

19、, eye ear plane positioning, eyes straight ahead, left and right thigh flexion is roughly parallel Xiwan substantially right angle, foot flat on the ground, hand on the thigh. In order to ensure that the posture is correct, measured by the hips, back at the same time should rely on in the same verti

20、cal plane.2. measurement datum(1) sagittal body measurement datum plane positioning is composed of three mutually perpendicular axes (vertical axis, vertical and horizontal axis) to decide. The plane vertical axis and longitudinal axis of the plane and all its parallel are called the sagittal plane.

21、(2) the median sagittal plane in the sagittal plane, the sagittal plane through the midline of the body known as the median sagittal plane. The median sagittal plane divides the body into two parts of left and right symmetrical.(3) the coronal plane through the vertical and horizontal axes and all p

22、lanes parallel are called coronal. The coronal of the human body into the before and after the two part.(4) all the flat horizontal plane and sagittal plane and the vertical is called horizontal plane. The level of the human body is divided into upper and lower two parts.(5) the left and right eye e

23、ar plane through the screen and right orbital point level called the eye ear plane or plane in Frankfurt (OAE).3. measuring direction(1) in the human body, under the direction of the above, called the head side, will be called the side below the foot.(2) in the body of the left and right direction,

24、will be close to the median sagittal plane called the medial direction, away from the median sagittal plane called the lateral direction.(3) in the limbs, the limbs close to the attachment site called proximal limbs, will be away from the attachment site called distant.(4) in the upper limb, the rad

25、ius is called lateral radial, ulnar will be called ulnar.(5) in the lower extremity, the tibial side called the tibial side of the fibula side called fibular.The twelve percentile percentile, and the satisfaction degree of significance, in ergonomics design commonly used in which several percentileP

26、ercentile: percentile by percentage, indicating adaptation domain design, called the hundreds of points. For example, the 50% is called the fiftieth percentile, denoted by PK.Percentile percentile percentile is corresponding to the measured value. For example, the fifth percentile distribution of he

27、ight is 1543, that is 5% of a persons height will be lower than the heightThe ergonomic design is commonly used in fifth, fiftieth, ninety-fifth percentile. The fifth percentile on behalf of small stature, number only 5% of the population is less than the lower limit value; the fiftieth percentile o

28、n behalf of the moderate figure, there are 50% values of population is higher or lower than this value; the ninety-fifth percentile on behalf of the big figure, which is only 5% of the population value higher than the upper limit.Fourteen. Factors affecting differences in anthropometric dataAge gend

29、er occupation age race areaDesign details, fifteen seat design and sizeDesign principlesThe 1. seat form associated with scale and functionThe 2. seat scale must be determined according to anthropometric dataBy the weight of main body for 3. hips of ischial tuberosity4. seats at the front, pressure

30、between the thigh and the chair should be reduced5. lower lumbar should provide support, set the appropriate backrest back to reduce tensionThe 6. seat pad must have sufficient and appropriate hardness, helps to make the pressure of weight is evenly distributed in the area of ischial tuberosityDesig

31、n detailsHigh back seat width and height of the seat backrest seat armrest wide seat cushion deep high angleSeat height: rest chair 38 - 45cm, 43 - 50cm work chairSeat width: 43 - 45cmA deep rest chair: 40 - 43cm, 35 - 40cm work chairThe seat angle: 20 degrees - 19 rest chair, chair of less than 3 d

32、egreesAdult lumbar position approximately in the center seat above 23 26cm at the lumbar fulcrum should be slightly higher than the scale, to support the weight of the back.Back up to a maximum height of 48 63cm, the maximum width of 35 48CMBackrest angle: 103 to 112 degreesFrom the normal spine sha

33、pe, the angle of 115 degrees is appropriate. In practical application, recommended reading: chair 101 - L04, 105 - 108 of the rest chairArmrest: cushion high effective thickness more than 21 22cm16, the definition of feelingFeel is a reflection of things of human brain to directly act on the sense o

34、rgans of individual properties, the feeling is people to know the outside world channel, is the basis and premise of all complex psychological activities.17 types of sensory (visual, auditory, chemical senses (smell and taste), skin sensation, proprioception)Proprioception can inform the operator of

35、 the ongoing body movement and its position relative to the environment and the machine; and the other feeling can convey information to the operator of the external environment.18, the definition of perceptionPerception is reflected in the human brain to direct effect on the sense organ of the obje

36、ctive things and subjective overall situation.Nineteen. The relationship and difference between sensation and perceptionLearned from the perceptual process of objective things is the first feeling, then can further be perceived, so the perception is generated on the basis of feeling, feeling things

37、individual properties more abundant and accurate perception of things is more complete and more accurate.Sensation and perception are objective things directly act on the sense organ in the brain can react to the. In the life and production activities, people are directly reflected in the perception

38、 of things, and feeling as part of perception in perception, few are feeling isolated in psychology called perception.The feeling is reflected in the individual attribute of objective things, and reflects the overall perception of objective things. The feeling of nature depends more on the nature of

39、 the stimulus, and the process of perception with will composition, peoples knowledge, experience, need, motivation, interest and other factors directly affect the perception of the process.20, what is the appropriate stimulusCan cause sensory organs to respond effectively to the stimulus is called

40、the sensory stimuli21, what is the feeling of adaptationIn the continuous effect of the same stimuli, the process of human feelings changeWhat are the basic characteristics of the 22, including perception, and specific meaningIntegrity: the perception of various attributes, each part of the object b

41、ecome a same organic wholeUnderstand: to understand the current perception of the object according to the existing knowledge and experienceSelectivity: the effect on the senses is a lot of things, but one cannot at the same time perception of all things to the senses or perception of all things clea

42、rly. People always follow a need or objective initiative to consciously choose one of the few things as the object of perception, perception of its outstanding image clarity, but also on the surrounding effect on the senses of other things are perceived to be fuzzy mappings of the retreat, heighten

43、the awareness of object backgroundConstancy: people are always on the past impression, knowledge and experience to the current perception of object perception,When the perceived conditions change within a certain range, the object of perception remains relatively unchanged23, the influence factors o

44、f selective perceptionBetween the 1 and the perception of object and background difference is larger, easier to distinguish the object from the background.2, in fixed or stationary background, moving objects most likely to become the object of perception, as shown on the screen of the changing curve

45、3, peoples subjective factors, such as task, purpose, knowledge, interest, emotion, will choose the object of perception is different.A combination of 4, each part of the relationship between stimuli, such as the object, close to each other than distant objects similar to each other than to combinat

46、ion of dissimilar objects together, and become the object of perception.24, three elements of visual phenomenaLight, object, eyesRelated terms 25, vision (critical perspective, visual acuity, visual range)From the perspective of the target angle: two light eye look into.The eye can distinguish the o

47、bject into two light angle recently seen when the eye is called the critical perspective.Vision is a physiological scale eye to identify the details of objects ability, with critical perspective to express reciprocal vision =1/ critical perspectiveGeneral vision: vision is when the human head and ey

48、e does not move, the human eye can perceive the space, usually in terms of saidColor vision: different color stimulation to the eye is different, so the view is different. White vision, yellow and blue, red and green vision gradually small.The horizon is the observation distance in normal operating

49、system.26, the vertical and horizontal plane of the effective field of view and the best viewThe best vertical visual area: the upper and lower 1. 5 degreesThe best range: 30 degrees below the horizontal line of sight.Effective range: eye level above 25 degrees, 35 degrees below.The largest fixed fi

50、eld of view: 115 degrees. Expand the horizons: 150 degrees.In a vertical plane, in fact the natural sight is lower than the standard line of sight, erect when 15 degrees lower, relax when standing low 30 degrees, 40 degrees lower when the relaxed posture. Therefore, vision in the vertical plane unde

51、r the boundary should also change with the relaxed standing and relaxed posture.27, from the perspective of color sortingFrom large to small: white yellow blue red green28, adaptation and vision (light and dark adaptation)Visual adaptation is the human feelings process changes with light visual envi

52、ronment change.Types of visual adaptation: dark and light adaptationType 29, proprioception (sense of balance, motion perception)30, analog display characteristics and differences between instruments instrument and digital1. analog display instrumentWith analog (dial and pointer) to display the rele

53、vant parameters and the state of the machine.Features: information visualization, visual display, the simulation value of the position in the whole range at a glance, and can give the deviation, for monitoring the operation effect is very good.Application: watches, car oil scale, oxygen bottle press

54、ure on the table.2. digital display instrumentDirect digital display machine related parameters or working condition.Features: the reading process is simple and intuitive, as long as the single identification numbers or symbols on it. Reading speed, high precision, and is not easy to produce visual

55、fatigue.Application: calculators, electronic watches and train running time display screen.31, according to the instrument structure (pointer, pointer type instrument fixed activity instrument and digital instrument)32, analog display instrument looked from the form of misreading rate sequence is?Fr

56、om large to small: vertical and horizontal semicircular shaped round windowThe corresponding relationship between the optimum height 33, visual distance and scale line (P15).The line height, scale lines of text and digital dial size is based on the distance determined.Scale spacing: minimum distance

57、 between small scale lines. In general, d=12.5mm dmin=0.61mm; dmax=48mm.Line spacing is L/600 L/50The line width: general small scale mark as a reference,The width of the spacing from 5% to 15%. (10% better)Long lines of length =L/90In the calibration of line length =L/125Text height, short scale length =L/20036, the signal lamp brightness characteristics and design requirementsCharacteristics: small size, distance far, striking, simple; load information Co.Brightness: brightness two times in the background.The color and the mea