HSCChemistry使用手冊Eh-pHDiagram模塊中文

1、1 /4717 0). These conditions may exist near the anode in the electrochemical cell, 2 /47but can also be generated with some oxidizing agents (Cu + H2O2 = CuO + H2O). In reducing conditions, when potential is low (Eh 0)。這些條件可能存在在電化學(xué)電池的陽極，但也可以與一些氧化劑(H2O2生成6 +銅+H2O=) o在還原條件下，當(dāng)為低電位(EhVO),該系統(tǒng)能夠提供電子的物種， 例

2、如，與陰極電極或與還原劑。The pH of the system describes its ability to supply protons (H(+a) to the species. In acid conditions (pH 7) the concentration of protons is low.pH值的系統(tǒng)描述其提供質(zhì)子的能力(H ( + )的種類。在酸性條件下(pHV7)質(zhì)子 的濃度較高，在堿性條件下(pH7)的質(zhì)子濃度低。Usually a large amount of different species exist simultaneously in the aq

3、ueous mixtures in fixed Eh-pH-conditions. The Pourbaix diagrams simplify this situation a lot by showing only the predominant species which content is highest in each stability areas. The lines in the diagrams represent the Eh-pH-conditions where the content of the adjacent species is the same in th

4、e equilibrium state. However, these species always exist in small amounts on both sides of these lines and may have an effect on practical applications通常一個(gè)大的不同物種的數(shù)量同時(shí)存在固定的Eh-pH條件水混合物。Pourbaix圖簡化 這種情況很多只顯示優(yōu)勢種，內(nèi)容是每個(gè)穩(wěn)定性最高的地區(qū)。圖中的線代表Eh-pH條 件下相鄰物種的內(nèi)容是在平衡狀態(tài)下相同。然而，這些品種都存在少量的這些線的兩 側(cè)，可能對實(shí)際應(yīng)用的影響。The lines in t

5、he diagrams can also be represented with chemical reaction equations These reactions may be divided into three groups according to reaction types:圖中的線也可以用化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式。這些反應(yīng)可分為三組，根據(jù)反應(yīng)類型：1 Horizontal lines These lines represent reactions that are involved with electrons,but are independent of pH Neither H(+

6、a)-ions nor OH(-a)-ions participate to these reactions1水平線。這些線代表的反應(yīng)，涉及電子，但獨(dú)立的博士沒有H ( + )離子和OH ()- 離子參與反應(yīng)。2.Diagonal lines with either positive or negative slope These lines representreactions that arc involved with both electrons and H(+a)-and OH(-a)-ions.2。對角線或正或負(fù)的斜率。這些線代表的反應(yīng)，涉及電子和H ( + )和(-)-離子哦。3

7、.Vertical lines These lines represent reactions that arc involved either with H(+a)- or OH(-a)-ions, but arc independent of Eh. In other words, electrons do not participate with these reactions3 /473垂直線。這些線代表反應(yīng)，可能與H ( + )或(J 離子哦，但獨(dú)立的啊。換句話 說，電子不參與這些反應(yīng)。The chemical stability area of the water is shown

8、 in the Eh-pH-diagrams with dotted lines. The upper stability limit of water is based on the potential when the oxygen generation starts on the anode It is specified by the reaction:水的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性區(qū)域是在虛線的Eh-pH圖所示。水上穩(wěn)定極限是基于勢當(dāng)氧代開始在 陽極。它是由指定的反應(yīng)：2 H2O = 02(g) + 4 H(+a) + 4e-2 H20 = 02 (g) +4H ( + ) +4The lower

9、stability limit is based on hydrogen formation on the cathode. It is specified by the reaction:較低的穩(wěn)定極限是基丁陰極上氫的形成。它是由指定的反應(yīng)：2 H(+a) + 2 c- = H2(g)2H ( + ) +2E 二 H2 (g)The construction of the diagrams with HSC Chemistry EpH module is quite a simple task. However, several aspects must be taken into acco

10、unt when specifying the chemical system and analyzing the calculation results, for example:用HSC-Chemistry弗模塊圖的建設(shè)是一個(gè)相當(dāng)簡單的任務(wù)。然而，幾個(gè)方面必須考慮 指定化學(xué)系統(tǒng)分析計(jì)算結(jié)果，例如：1 A basic knowledge of chemistry, aqueous systems and electrochemistry orhydrometallurgy is always needed in order to draw the correct conclusions1。一

11、個(gè)基本的化學(xué)知識，水系統(tǒng)和電化學(xué)或濕法總是為了得出正確的結(jié)論。2.The EpH module carries out the calculations using pure stoichiometric substances In practice minerals may contain impurity elements and the composition may deviate slightly from the stoichiometric one.2。弗模塊進(jìn)行計(jì)算，采用純化學(xué)物質(zhì)。在實(shí)踐中可能含有的雜質(zhì)元素和礦物組成可能 稍微偏離化學(xué)計(jì)量。3There are always

12、some errors in the basic thermochemical data of the species. Thismay have significant effect on the results, especially if the chemical driving force of the reaction is small. Usually small differences between Pourbaix diagrams from different sources can be explained by the slightly different basic

13、data used3?？傆幸恍┪锓N的基本熱化學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)的一些錯(cuò)誤。這可能會(huì)對結(jié)果有顯著的影響，特別 是如果該反應(yīng)的化學(xué)驅(qū)動(dòng)力小。通常小差異Pourbaix圖從不同的來源可以通過使用略 有不同的基本數(shù)據(jù)的解釋。4 /474.Sometimes data for all existing species is not available from the HSC database orfrom the other sources. This will distort the results if the missing species are stable in given conditions. T

14、he missing unstable species will have no effect on the results.4。有時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)中的所有現(xiàn)存的物種是無法從數(shù)據(jù)庫或從其他來源的造血干細(xì)胞。這會(huì)扭 曲結(jié)果如果丟失的物種是在特定條件下穩(wěn)定。失蹤的不穩(wěn)定的物種會(huì)對結(jié)果沒有影 響。5.The EpH module does not take into account the non-ideal behavior of aqueous solutions However, in many cases these ideal diagrams give a quite good idea of t

15、he possible reactions in aqueous solutions, especially if the driving force of the reactions is high.5。弗模塊沒有考慮到溶液的非理想行為。然而，在許多情況下，這些理想圖給出可能 的反應(yīng)的一個(gè)相當(dāng)好的主意在水溶液中，特別是如果該反應(yīng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力是高。6.Thermochemical calculations do not take into account the speed of the reactions (kinetics). For example, the formation of the

16、 SO4(-2a) ion may be a slow reaction. In these cases metastable diagrams created by removing such species from the system may give more consistent results with the experimental laboratory results.6。熱化學(xué)計(jì)算不考慮反應(yīng)的速度(動(dòng)力學(xué))。例如，在形成SO4 (2A)離子可能是一 個(gè)緩慢的反應(yīng)。在這些情況下，亞穩(wěn)態(tài)圖，從系統(tǒng)中除去這些物種創(chuàng)造了可以提供更 一致的結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。The HSC user

17、must be very careful when drawing conclusions from Eh-pH-diagrams due to these limitations and assumptions. However, these diagrams may offer extremely valuable information when combining the results with the experimental work and with a good knowledge of aqueous chemistry. There is no universal kin

18、etic or thermochemical theory available, which could entirely substitute traditional experimental laboratory work with pure theoretical calculation modelsHSC的用戶必須非常小心，當(dāng)?shù)贸鼋Y(jié)論臼卜pH圖由丁這些限制和假設(shè)。然而，這些圖 可以提供極有價(jià)值的信息時(shí)，將結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)工作和與水化學(xué)知識好。有沒有通用的動(dòng) 力學(xué)、熱化學(xué)理論可用，可完全替代傳統(tǒng)的純理論計(jì)算模型實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作。More information on Eh-pH-diagram

19、s, calculation methods and applications can be found from different handbooks, for example, from the Pourbaix Atlas 12.在EhpH圖計(jì)算方法和應(yīng)用的更多信息，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的手冊，例如，從兒atlas 12o5 /47f7 Criss-CobbleSelect Other Elements |Select Main Elementabcehilabcehilmm / / e e b b n n r r TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUVWXYTUVWXYYZZYZZ : : ei

20、ei p p s s abdmortuabdmortuabehnabehn UHbUHb NMNM N N oooo p p pppp p p pppp p p pppp R R RRRR RRRasRRRas u u e e mm r r a a d d e e efgoefgo EFFFFGEFFFFGGGHHHGGHHHHHHH c c 9 9 mm I I s s t t u u a a e e i i LFLF CAACAacCAACAaclAIBBBBBlAIBBBBBc c eiei mm n n I I s s ssssss ssss rKrK 筈孟MgMnMONNaNbNdM

21、gMnMONNaNbNd k k I I adeflmorsuyrsadeflmorsuyrs BBCCCCCCCCCCCDEEBBCCCCCCCCCCCDEE雷盟匸盅uvwxeuvwxe丫YbznNYbznNmm I I AKAAKA A ABBaBeBiBkBrccacdceGDcmcocrcsBBaBeBiBkBrccacdceGDcmcocrcsBaBaDyErEsDyErEsC:HSC5EpHXCuS25.iepFile OpenHelpExit |17.2 Chemical System Specifications Eh-pH Diagram. Authors: H-H Haun

22、g K Anttila and A RoineFig. L Selecting elements and species for the Eh - pH - diagram.The EpH Diagram selection in the HSC main menu will show the EpH-form Fig. 1. The user must specify the chemical system, which will be used to calculate the diagram in this form. Assume that system contains Cu, S

23、and H2O. The following steps should be specified in order to create the diagram:在主菜單中選擇HSC弗圖將顯示弗形，圖1。用戶必須指定的化學(xué)系統(tǒng)，這將彼用來 計(jì)算這種形式的圖。假設(shè)系統(tǒng)含有Cu, S和H2O。以下步驟應(yīng)該被指定為創(chuàng)建圖表：1.Select Main Element: Select one element from the list. This element will be usedas the main” element in the first diagram, i.e. all species

24、, which are shown in the diagram, will contain this element. The user can easily change the main element selection later on in the diagram form. The Cu has been selected in this example.Io選擇的主要因素：從列表中選擇一個(gè)元素。本單元將作為第一個(gè)圖的“主要”元 素，即所有的物種，這是圖中所示，將包含此元素。用戶可以很容易地改變的主要元 素的選擇，后來在圖的形式。銅已在本例中選擇。2Select Other El

25、ements: Select other elements to the system. Up to 7 elements canSelect Species AllTemperature:T 1!25T 250T 3f75T 4JTOOFile Save |6 /47be selected but it is recommended to use less, because large amount of elements and species increase calculation time and could cause some other problems S has been

26、selected in this example Note: It is not necessary to select H and O because these arc always automatically included 2。選擇其他元素：選擇其他元素的系統(tǒng)。高達(dá)7的元素可以選擇但建議少用，因?yàn)樵?素和物種大量增加計(jì)算時(shí)間和可能引發(fā)的其他問題。已經(jīng)在本例中選擇。注：這是沒 有必要選擇H和0,因?yàn)檫@些都是自動(dòng)地包括。3.Search Mode: This selection specifies the type of species, which will be collected

27、from the database It is recommended to use default selections. Note: Condensed = solid substances, Aqueous Neutrals =dissolvcd species without charge. Aqueous Ions = dissolved ions, Gases = gaseous species without charge. Gas Ions = gaseous ions, and Liquids = liquid species.3。搜索模式：選擇指定物種的類型，它將彼從數(shù)據(jù)庫

28、中收集。建議使用默認(rèn)的選擇。 注：凝結(jié)為固體物質(zhì)，水中立二溶解不收費(fèi)，水離子二溶解離子，氣體二氣態(tài)物種沒有電 荷，氣體離子二氣態(tài)離子，和液體二液體的種類。4.OK: Press OK to start the search from the database4。好：按OK從數(shù)據(jù)庫開始搜索。5.Select Species: Usually you can select all species to the diagram by pressing All In some cases, however, it is useful to remove unnecessary species from

29、 the systcm. This will decrease calculation time and simplify diagrams. Note: A) By pressing simultaneously Ctrl- key and clicking with the mouse it is easy to make any kind of selection B) By double clicking the species it is possible to see more information of the species Load CUS25.IEP sec the se

30、lected species of this example5。樹種選擇：通常您可以選擇的所有物種的圖按所有。然而，在某些情況下，它是從 系統(tǒng)中刪除不必要的物種有用。這將減少計(jì)算時(shí)間和簡化圖。注：a)按下Ctrl鍵，同 時(shí)用鼠標(biāo)很容易做出什么樣的選擇點(diǎn)擊。B)雙擊物種有可能看到更多的物種信息。負(fù) 載cus25.icp文件看這個(gè)例子的選擇種類。6.Temperature: The user must specify at least one temperature for the diagram. Up to four temperatures may be specified in order

31、 to draw combined diagrams, which show the effect of temperature The temperatures 25, 50. 75 and 100 C have been selected in this example, Figs 1 and 2.6。溫度：用戶必須指定至少一個(gè)溫度圖。高達(dá)四的溫度可以彼指定為繪制組合圖，顯 示溫度的影響。溫度25, 50, 75和100 C己在本例中選擇，無花果。1和2。7.Criss-Cobblc: This option enables HSC to extrapolate the heat capa

32、city function of the aqueous species if this data is not given in the database 115 see Chapter 28.4.7?？v橫交錯(cuò)的卵石：此選項(xiàng)使HSC推斷水種的熱容量功能如果這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是不是在 database 11 給出，見 28.4 章。8.EpH: Press EpH to start the dialog and Calculation of the diagram. You can also7 /47press in order to save the data for later use withou

33、t running the calculation procedure8。弗：按弗開始保存文件對話框的圖和計(jì)算。你也可以按文件保存為數(shù)據(jù)保存供以后 使用無需運(yùn)行的計(jì)算程序。9.Diagram: Pressing the EpH button will show the Diagram specification form, see Chapter 17.3 and Fig 2. By pressing Diagram in Fig. 2 you will see the default diagram.9。圖：按弗按鈕將顯示圖的規(guī)范形式，見17.3章圖2。按圖在圖2中你會(huì)看到默認(rèn)的 圖。173

34、 Eh - pH - Diagram MenuFig. 2. Default values for the Eh pH - diagram.The EpH-diagram menu shows a summary of the chemical system specifications as well as selected default values for the diagram. The fastest way to go forward is to accept all the default values and press Diagram for simple EpH diag

35、rams or Combine for combined diagrams Usually at the begining, there is no need for modifications to the default values. However, it is important to understand the meaning of these settings because they may have strong effect on the diagram. The details of the diagram menu options are explained in t

36、he following 8 /47paragraphs.Eph圖菜單顯示的化學(xué)系統(tǒng)規(guī)范總結(jié)以及選擇默認(rèn)值的圖表。走的最快的方法是接受 所有默認(rèn)值，并按圖簡單弗圖或結(jié)合組合圖。通常在開始時(shí)，沒有必要 為默認(rèn)值的修改。然而，它是理解這些設(shè)置的意義重要，因?yàn)樗麄兛赡?在圖上強(qiáng)烈的影響。圖中的菜單選項(xiàng)的細(xì)節(jié)在下面解釋。1.1。 打開文件The EpH module can also be used as an independent application, in these cases the data for the diagram may be read from *.IEP files by

37、 pressing Normally the system specifications are automatically transferred from the system specification sheet to the diagram menu. Fig. 2.Eph模塊也可以作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的應(yīng)用程序，在這些情況下，圖的數(shù)據(jù)可以讀口按 IEP文件打開文件。通常的系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說明書由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)移到關(guān)系圖” 菜單，如圖2所示。The diagram specifications can be modified in the diagram menu. The selections can

38、 be saved for later use with IEP selection from the menu. The IEP-filcs may also be edited by any text editor like Windows Notepad Please be careful as any mistake may cause unpredictable results. The calculation results may be saved to *.EPH EpH selection and loaded back with EPH selection which ca

39、uses the diagram to be automatically recalculated圖規(guī)格可以在關(guān)系圖”菜單修改。選擇可以保存供以后使用保存文件時(shí)選擇菜單。IEP 文件可以使用任何文本編輯器如Windows記事本編輯。請小心，任何錯(cuò) 誤都可能導(dǎo)致不可預(yù)知的結(jié)果。計(jì)算結(jié)果可以保存到文件與文件保存。 弗弗的選擇和裝回文件打開弗選擇使圖自動(dòng)重新計(jì)算。2. Species and DG-data workbook2。物種和DG數(shù)據(jù)手冊The selected species and calculated DG-data based on the enthalpy, entropy and

40、 heat capacity values of the HSC database is shown on the Species sheet of the diagram workbook, Fig. 2. The species are arranged according to elements and species type. The user can modify the DG-data as well as add or remove species in this sheet. The Species sheet makes it possible to use data an

41、d species which cannot be found in the HSC database, for example:選擇的種類和計(jì)算DG數(shù)據(jù)基于焙，爛和熱的HSC數(shù)據(jù)庫容量值在圖表工作簿的物種 表所示，圖2。種類按要素和種類。用戶可以同時(shí)添加或刪除本片種 DG數(shù)據(jù)修改。物種表可以使用數(shù)據(jù)和物種而不能在HSC的數(shù)據(jù)庫中找 到,例如：A.The published Pourbaix diagrams are often based on DG-data which is given in the original papers This DG-data can be used in

42、the Species sheet to replace the default values based on the HSC database if necessary Note that these DG- values can also be calculated from the standard potential values using equation 19 /47A. 發(fā)表Pourbaix圖往往是基于DG數(shù)據(jù)是原始文件。這DG數(shù)據(jù)可用丁物種片代替默認(rèn)值基于HSC如果必要的數(shù)據(jù)庫。注意這些DG值也可以用公式1的標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)電位值的計(jì)算， 1，1where n is the char

43、ge transferred in the cell reaction, F is the Faraday constant (23045 cal/(V*mol) and E is the standard electrode potential in volts Note: Give DG-data for the selected temperatures, usually these values arc only available at 25 C.其中n是細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的電荷轉(zhuǎn)移，F(xiàn)是法拉第常數(shù)(23045卡/ (V *摩爾)和E是伏特 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電位。注：為選定的溫度給DG數(shù)據(jù)，通常這些

44、值在25 C. 只有B.Sometimes all necessary species are not available in the HSC database These missingspecies can be added to the chemical system specification if the user has the DG-values or chemical potential data for these species The new species may be added by inserting empty row with Insert Row sele

45、ction and typing formula and DG-valucs to this row.B. 有時(shí)必要的物種沒有造血干細(xì)胞庫。這些失蹤的物種可以被用戶如果有DG值或化學(xué)這些物種潛在的數(shù)據(jù)添加到化學(xué)系統(tǒng)規(guī)范。新的物種可以被插入行的 選擇和輸入公式和DG值這一行插入空行添加。The new species can be inserted into any location, but it is recommended to add the same type of species sequentially, because it makes the list easier to re

46、ad and update Note: A) Do not insert any new elements, new elements must be added in the EpH-clemcnt selection window. Fig. 1. B) Do not create empty rows.新的物種可以被插入到任何位置，但建議增加物種的相同類型的順序，因?yàn)樗沽斜?更容易讀取和更新。注：a)不要將任何新的元素，新的元素必須在弗 元選擇窗口，如圖I所示。B)不要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建空的行。C.In some cases it is necessary to remove certain spe

47、cies from the system, c.g. if somekinetic barriers are found to slow down the reaction rate in the experiments. Such species can be removed by Delete Row selection在某些情況下有必要從系統(tǒng)中刪除某些物種，如一些運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙明顯減慢反應(yīng)速率的實(shí) 驗(yàn)研究。這樣的物種可以被刪除的行選擇。The Labels and Lines sheets are in the programs internal use and it is not neces

48、sary to make any modifications to these sheets. The Labels sheet contains format data for the labels such as; text, area number, coordinates, font name and properties, and labels visibility and orientation. The Lines sheet contains format data of the equilibrium lines of the diagram: Species names,

49、line area numbers, line endpoint coordinates, and line properties標(biāo)簽和線路板在程序內(nèi)部使用，不需要這些表所做的任何修改。標(biāo)簽表包含的標(biāo)簽等 格式的數(shù)據(jù)；文本，地區(qū)編號，坐標(biāo)，字體名稱和屬性，和標(biāo)簽的可見 性和取向。線片包含了圖的平衡線格式數(shù)據(jù)：物種名稱，線數(shù)，線端點(diǎn) 10 /47坐標(biāo)，和線的性能。3. Temperature3。溫度The Pourbaix-diagrams are drawn at a constant temperature The user must select one temperature for t

50、he diagram from the list of temperatures, Fig. 2. The actual temperature values can only be changed from the system specification form. Fig. 1. No temperature selection is needed here for the Combined diagrams.Pourbaix圖繪制在一個(gè)恒定的溫度。用戶必須選擇從列表中的一個(gè)溫度溫度圖，圖2。 實(shí)際溫度值只能從制度規(guī)范的形式，如圖1所示。沒有溫度的選擇是需 要組合圖。The defaul

51、t DG-values in the Species sheet in columns 2 - 5 arc calculated at the given temperatures. The DG-values at column 2 are calculated using the first temperature, column 2 using the second temperature, etc.在2 列5種表默認(rèn)的DG值在給定溫度下計(jì)算。在柱2 DG值用第一溫度計(jì)算，柱2 使用第二溫度，等。4. Other parameters4。 其他參數(shù)The default values f

52、or Dielectric Constant and DG of H20 are automatically calculated on the basis of the selected temperature and pressure. The calculation of Dielectric Constant is based on experimental values 15 and water vapor pressure 16, which are valid from 0 to 373 C, and from 1 to 5000 bar. Outside this range

53、the Dielectric Constant will be extrapolated介電常數(shù)和DG H2O的默認(rèn)值是在選定的溫度和圧力的基礎(chǔ)上口動(dòng)計(jì)算。介電常數(shù)的 計(jì)算是基于實(shí)驗(yàn)和水蒸氣pressure 16 cn,這是有效的從0到373 C,從 1到5000巴。在這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的介電常數(shù)將外推。The Ion Strength and Correction Factor constants are automatically calculated by the program and usually they do not need to be modified by the user.口動(dòng)

54、計(jì)算的程序，通常他們不需要由用戶修改的離子強(qiáng)度和校正因子常數(shù)。5. Potential and pH scale ranges5. Potential and pH scale ranges5。電位和pH值的范圍The user may change the default range (Max Eh and Min Eh) for the potential scale as well as the range of pH scale (Max pH and Min pH). The scale settings can also be changed by clicking the x-

55、or y-axis on the diagram form. The minimum difference between Min and Max values is 0.2 and there is no upper limit for the difference.用戶可以更改默認(rèn)的范圍(最大和最小的EH EH)潛在規(guī)模以及pH值范圍(最大的 pH值和最小值)。規(guī)模的設(shè)置也可通過點(diǎn)擊X或Y軸上的圖形式的改 變。最小和最大值之間的最小差異為0.2,差異有無上限。11 /476. Molality and Pressure6。 質(zhì)量摩爾濃度和圧力The diagrams are calcula

56、ted using constant molalities (concentrations) for all the elements. The default values may be changed in the table in the bottom right corner of the diagram menu, see Fig. 2. Molality values are given in mol/kg H2O units.該圖是使用恒定濃度計(jì)算(濃度)的所有元素。默認(rèn)值可以在表圖中菜單的右下角的 變化，見圖2。質(zhì)量摩爾濃度值在摩爾/千克水單位給予。The total pres

57、sure of the system is also given in the Molality table. The EpH module uses maximum value given in the Pressure column as the chemical system total pressure.1( is not possible to select a smaller pressure value than water vapor pressure at the selected temperature. In other words, the total pressure

58、 must always be bigger than the water vapor pressure at the selected temperature. The default value for the pressure is 1 bar.乂是系統(tǒng)的總壓力表給出的質(zhì)量摩爾濃度。Eph模塊采用最大值在圧柱為化工系統(tǒng)總 壓力了。這是不可能的選擇在選定的溫度比水蒸氣壓力較小的圧力值。 換句話說，總壓力必須大于在選定溫度的水蒸汽圧力。對于圧力的默認(rèn) 值是1桿。7. Show Predominance Areas of Ions7。 表明離子的優(yōu)勢領(lǐng)域The Show Predominanc

59、e Areas of Ions selection causes the EpH-module to calculate two diagrams for the same system. The first one is a normal Eh-pH-diagram with all species, and the second one is the predominance diagram with only aqueous species. Both diagrams are drawn into the same figure; the first diagram in black

60、and the second one in blue This option is recommended for use only with normal Eh-pH-diagrams (see Chapter 17.4).“離子”的選擇使弗模塊計(jì)算同一系統(tǒng)中的兩個(gè)圖表顯示的優(yōu)勢領(lǐng)域。第一個(gè)是一個(gè) 正常的臼)-pH圖與所有物種，第二個(gè)是只有水種的優(yōu)勢圖。兩圖繪制在 同一圖：黑色和藍(lán)色的二個(gè)第一圖。建議使用此選項(xiàng)僅用于正常的Eh- pH圖(見17.4章)。8. Diagram and Combine Buttons8。圖并結(jié)合按鈕Diagram starts the calculations