英國歷史與文化-英文版PPT

1、2021/3/10講解：XX12021/3/10講解：XX2 Prehistoric England Roman Britain (43-410) The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings (450-1066) Normans and Plantagenets (1066-1272) Lancaster and York (1272-1485) The Tudors (1485-1603) The Stuarts (1603-1714) Order and Disorder (1714-1837) Victoria and Empire (1837-1910) Peace an

2、d War (1910-1945) Contemporary Britain (1945- )2021/3/10講解：XX3Chapter 1 Early England Old Stone Age, 70,0008000 BCMiddle Stone Age , 83003500 BC New Stone Age , 35002500 BC Bronze Age, 2500700 BC (Iberians)Iron Age, 700100 BC (Celts)1. The Dawning of English History 150 BC502021/3/10講解：XX4 Official

3、title United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland British Isles including Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, all the offshore islands1.1 Geography: Some Terminology 2021/3/10講解：XX52021/3/10講解：XX6 isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea once perceived as being on the

4、edge of the world The seas around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions: The Armada, 1588; the French, 1805, Nazi Germany, 1940 1.1 Geography: Geography and History2021/3/10講解：XX7 Generally mild and temperate weatherallows farming to flourish across the country North: less ferti

5、le land, wetterSouth: fertile land, drier 1.1 Geography: Weather2021/3/10講解：XX8 Hunters and gatherers Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 70,0008000 BC Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), 83003500 BC New Stone Age (Neolithic), 35002500 BC1.2 Early Settlers 2021/3/10講解：XX9 New Stone Age , 35002500 BCStonehenge 史

6、前巨石陣史前巨石陣 a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork1.2 Early Settlers 2021/3/10講解：XX10Stonehenge2021/3/10講解：XX11In Search of History 00:20 01:382021/3/10講解：XX12 The Celts (Iron Age, 700100 BC) from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Iri

7、sh and Welsh Gaelic 蓋爾語蓋爾語 : language of Celtic origin1.2 Early Settlers 2021/3/10講解：XX132021/3/10講解：XX14Roman Invasion (55BC-410AD) British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.first landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesarcomplete control over the land in 43 A.D.leaving in around 410 A.D.202

8、1/3/10講解：XX15What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.? BC stands for before Christ AD stands for the Latin phrase “anno domini”means in the year of our Lord The purpose of the BC / AD dating system to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point of world history2021/3/10講解：XX16Gaius Julius Caesar (

9、July 13, 100 BC March 15, 44 BC)a Roman military and political leaderplayed a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire2021/3/10講解：XX17Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)First landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius CaesarReasons the lure of treasures to punish the Celts b

10、ecause of the help they rendered their fellow tribesmen in GaulResults failed because of weatherwithdraw with hostages and prisoners2021/3/10講解：XX18Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)2. Complete control over the land in 43 A.D.Leaderheaded by the Emperor ClaudiusReasonscame as imperialists to exploit an

11、d govern by right of being the superior2021/3/10講解：XX192021/3/10講解：XX20Roman Invasion (55BC-410 AD)3. Leaving in around 410 A.D.The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D.left behind a well established Celtic-Roman culture2021/3/10講解：XX21Roman Soldiers 2021/3/10講解：XX22Resistance to Roman Occupation F

12、or nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a total occupation. Roman troops often withdrew.Resistance: the PictsTwo great walls to keep the Picts: Hadrians Wall Antonine Wall2021/3/10講解：XX232021/3/10講解：XX24Roman Influence: The Romanisation of Britannia Roman laws, t

13、axes, engineering skillsArchitectureRoman social system The Latin LanguageSystem of writing and numberingIntroduced a system of organized government in towns Brought the new religion Christianity to Britain 2021/3/10講解：XX25Roman Influence: The Romanisation of Britannia Roman towns: London, York, Bat

14、hbaths, temples, amphitheatres 競技場競技場, Roman aqueducts 高架渠高架渠 Roman roads: more than 5000 roads, a network of roads to connect large towns Roman civilization was based on city life in hundreds of walled town linked by military roads. 2021/3/10講解：XX26Roman town: Bath2021/3/10講解：XX272021/3/10講解：XX28Ba

15、th Abbey 2021/3/10講解：XX292021/3/10講解：XX30Roman amphitheatre 2021/3/10講解：XX31Roman aqueduct 2021/3/10講解：XX32Roman Road 2021/3/10講解：XX33The Impact of Christianity The Celts Religion Polytheism (多神論) Animals, rivers, and lakes were also treated as gods.2021/3/10講解：XX34Celtic gods and goddesses 2021/3/1

16、0講解：XX35 Roman Britain . Christian merchants and traders arrived in England in the 1st century A.D, but made little impact. In the 2nd century, Christianity slowly spread.In the late 6th century, Christianity was introduced widely in England.2021/3/10講解：XX36Christianity: belief in one godhead,The Ce

17、lts Religion:belief in several gods After Constantines conversion to Christianity, Polytheism (多神論) monotheism (一神論)Britannia2021/3/10講解：講解：XX37Anglo-Saxon periodIn the middle of the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons settled here. English people owe much of their tradition, language, physical heritage to th

18、em (tall, fair-haired).Viking invasion: by the 8th, the Danish began to invade England in a successful way until Alfred the Great defeated them. King Alfred the Great (r. 871-899 阿佛列大阿佛列大帝帝) He is often regarded as the first king of a united England. He defeated the Danes at battles. 2021/3/10講解：XX3

19、828Beowulf, the oldest English epic, tells the story of a Scandinavian hero. Probably written in Northumbria in the early eighth century, it provides a striking picture of early Germanic life. The earliest surviving manuscript of Beowulf was written in Saxon in the late tenth century. p732021/3/10講解

20、：XX3929The Manuscript of Beowulf2021/3/10講解：XX4032An evil dragon robbed the holly cup away and guarded the cup in his cave not allowing anyone to touch it.2021/3/10講解：XX4133Beowulf led his men to sail across the sea to find the holly cup back for his people.2021/3/10講解：講解：XX42The Norman ConquestAfte

21、r Edward died, Duke of Normandy-William I, was crowned in London, on Christmas Day 1066.Significance: A. A new dynasty, a new aristocracyB. A strong Norman government, feudal systemC. The upper ranks of the clergy were Normanized and feudalized.2021/3/10講解：講解：XX43封建時代封建時代1)Williams rule(1066-1087) A

22、. strong monarchy was established B. French language was used in the court and upper classes C. Domesday Book: great survey of the realm in 1089 2) Henry s reform (1154-1189) A. Established the Plantagenet Dynasty (1154-1485) B. replaced the feudal law with royal or common law, the jury of 12 sworn

23、men3) Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215 A. signed by king John B. the basis of modern English constitution C. the upholding of individual rights against arbitrary government 2021/3/10講解：講解：XX44 4) the parliament in 1265 A. during Henry , Simon de Montfort called the first parliament B. commone

24、rs sat for the first time 5) the Hundred Years War (1337- 1453) A. between France and England, French won B. introduced the first standing armies in Western Europe C. bourgeoisie was pushed on a higher rang of social ladder D. fall of French language in England E. England and France was separate fro

25、m each other entirely forever 2021/3/10講解：講解：XX456) The back death in 1348 A. spread by rat fleas B. killed 1.5 million out of the total 4 million people C. grain farming turned to sheep farming 7) Wat Tylers Uprising in 1381 A. in fighting against the Poll Tax in 1380 B. marked the beginning of the

26、 end of serfdom in medieval England8) The war of the Roses A. between House of York (white rose) and House of Lancaster (red rose) B. Marked the end of middle ages and beginning of modern world2021/3/1046講解：XXGreat-great-great-grandson of Edward IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward VIMary IElisabeth I2021/3

27、/10講解：講解：XX473. 走向現(xiàn)代英國 1）Henry （1509-1547） A. the Church of England separated from Roman Catholicism B. king of England became both the secular and religious world C. king became the real head of England as a nation state 2021/3/1048講解：XXMary ICatholic burning nearly three hundred Protestants at the

28、 stakelosing Calais 2021/3/10講解：講解：XX492) Elizabeth (1558-1603) A. the last Tudor monarch, never got married for the good of the nation B. secure the church of England, compromise between RC and P C. destruction of Spanish Armada showed Englands superiority as a naval power2021/3/1050講解：XXElisabeth

29、IProtestant the Virgin Queen Spanish Armada Neutrality and compromise2021/3/10講解：講解：XX513) The English Renaissance A. from the beginning of 16th century to the 17th century B. the greatest English humanist:2021/3/1052講解：XXJames I 1603 - 1625 Charles I 1625 - 1649 Charles II 1660 - 1685 James II 1685

30、 - 1688 William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694 Queen Anne 1702 - 1714 2021/3/1053講解：XXJames I 2021/3/1054講解：XXCharles II Plague (1665) Great Fire (1666)St. Pauls Cathedral by Sir Christopher Wren2021/3/1055講解：XXJames II escaped to France in 1648, disguised as a girl Catholic persecuti

31、on of the Protestants 2021/3/10講解：講解：XX564) The civil wars (1642-1651)A. parliamentary victory 1651B. execution of Charles I 1649C. Protectorate (1653-1659) Oliver Cromwell and his son5) Restoration (1660)Charles returns with a big welcome and was crowned in April 1660, as the restoration of Stewart

32、 Dynasty 2021/3/10講解：講解：XX576)Glorious Revolution(1688)A. James was overthrown by parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William of OrangeB. Bill of Rights, autocratic monarchy-constitutional monarchyC. marked the end of feudalism and the beginning of capitalismBritain came into being in 1707 with the Act of Union which united England and Scotland.7)Whigs and ToriesWhigs favored reform and Tories are monarchists.2021/3/1058講解：XXWilliam III and Queen Mary IIoffered the English crown invaded England in 1688 2021/3/10講解：講解：XX598)