牛津高中英語模塊六Grammar and usage 伶伶

1、Grammar and usage復(fù)習(xí)復(fù)習(xí)(1): to do, verb-ing and verb-ed 什么是非謂語動(dòng)詞？什么是非謂語動(dòng)詞？動(dòng)詞的三種形態(tài)，不能獨(dú)立的在句動(dòng)詞的三種形態(tài)，不能獨(dú)立的在句子中做謂語，必須與系動(dòng)詞或者助子中做謂語，必須與系動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞一起充當(dāng)謂語成分。動(dòng)詞一起充當(dāng)謂語成分。to do, verb-ing and verb-ed1 、 作主語作主語動(dòng)詞不定式作主語動(dòng)詞不定式作主語To see is to believe.To recover lost time is impossible. 必背句型：必背句型：It is / was + adj. + (for

2、/ of sb.) to do sth.e.g. It is impossible to (for us)recover lost time.It is very friendly of you to invite us to your birthday party.動(dòng)名詞作主語動(dòng)名詞作主語Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain. 笑有助于身體保持健康，甚至能夠幫你戰(zhàn)勝疼痛。笑有助于身體保持健康，甚至能夠幫你戰(zhàn)勝疼痛。必背句型必背句型: It is / was +(no)+ n. +doing

3、 sth. 做某事（無）做某事（無）e.g. Its no use crying for over spilt milk.覆水難收覆水難收/木已成舟，哭也無用木已成舟，哭也無用/后悔也沒用。后悔也沒用。It is great fun playing golf.打高爾夫很有意思。打高爾夫很有意思。It is a waste of time trying to talk to her when she is not in the mood.她心情不好的時(shí)候，她心情不好的時(shí)候， 找她談是白費(fèi)時(shí)間。找她談是白費(fèi)時(shí)間。單個(gè)不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語單個(gè)不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)單數(shù)。若不

4、定式或動(dòng)名詞太。若不定式或動(dòng)名詞太長，往往用長，往往用it作形式主語作形式主語，不定式和不定式和動(dòng)名詞后置動(dòng)名詞后置。動(dòng)詞不定式作主語和動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別：動(dòng)詞不定式作主語和動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別：不定式作主語常表示不定式作主語常表示具體的某一動(dòng)作，常具體的某一動(dòng)作，常與特定執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在與特定執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；動(dòng)名詞作主語一起；動(dòng)名詞作主語表示泛指或一般表示泛指或一般的抽象概念，常不的抽象概念，常不與執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起與執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起在在there / it+be+no use / good/help 之后常用之后常用動(dòng)名詞作主語動(dòng)名詞作主語不定式可以和不定式可以和when / where /ho

5、w /what / whether等連用，在句中作等連用，在句中作主語、賓語和表語，而動(dòng)名詞則不能主語、賓語和表語，而動(dòng)名詞則不能高考鏈接：高考鏈接：_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A.The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. WalkWhen and where to go hiking is not decided yet二、作定語二、作定語動(dòng)詞不定式作定語動(dòng)詞不定式作定語1. 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。e.g. I have letters to write. 我有信要寫。我

6、有信要寫。 The power station to be built next year will be of great value to the people. 明年明年將修建的發(fā)電站將對人們有利。將修建的發(fā)電站將對人們有利。 2. 常在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級、常在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級、 the first， the last，the only ，不定代詞等修飾的名詞或在不，不定代詞等修飾的名詞或在不定代詞后作定語。定代詞后作定語。e.g. Tom is often the first one to arrive at school and the last to leave. Tom 經(jīng)

7、常是第一個(gè)來學(xué)校最后一個(gè)走的人。經(jīng)常是第一個(gè)來學(xué)校最后一個(gè)走的人。3. 若作定語的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者及物若作定語的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者及物動(dòng)詞與被修飾的詞不能構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，則不動(dòng)詞與被修飾的詞不能構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，則不定式動(dòng)詞后須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。定式動(dòng)詞后須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。e.g. when Jack was young, he had no friends to play with. 在在Jack小的時(shí)候，他沒有朋友和他一起玩。小的時(shí)候，他沒有朋友和他一起玩。You can expect to hear a lot more from Billy - he has no plans

8、 to stop making films.你可以期待聽到更多比利的表演你可以期待聽到更多比利的表演-他尚無息影的打算。他尚無息影的打算。某些抽象名詞后也用不定式修飾。某些抽象名詞后也用不定式修飾。如如：(學(xué)案學(xué)案P13）the chance/ opportunity/way/ ability/ right /courage to do做某事的機(jī)會(huì)、方法、能力、權(quán)利、勇氣做某事的機(jī)會(huì)、方法、能力、權(quán)利、勇氣動(dòng)名詞作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語1.-ing 形式和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂形式和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，表示這個(gè)名詞關(guān)系，表示這個(gè)名詞(人或物人或物)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，相當(dāng)于一

9、個(gè)定語從句。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。The man performing on the stage is a famous comedian. =The man _ on the stage is a famous comedian.正在舞臺上表演的那個(gè)人是個(gè)著名的喜劇演正在舞臺上表演的那個(gè)人是個(gè)著名的喜劇演員。員。who is performing2. -ing 形式和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有形式和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系，表示這個(gè)名詞的某種用途和性主謂關(guān)系，表示這個(gè)名詞的某種用途和性能，作能，作“供；作供；作之用之用”解。解。e.g.游泳池游泳池 swimming pool = p

10、ool for swimming洗衣機(jī)洗衣機(jī) washing machine = machine for washing拐杖拐杖 walking stick = stick for walking生活條件生活條件living conditions =conditions for living 過去分詞作定語過去分詞作定語1. 表示和被修飾的名詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。表示和被修飾的名詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。e.g. In 1975, George Burns acted in a film called The Sunshine Boys.1975年，喬治年，喬治.布恩斯出演了一部名叫陽光男孩的布恩斯出演了

11、一部名叫陽光男孩的電影。電影。I dont like to see the exercise written in pencil.我不喜歡看用鉛筆寫的作業(yè)。我不喜歡看用鉛筆寫的作業(yè)。2. 表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，不表示被動(dòng)，動(dòng)詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，不表示被動(dòng)，動(dòng)詞通常為不及物動(dòng)詞。通常為不及物動(dòng)詞。e.g. John took many photos of leaves fallen to the ground. 約翰拍了許多地上的落葉的照片。約翰拍了許多地上的落葉的照片。the risen sun 已升起的太陽已升起的太陽如果過去分詞作定語時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，如果過去分詞作定語時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作

12、正在發(fā)生，其結(jié)構(gòu)為其結(jié)構(gòu)為being done。e.g. The underground system being built in the city will be open next year. 城里正在建的地鐵系統(tǒng)將在明年開放。城里正在建的地鐵系統(tǒng)將在明年開放。非謂語動(dòng)詞的三種形式非謂語動(dòng)詞的三種形式動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式表示表示未發(fā)生的或后發(fā)生未發(fā)生的或后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞-ing表示表示主動(dòng)的或正在發(fā)生的主動(dòng)的或正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞-ed表示表示被動(dòng)的或已發(fā)生被動(dòng)的或已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作高考鏈接：高考鏈接：1. Prices of daily goods _ through

13、a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying2. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung3. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D.

14、 for choose4. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed三、作賓補(bǔ)三、作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)(如學(xué)案如學(xué)案P14-)V1 + sb. + to do sth.ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like /

15、think /judge / suppose / believe / consider / imagine / call on / depend on / wait for / ask for V2 + sb. + do sth.感官動(dòng)詞感官動(dòng)詞： see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel使役動(dòng)詞使役動(dòng)詞：have, make, let “五看三使二聽一感五看三使二聽一感” e.g.You dont have to make Paul learn French. Paul doesnt have

16、 to be made to learn French. 某些動(dòng)詞真奇怪，某些動(dòng)詞真奇怪，to來來to去令人猜；去令人猜； 主動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)to離開，被動(dòng)語態(tài)離開，被動(dòng)語態(tài)to回來?；貋怼２欢ㄊ接迷诮樵~不定式用在介詞but，except，besides后時(shí)如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞后時(shí)如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞do的的各種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶各種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶to，相反則帶，相反則帶to。e.g.(1) She could do nothing but cry.(2) I have no choice but to go.(3) What do you like to do

17、besides sleep.完成同步完成同步練習(xí)練習(xí)3現(xiàn)在名詞作賓補(bǔ)現(xiàn)在名詞作賓補(bǔ)(見學(xué)案見學(xué)案P15-16) V3 + sb. + doing sth.e.g. At that time, I found him crying in the street. 那時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在街上哭。那時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在街上哭。He was caught smoking in the washroom. 他在洗手間里吸煙被發(fā)現(xiàn)了。他在洗手間里吸煙被發(fā)現(xiàn)了。The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 那個(gè)失蹤的男孩最后被人看見時(shí)在河邊玩。那個(gè)失蹤的男

18、孩最后被人看見時(shí)在河邊玩。過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)(見學(xué)案見學(xué)案P15-16) V + sb. / sth.+ done sth.e.g. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. 少說多看。少說多看。I have had my bike repaired. 我已把自行車修好了。我已把自行車修好了。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.經(jīng)理們討論了這個(gè)計(jì)劃，經(jīng)理們討論了這個(gè)計(jì)劃， 他們希望看到明年實(shí)施。他們希望看到明年

19、實(shí)施。完成同步練習(xí)四完成同步練習(xí)四HomeworkGo over the grammar.Finish Ex A & B on Page 9.二、作賓語二、作賓語動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語e.g. He decided to work harder in order tocatch up with the others.I refuse to accept whatever you buy for me. 記憶口訣：記憶口訣：決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝，主動(dòng)應(yīng)答選計(jì)劃，主動(dòng)應(yīng)答選計(jì)劃，同意請求幫一幫。同意請求幫一幫。decide / determine

20、, learn, want, hope / expect / wish,refuse, manage, care, pretend,offer, promise, choose, plan,agree, ask / beg, help高考鏈接：高考鏈接：We agreed _ here, but so far shehasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met動(dòng)名詞作賓語動(dòng)名詞作賓語e.g. I would appreciate you calling back tonight.I regret

21、not having taken your advice.Hearing what happened in Sichuan, many people couldnt help crying. 記憶口訣：記憶口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想，考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想，避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞，避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞，禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁建議準(zhǔn)逃亡。禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁建議準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardonadmit, delay/put off, fancy,avoid, miss ke

22、ep/keep on, practisedeny, finish, enjoy/appreciate,forbid, imaging, risk,cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape某些特殊動(dòng)詞：某些特殊動(dòng)詞：forget, remember, regret, stop, try, mean, go on, cease,want, need, require高考鏈接：高考鏈接：1. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot _. A.turning it off B. turning it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 2. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done The following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive.afford, agree, ap