“翻譯學(xué)導(dǎo)論”期末考試題型及課程復(fù)習(xí)提綱(共5頁)

1、“翻譯學(xué)導(dǎo)論”期末考試題型及課程復(fù)習(xí)提綱考試題型：I. Match the following translation theorists with their representative works. 10 points, 1 point eachII. Interpret the following terms. 20 points, 5 points eachIII. Interpret the following concepts. 40 points, 20 points eachIV. Analyze and comment on the following translated

2、 version(s) by applying any translation theory you are familiar with. 30 points復(fù)習(xí)提綱一、作者和代表作的搭配1. Roman Jakobson On Linguistic Aspects of Translation (1959)2. E.A. Nida Toward a Science of Translating (1964) 3. E.A. Nida & Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969)4. James Holmes The Name an

3、d Nature of Translation Studies (1972)5. George Steiner After Babel (1975)6. Susan Bassnett Translation Studies (1980)7. Peter Newmark Approaches to Translation (1981)8. Wolfram Wilss The Science of Translation (1982)9. Theo Hermans The Manipulation of Literature (1985)10. Peter Newmark A Textbook o

4、f Translation (1988)11. Mary Snell-Hornby Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach (1988）12. Christiane Nord Text Analysis in Translation (1989)13. Susan Bassnett & AndrLefevere Translation, History and Culture (1990)14. Andre Lefevere Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame

5、 (1992)15. Edwin Gentzler Contemporary Translation Theories (1993)16. Gideon Toury Descriptive Translation Studies (1995)17. Lawrence Venuti The Translators Invisibility (1995/2008)18. Christiane Nord Translating as a Purposeful Activity (1997)19. Luise Von Flotow Translation and Gender (1997)20. Ma

6、ria Tymoczko Translation in a Postcolonial Context (1999)二、解釋以下術(shù)語1. word-for-word/literal translation and sense-for-sense/free translation2. metaphrase, paraphrase, imitation3. Formal equivalence and dynamic/functional equivlence4. Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation5. documentary tra

7、nslation and instrumental translation6. translational action7. skopo theory8. polysystem theory9. norms10. equivalence11. foreignization and domestication12. translation/translating13. Prescriptive Translation Studies and Descriptive Translation Studies三、理解以下觀點1. Translating consists in reproducing

8、in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969: 12)2. 翻譯（translating）即解釋，具體地說，翻譯的過程就是，在跨文化的歷史語境中，具有歷史性的譯者使自己的視域與源語文本視域互相發(fā)生融合而形成新視域，并用浸潤著目的語文化

9、的語言符號將新視域重新固定下來形成新文本的過程。（朱健平，2003; 2007）(Translating is interpreting. More specifically, translating is the process in which the translator with his history fuses his horizon with that of the source text in an across-cultural historical context and forms a new horizon, and then he constructs a new t

10、ext, namely, the target text, by using the newly acquired horizon in the target language soaked with the target culture. )3. And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the figures of thought, but in language which conforms

11、 to our usage. And in so doing, I did not hold it necessary to render word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language. (Cicero, 46 BC/1960:364)4. Translation is just like the TL taking over the sense of the ST. Translation is like the original text being marched into the T

12、L like a prisoner by its conqueror. (Jerome, qtd. in Robinson, 1997: 26) 5. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouths, how they speak, and translate that way; then theyll understand and see that youre speaking to them in Germ

13、an. (Martin Luther1530)6. Dryden reduces all translation to three categories:1) metaphrase: word by word and line by line translation, which corresponds to literal translation.2) paraphrase: translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but hi

14、s words are not so strictly followed as his sense. This involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.3) imitation: Forsaking both words and sense. This corresponds to Cowleys very free translation and is more or less adaptation. (Dryden, 168

15、0/1992: 17)7. Dryden dismissed the servile, literal translation with a simile: Tis much like dancing on ropes with fettered legs a foolish task. (Dryden, 1680/1992: 18)8. Dryden changed to a point between paraphrase and literal translation in 1697.I thought fit to steer betwixt the two extremes of p

16、araphrase and literal translation: to keep as near my author as I could, without losing all his graces, the most eminent of which are in the beauty of his words. I may presume to say I have endeavored to make Virgil speak such English as he would himself have spoken, if he had been born in England,

17、and in this present age. (Dryden, 1697/1992: 26)9. A good translation should be that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt by a native of country to which that language belongs, as it is by

18、those who speak the language of the original work. (A.F. Tytler, 1797: 14)10. Tytlers three general laws or rules:1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3) The

19、 translation should have all the ease of original composition. (A.F. Tytler, 1797: 15)11. The two paths open for the true translator:Either the translator leaves the writer alone as much as possible and moves the reader toward the writer, or he leaves the reader alone as much as possible and moves t

20、he writer toward the reader. (Schleiermacher, 1813/1992: 41-2)12. The surface structure of the ST is analyzed into the basic elements of the deep structure; these elements are transferred in the translation process and then restructured semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of th

21、e TT. (Nida & Taber: 1969)13. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. (Nida, 1964:159) Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of

22、 equivalent effect, which means that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. (Nida, 1964: 159)14. The success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalent response. It is one

23、of the four basic requirements of a translation, which are:1) making sense;2) conveying the spirit and manner of the original;3) having a natural and easy form of expression;4) producing a similar response. (Nida, 1964: 164)15. Resss Theory on the relationship between translation methods and text ty

24、pe:According to Katharina Reiss (1977), different methods should be adopted when translating different types of text:(1) The TT of an informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the ST. The translation should be in plain prose, without redundancy and with the use o

25、f explicitation when required.(2) The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST. The translation should use the identifying method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author.(3) The TT of an operative text should produce the desired respons

26、e in the TT receiver. The translation should employ the adaptive method, creating an equivalent effectamong TT readers.16. Holz-Mnttris translational action modelInterlingual translation is described as translational action from a source text and as a communicative process involving a series of role

27、s and players (Holz-Mnttri, 1984: 109-11):1) the initiator: the company or individual who needs the translation.2) the commissioner: the individual who contacts the translator.3) the ST producer: the individual within the company who writes the ST, not necessarily always involved in the TT productio

28、n.4) the TT producer: the translator(s) and the translation agency or department.5) the TT user: the person who uses the TT, for example as teaching material or sales literature.6) the TT receiver: the final recipient of the TT, for example the students in a TT users class or clients reading the tra

29、nslated sales literature.These players each have their own specific primary and secondary goals.17. The basic underlying rules of skopos theory (Reiss and Vermeer 1984: 119).1) A translatum (or TT) is determined by its skopos.2) A TT is an offer of information (Informationsangebot ) in a target cult

30、ure and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL.3) A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way.4) A TT must be internally coherent.5) A TT must be coherent with the ST.6) The five rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos rule pr

31、edominating.18. Even-Zohars Polysystem Theory: If the highest position is occupied by an innovative literary type, then the lower strata are likely to be occupied by increasingly conservative types. If the conservative forms are at the top, innovation and renewal are likely to come from the lower strata. Otherwise a period of stagnation occurs. (Even-Zohar, 1978: 120)