貨幣銀行英文復(fù)習(xí)資料ChapterEight

1、chapter eight money demand & money supplysketch of chapter eight some concepts of money demand . . money demand implication of money demandfactors determining money demandtheories of money demand marxs theory of money demandclassical theories of mdmodern quantity theory of md or monetarists theo

2、rytraditional quantity theories of mdkeynesian theory of md fishers equation cambridge approach velocity and missing of moneymissing of moneycauses of decreasing velocity of moneymoney supplysome concepts of money supply mechanism of money supplymoney creation by commercial banksmoney creation by th

3、e central bankcommercial banks deposit derivation and contractionleakages of commercial banks money creationration of cash leakagesratio of excess reservesration of leakage into noncheckable depositsmonetary basemonetary base & money multiplier factors affecting monetary base & money multipl

4、iers.1.money demand 1.1.implication of money demand 1, some concepts of money demand 1) money demand: money demand refers to the quantity of money that the whole economy needs as medium of exchange, means of payment and store of value under certain economic condition. desire resulting from the choic

5、e of interest cost, anticipated income md capacity being subject to the disposable income and wealth held 2) nominal and real money demand nominal money demand refers to peoples demand for money at the current price level while real money demand refers to peoples real demand for money corrected for

6、the expected inflation. md represents nominal money demand md represents real money demand ps.1. money demand 1.1.implication of money demand 1, some concepts of money demand 3) macro and micro money demand micro money demand makes a study on how much money micro-entities should hold to obtain the m

7、aximum profit at lowest opportunity cost given the income level, interest rate level and other economic conditions. macro money demand discusses the necessary quantity of money a nation should have in its economic growth and circulation of commodities and production during a certain period.s.1. mone

8、y demand 1.1. implication of money demand 2.factors determining money demand. 1) the level of interest rates and financing conditions. 2)yields and investment environment. 3)expectation of inflation and price level. 4)income level and techniques of finance management. 5)the velocity of money. 6) the

9、 efficiency of financial markets and transaction costs. s.1. money demand 1.2.theories of money demand 1,marxs theory of money demand quantity of money in the total amount of price circulation = the velocity of money pq m = v pq , m ; or p , m v , ms.1. money demand 1.2. theories of money demand 2.c

10、lassical quantity theories of money demand 1) fishers equation of exchange (1) mv = pt m , p or m ,p m: the quantity of money in circulation. v: the transaction velocity of money,i.e. the number of times the average unit of money is spent per year. p: the average price of the transactions that take

11、place during the year. t: the total level of transaction during the year. s.1. money demand 1.2. theories of money demand 2.classical quantity theories of money demand (2) mv = py v: the income velocity of money or the number of times the average unit of money is spent on final goods and services pe

12、r year. p: the average price of all final goods and services purchased during a year. y: the total output of goods and services. m = py = 1 py v v 1 substituting md for m, k for v md = k x pys.1. money demand 1.2.theories of money demand 2,classical theories of money demand 2) cambridge cash-balance

13、 approach md = ky p: price level; y: total income=py k: the ratio of wealth in nominal gdp. its affected by a few factors, such as interest rates, inflation rates,etc. md: the nominal demand for money. md equals the supply of money if the economy is in equilibrium.s.1. money demand 1.2. theories of

14、money demand 2,classical quantity theories of money demand. 3) the difference between the two classical theories (1) each of the two equations has paid particular attention to the different functions of money. the former stresses the medium of exchange function of money.; the latter focuses on the f

15、unction of money as store of value. (2)the two equations analyze money demand form different perspectives.fishers equation studies money demand from the macro perspective while cambridge school studies on the micro basis which is determined by such factors as interest rates, inflation rates, ect. (3

16、) the two equations stress different factors determining money demand. fishers equation explains price level with change of quantity of money demand. conversely, money demand can be obtained with given velocity of money when total transactions and price level given. cambridge approach regards money

17、as an asset, income of non-money assets as the opportunity cost of holding money. so cambridge school initiated the study of money demand from the perspective of asset choosing for individual.s.1. money demand 1.2.classical theories of money demand 2, keynesian theory of money demand 1) keynes theor

18、y of money demand transaction demand i md precautionary demand i md speculative demand r md keynesian function of money demand m = m1 + m2 = l1(y) + l2(r) m1: transaction demand and precautionary demand for money and is the function of income (y); m2: speculative demand for money and is the function

19、 of the interest rate(r). l1 and l2: the function of “ liquidity preference “s.1. money demand 1.2.classical theories of money demand 2, keynesian theory of money demand 2)development of theory of money demand made by keynesian school (1) keyness successors held that interest rate and transaction co

20、st are also factors affecting transaction demand money. (2) precautionary demand for money has negative relationship with the interest rate. (3) keynesian school advanced keyness theory of the speculative demand for money and raised the theory of asset portfolio. m = l1( r,y) + l2 ( i ) s.1.money de

21、mand 1.2.classical theories of money demand 2, keynesian theory of money demand 2)development of theory of money demand james tobin raised portfolio theory to explain how people choose assets under uncertainty and showed that most people prefer to have a balanced portfolio with several types of asse

22、ts. when marginal utility of income = negative utility of risk, the equilibrium point of holding both money and bonds will be reached, which means the optimum asset portfolio. s.1.money demand 1.2.classical theories of money demand 2, keynesian theory of money demand 2)development of theory of money

23、 demand substitution effect: with substitution effect people would like to hold more non-money assets in order to have higher return which will lead to the decrease of money demand when the interest rate rise income effect: the change of interest rates affects peoples interest income as the ups and

24、downs of interest rates increase or decrease peoples interest income. s.1. money demand 1.2. classical theories of money demand 3.modern quantity theory of money demand md /p = f ( yp, rm, rb, re,p,w,u ) md/p: the demand for real money balance. yp: real gdp, the index used to count wealth, called pe

25、rmanent income. rm: expected rate of return for money. rb: expected rate of return for bonds. re: expected rate of return for stocks. p: expected rate of return of goods or expected rate of inflation. w: the ratio of human wealth to non-human wealth. u: other random variables, including preference,

26、custom, technology, system, etc. s.2. money supply 2.1. some concepts of money supply 1, money stock and money flow 2, nominal and real money supply 3, exogeneity and endogeneity of money supplys.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks 1)the preconditi

27、ons for money creation by commercial banks: (1) fractional reserve system (2) non-cash settlement s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks 2)the relationship among reserves primary deposits refer to the deposits that commercial banks take in and that

28、increase commercial banks reserves derivative deposits refer the deposits derived when commercial banks make loans and take in deposits through non-cash settlement. the quantity relationship among reserves reserves = required reserve + excess reserve = vault cash + commercial banks deposits with the

29、 central bank excess reserve = reserves required reserves.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks 3)commercial banks deposit derivation balance sheet for bank a (simplified) assets liabilities reserve $ 100,000 loan $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 balanc

30、e sheet for bank a assets liabilities reserve $20,000 loans $80,000 loan $ 100,000 $100,000 $ 100,000s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks 3)commercial banks deposit derivation balance sheet for bank b assets liabilities reserve $80,000 deposit $80

31、,000 $80,000 $80,000 balance sheet for bank b assets liabilities reserve $16,000 loans $64,000 deposit $ 80,000 $80,000 $ 80,000s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks 3)commercial banks deposit derivation balance sheet for bank c assets liabilities

32、reserve $ 64,000 deposit $ 64,000 $ 64,000 $ 64,000 balance sheet for bank c assets liabilities reserve $12,800 loans $51,200 deposit $ 64,000 $64,000 $ 64,000s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks 3)commercial banks deposit derivation balance sheet

33、 for bank d assets liabilities reserve $ 51,200 deposit $ 51,200 $ 51,200 $ 51,200 balance sheet for bank d assets liabilities reserve $ 10,240 loans $ 40,960 deposit $ 51,200 $ 51,200 $ 51,200s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks money creation ap

34、pears as follows: 100000 x ( 1- 20% ) = $ 80000 80000 x ( 1- 20% ) = $ 64000 64000 x ( 1- 20% ) = $ 51200 so derivative deposit is : 80000 + 64000 + 51200 + + 0 = $400000 total deposit is : 100000 + 400000 = $500000 s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial

35、banks 3)commercial banks deposit derivation bankdeposit dreserve rloan ltotal of ms a $100,000 $ 20,000 $ 80,000 $ 100,000 b $ 80,000 $ 16, 000 $ 64, 000 $ 180,000 c $ 64, 000 $ 12, 800 $ 51, 200 $ 244,000 d $ 51, 200 $ 10, 240 $ 40, 960 $ 295,200 e last bank 0 0 0 total $500,000 $ 100,000 $ 400,000

36、 $ 500,000s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banksmoney multiplier: money multiplier is the multiple of contraction and expansion of monetary base: k = 1/ rd monetary base b = c + r c r c d money supply m1= c + d k= c+d/c+r = m1/ bfrom m1=b x k k = m1

37、/bs.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 1, money creation by commercial banks 4)the leakage in the process of commercial banks money creation (1) deposit money multiplier a, the ratio of cash leakage into currency held by the nonbank public. k = 1 / (rd + c ) c stands for the ration of

38、 cash held by the public to deposits b, the ratio of excess reserve on a voluntary basis k = 1 / (rd + c + e ) e stands for the ratio of excess reserve held by banks s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 2, money supply under the central bank c, the ratio of leakage into noncheckable d

39、eposits k = 1 / ( rd + c + e +dn x rn) dn for the ratio of leakage into noncheckable deposits; rn for the required reserve ratio for noncheckable deposits. (2)m1 and m2 money multiplier m1 k = c + 1 / ( rd + c + e +dn.rn) m2 k = 1+ c + t / ( rd + c + e +dn.rn)s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of m

40、oney supply 2, money supply under the central bank 1)monetary base or high-power money b = c + r (1) monetary base & money creation by commercial banks: the source and the flow (2) monetary base and money multiplier b x k = m1s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 2, money supply un

41、der the central bank 2)factors affecting monetary base monetary base = the central banks assets other non-money liabilities and net worth (l1+l2) = (a1+ a2 +a3 +a4) (l3 + l4 ) (1) l3l4 -, (a1,a2,a3, a4) , b (2) (a1,a2,a3, a4) -, l3l4 b s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 2, money sup

42、ply under the central bank as central banks liabilities, monetary base is corresponding with each of central banks assets 1) the state of international finance the size of central banks purchase of foreign exchange will determine that of monetary base. 2) central banks monetary policy central banks

43、expansion of discount or lending to commercial banks and open market operation will increase monetary base or vise versa. 3) government spending government spending will increases commercial banks deposits, further increase commercial banks reserves with the central bank. so monetary base will incre

44、ase.s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply 2, money supply under the central bank 3) factors affecting the money multiplier (1) required reserve ratio (2)excess reserve commercial banks hold (3)the level of cash leakage (4) the level of leakage into noncheckable deposits factors affecti

45、ng money supply money supply monetary base money multiplierbalance of paymentmonetary policy government spendingrequired reserve ratio excess reservecurrency ratioleakage into noncheckable deposits s.2. money supply s.2. money supply 2.2.the mechanism of money supply and revenue and expenditure 1.the change of r. and e. affects the central banks assets and liabilities, further money supply. 2. the change of r. and e. induce the change of commercial assets and liabilities, further money supply. 3.r commercial banks m central ban