2015年高考英語(yǔ)真題分類匯編：專題20議論文和說明文類(精)

1、專題二十完形填空之議論文和說明文類1.【2015 廣東】完形填空（共 15 小題;每小題 2分，滿分30 分閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從 115 各題所給的 A、B、C 和 D 項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that thehuma n body is_1_to live no Ion ger tha n 120 years. However, 110 years is probablythe Iongest that anyone

2、could hope to live- if he or she is_2_ healthy and lucky.Some scie ntists eve n say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannotcon ti nue to reproduce_3_ . They wear out, and as a result, we get old and_ 4_die.Even though we can t live forever, we are living a_ 5_life than ever be

3、fore. In1900, the average America n life spa n 壽命 was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!When does old age begi n the n? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the_ 6_ linebetween middle age and old age. After all, many older people don t begin to experieneephysical and men tal_ 7_ un til after age 7

4、5.People are livi ng Ion ger because more people_8_ childhood. Before moder nmedici ne cha nged the laws of n ature, many childre n died of com mon childhood 9_ .Now that the cha nces of dying_10_are much lower, the cha nces of livi ng long aremuch higher due to better diets and health care.On the w

5、hole, our population is getting older. The_11_ in our population willhave lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear suchchanges will be for the worse, while some see_ 12_, not disaster, many men andwomen in their “ golden years altha,retheactive, and young in_13

6、_if not in age.As the society grows old, we n eed the14of our older citize ns. With longlives ahead of them, they n eed to_15_ active and devoted.1. A. desig ned B. selected C. improved D. discovered2. A. completely B. gen erally C. appare ntly D. extremely3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. en dlessly D

7、. separately4. A. eve ntually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately5. A. busier B. l on ger C. richer D. happier6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseas

8、es10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet 11. A. cha nges B. recovery C. safety D.in creases 12. A. dreams B. cha nces C. stre ngths D. choices13. A. mind B. appeara nee C. voice D. moveme nt14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission 15. A. sound B. appear C. tur n D. stay已經(jīng)不適合現(xiàn)在的

9、形勢(shì)了。dividing line 分界線，故選 D。7.C 考查名詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。句意：畢竟，很多老年人直到 75 歲之后才開始經(jīng)歷 身體和精神 的衰落。stress 壓力，壓迫；damage 損壞；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure 失 敗。根據(jù)句意可知，現(xiàn)在很多老年人是在 75 歲之后身體和精神才開始衰弱的，故選8.A 考查動(dòng)詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。 句意:現(xiàn)在人們活得更長(zhǎng)因?yàn)楦嗟娜藦耐曛行掖嫦聛?。survive 幸存；enjoy 喜歡,欣賞；remember 記得；value 價(jià)值,估價(jià)。根據(jù) 這一段的內(nèi)容和 thechances of living long are much h

10、igher due to a better diets and health care 可知，現(xiàn)在的人平均壽命比以 前更長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)原因是人們從童年的疾病中 幸存了下來，故選 A。9.D 考查名詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。句意：在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)改變了自然的法則之前，很多孩 子死于常見的IM1以刪了而且總附猶已i曲為了比豪葉ill如拗尚11毎孟I也些艷卒人酗保剛円6板論九丄弔附*14粵畫勒痕西垠SOTL Mr1衛(wèi)去。也JM!設(shè)j+f wklM .i*H :nipwl氏萬，戲筍也-口詁剛戔眼隔旬奪可想討爭(zhēng)嶺們Q為人侔的結(jié)恂設(shè)計(jì)；艇了乂關(guān)鼻晏幵命話it 1M歲”故應(yīng)港飪i-D電査剛訥及富贏門巒司Jt：細(xì)11山歲巧當(dāng)是？J

11、i】輔盟社岳曲It檜炳務(wù)加卑也郭審明 S 廉和鞏富*00匸HJiUI. JinA 41?-船地F Sp|ihHit -弓學(xué)地F BatiiTnSiC;1t&K .丑萃月31W可斗11 . Q鼻一，AdE寓fflltflrini目脫車釦 人蛍配皈110 Jf* JtiiD*i c *aaSlRisiltfllTW. site年臣舟門戸礪T會(huì)一頁(yè)壬止建&誦生瑪運(yùn)地*陽(yáng)働娜 毛譽(yù)們tayMfifiMly和込仔評(píng)捱，唄|1文就弓糾，且劉人舊桿嚨才云無止卅涉満性、鈕LAIW音畏育唱悅 田*懐基4Afcie：Wian*K* SJR也TH亜和Ti丘枇艮箔舉規(guī)I刃冶奩盂主蛙蹩I rvETuaJ

12、-r 出bopd出;-，-jflTT(s2Ehii胃洞tti dt旬xmitL, H牛ht*閆鼻曰異J4* tflJHR宦訶*.ii丄=B苛直加昏耶皓塔朗曙瞬Eis：料irm帕ttM繭IE更寅譏 ZkT 楚忙的曲 更氏酣卜岀RlfFJ* ha麗er見科心的?；螴S這-段帕內(nèi)?祠站愆從人鶴鳴命比臥用 R8Q考益円客詞涇語(yǔ)境的嗎肌 蜩：祚片中卑和老斗的片牌無，R 歲可社爭(zhēng)誹寸了。flmihiHE芫成？rwdifl?時(shí)導(dǎo).持弘”刖舸尊灣I址抽L(zhǎng)W，稈阿Jtlt可如.K盯亭當(dāng)做中勲噸揮的*m. s兒童疾病。problems 問題；fears 恐懼，害怕；worries 擔(dān)心；diseases 疾病。根

13、據(jù) 句意可知，以前的人們因?yàn)楹芏嗥毡榈膬和膊《?，所以?dǎo)致平均壽命比較低。故 選 D。10.B 考查形容詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。 句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得 更長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì) 就更高了，因?yàn)橛辛烁玫娘嬍澈歪t(yī)學(xué)護(hù)理。poor 窮的；young 年輕的；sick 病的；quiet 安靜的。根據(jù)這一段的意思可知，以前人們?cè)谛〉臅r(shí)候就因?yàn)樯?死去了,dying young就是年 少死去。故選 B。11. A 考查名詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。句意：人口結(jié)構(gòu)的改變會(huì)對(duì)我們社會(huì)的發(fā)展和我們的生活方式 有持續(xù)的影響。cha nges 改變；recovery 恢復(fù)；safety 安全；in creases 增長(zhǎng)，

14、增加。根據(jù)下文 中 Some peoplefear such changes will 可知，我們現(xiàn)在的人口結(jié) 構(gòu)改變了，故選 A。12. B 考查名詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。句意：一些人擔(dān)心這個(gè)改變將會(huì)帶來一些壞處，然 而還有一些 人看到的是機(jī)會(huì),而不是災(zāi)難。dreams 夢(mèng)想;chances 機(jī)會(huì);strengths 力 量;choices 選擇。根據(jù)句意可知，這句話中的 while 表示對(duì)比，即跟前一種人不一樣 的看法，故選 B。13. A 考查名詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。句意：現(xiàn)在，很多處在 黃金年齡”的男士和女士,身體都非常健 康，仍然積極，心態(tài)也很年輕。mind 心態(tài)；appearanee 外表;vo

15、ice 聲音; movement 移動(dòng)。根據(jù)句意可知，這里應(yīng)該是說雖然年齡老了，但是心態(tài)依然年輕，故 選 A。14. C 考查名詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。句意：隨著我們的社會(huì)老齡化，我們需要這些老年 公民們的貢 獻(xiàn)。protection 保護(hù);suggestions 建議;contributions 貢獻(xiàn);permission 允 許。根據(jù)文意可知，現(xiàn)在的社會(huì)逐漸老齡化，因此老年人也要繼續(xù)給我們的社會(huì)做貢 獻(xiàn)，故選 C。15. D 考查動(dòng)詞及語(yǔ)境的理解。句意：前面還有很長(zhǎng)的壽命，他們需要保持積極的 心態(tài)和奉獻(xiàn) 的精神。sou nd 聽起來；即 pear 好像;出現(xiàn)；turn 轉(zhuǎn)，變成；stay 保持。根

16、據(jù) 文意可知，現(xiàn)在人們的壽命更長(zhǎng)了，因此老年人也要繼續(xù)保持積極心態(tài)，為我們的社會(huì) 做貢獻(xiàn)。故應(yīng)選 D。【考點(diǎn)定位】社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類短文?！久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】這篇短文是一篇議論文，討論了人類壽命增加這個(gè)話題,主要考查 學(xué)生名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞等實(shí)詞在具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境下的使用和詞義辨析，同時(shí)考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇理解 的能力。學(xué)生要在理解短文大意的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)每個(gè)題目中設(shè)置的選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行辨析，同時(shí)還需要 注意上下文的暗示，選出最符合文意的一項(xiàng)。2.【2015 重慶】BImagine the first days in a new time zone. Slow to respond to the , your body cl

17、ockis con fused. You re sleepy all day, but whe n it s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep.Obviously you (時(shí)差反應(yīng).Travelers have traditi on ally fought this with sleep ing pills or alcohol. There areactually healthier ways that can work just as 31.For example, the mome nt you get on the airpla ne,

18、 start your biological block to thedestination s time. If it sodiaytieBtinaty)n, try to stay . Walking around thecab in (客艙 can be of help. Whe n it s ni ghttime, try to sleep. In that case, eat before theflight, 34 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping. These tips will help you start a ne

19、wwakefu In ess.28. A. flight B. cha nge C. dema nd D. climate29. A. sufferi ng from B. worki ng on C. looki ng in to D. leadi ng to30. A. dan ger B. problem C. waste D. fear31. A. briefly B. slowly C. sudde nly D. effectively32. A. check ing B. sending C. adjusti ng D. stopp ing33. A. awake B. alone

20、 C. hungry D. calm34. A. though B. so C. whole D. or35. A. un dersta nding B. cycle C. research D. trend【解析】試題分析：本文講述在旅行中如何調(diào)整你的生物鐘。28. B 考查名詞辨析。 A flight 航班；B cha nge 變化；C dema nd 要求；D climate 氣 候;句意:慢慢地對(duì)于變化做出反應(yīng)，你的生物鐘就要混淆。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知本文是關(guān) 于對(duì)于時(shí)差的反應(yīng)，故選 B 項(xiàng)。29. A 考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析 suffer from 遭受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞的 work on 從事于；look

21、 into 調(diào)查;lead to 導(dǎo)致;根據(jù)時(shí)區(qū)的變化可知很明顯會(huì)導(dǎo)致時(shí)間反應(yīng)，故選 A 項(xiàng)。30. B 考查名詞辨析。 Ada nge 危險(xiǎn)性 B problem 問題在于 C waste 浪費(fèi)者 D fear恐懼;句意:游客會(huì)用藥片和酒精來處理這個(gè)問題。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知對(duì)待時(shí)差的問題，故選 B 項(xiàng)。31.D 考查副詞辨析。 A briefly 簡(jiǎn)潔地址 B slowly 慢慢地址 C suddenly 突然地址 D effectively有效地;句意:這有幾種健康的方法，并且很有效。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可 知選 D 項(xiàng)。32. C 考查動(dòng)詞辨析。 A checki ng 檢查員 B sending 送到

22、C adjust ing 調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu) D stopping 停止播送句意：比如，在上飛機(jī)前，開始調(diào)整你的生物鐘到你的目的的的時(shí)間。Adjust to 把。調(diào)整到，故選 C 項(xiàng)。33. A 考查形容詞辨析。 A awake B alo ne C hun gry D calm 句意:如果是白天到目 的地,試著保持清醒。Stay awake 保持清醒，故選 A 項(xiàng)。34. D 考查連詞辨析。 A Though 雖然如此 B so 因此次 C while 雖然如此 D or 否則;句意:在這種情況下，提前吃飯，否則，空腹會(huì)讓阻止你睡。Or 表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故選 D 項(xiàng)。35.B 考查名詞辨析。A Unders

23、tanding 明白的 B cycle 圈；C research 研究；Dtrend 趨勢(shì);句意:這些建議能幫你開始新生物鐘。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知選B 項(xiàng)?！究键c(diǎn)定位】日常生活類短文【名師點(diǎn)睛】本篇完形從日常生活中的細(xì)節(jié)入手，根據(jù)常識(shí)能夠得出答案如 28,33 空。29 和 31 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境得出答案，做此類題目時(shí)，考生可以先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)來閱讀文章,認(rèn)真篩選甄別，這樣有的放矢，大大提高閱讀的效率，不可盲目地跟著感覺來進(jìn)行解讀，文中的每句話都有其 出現(xiàn)的意義，上下文的聯(lián)系是十分重要的。3. Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are

24、 four words orphrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each bla nk with the word or phrase that best fits the con text.If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried todetermine their meaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. you would seeplenty

25、of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people searned to cen ter on hun ti ng and gatheri ng wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more inpeople s lives. The is all around us. It is easpitepare a list of modern stories ha

26、ving to do with love. Anen dless nu mber of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture. Researchers arestudying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can beask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all aboutclea n teeth, but clea n teeth go only

27、 so far. Scie ntists won der how much the brain getsinvolved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that attract, too. One thing is certa in: Thetruth about love is not yet set in stone.First Impressi onTo help determ ine the of attracti on, researchers paired 164 college classmates and

28、had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other sin dividuality. The n stude nts were asked to what ki nd of relatio nship they were likely to build with theirpart ners. After nine weeks, they reported what happe ned.As it tur ned out, their judgme nts ofte n held true.

29、Stude nts seemed to at anearly stage who would best fit into their lives.The KnowsScien tists have also tur ned to non huma ns to in crease un dersta nding of attracti on.Many ani mals give off phero mon es n atural chemicals that can be detected by, and then canproduce a resp onse in, other ani mal

30、s of the same species. Phero mones can sig nal that an animal iseither ready to fight or is feeling to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as as other animals at detect ing such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction.Although we may not be aware of ch

31、emicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loadsof information through smell in every in teract ion with other people.Face ValueBeing fond of some one seems to have a nu mber of factors, in clud ing see ingsometh ing we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for . The part

32、icipa nts had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they gen erally con sidered the images the same as people whohad more time to study the same faces. The way we attractive ness seem to be somewhat automatic.Whe n show n an attractive face and the n words with good or bad associati ons, peop

33、le resp onded to words faster after viewi ng an attractive face. Seeing somethi ng attractive seems to causehappy thi nking.51. A. I nstead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. artificial53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. prin ciple54. A. tested B.

34、impressed C. cha nged D. created55. A. appeara nces B. virtues C. similarities D. passi ons56. A. illustrations B. implications C . ingredients D. intentions57. A. predict B. in vestigate C. diag nose D. recall58. A. critical B. in itial C. ran dom D. mature59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiat

35、e D. question60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand61. A. ope n B. alert C. resista nt D. superior62. A. disappo in ted B. amazed C. con fused D. gifted63. A. emoti on B. attractive ness C. i ndividuality D. sig nals64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D.

36、irritati ng【解析】試題分析：古代和現(xiàn)代的人追求不同，現(xiàn)代人追求的是愛，但是科學(xué)家依然對(duì)愛還 不是很清楚。51. A 考查副詞以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解 In stead 意為相反,Therefore 意為因此,Moreover 意為此外,Otherwise 意為否則。觀察空格前后的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，可以前面用的 是 you would notdetect后面用的是 you would see 使用的動(dòng)詞不同，結(jié)構(gòu)相同。由于前面有 not ,后面沒 有，所以可知此處表達(dá)為意思相反，所以答案為 A。52. C 考查形容詞以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解romantic 意為浪漫的,stressful 意為壓力的,cen

37、tral 意為中心的,artificial 意為人工的。根據(jù)上一句話“l(fā)ife for ancient peopleseemed to center on hunting 及本句的 “In modern times, finding love is 分析語(yǔ)境，知, 道這兩個(gè)句子是把古代和現(xiàn)代的情況進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前一句用了center 后一句用cen tral,兩者的關(guān)系是同根重現(xiàn)。53. B 考查名詞以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解 priority 意為優(yōu) 先權(quán)，proof 意為證明，possibility 意為可能性，principle 意為原則。后兩句的意思是：很容易準(zhǔn)備一系列的有關(guān)愛的現(xiàn)代故事。在當(dāng)前的流

38、行文化中，無數(shù)的故事和電影歸類為愛情故事。根據(jù)這兩句，的意思，結(jié)合上下文 語(yǔ)境可知道本句的意思就是有很 多證明的例子，所以答案為 proof.54. D 考查動(dòng)詞以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解 tested 意為測(cè)試imposed 意為強(qiáng)加,cha nged意為改 變,created 意為創(chuàng)造。 根據(jù)本段的最后一句話“One thing is certain: The truthabout love is not yet set in stone 確定了一件事情是：愛的真理還不確定”可以知道科學(xué)家研究的是愛是否能夠創(chuàng)造，而不應(yīng)該是測(cè)試，改變或者是強(qiáng)加。 其中 set in stone 就像中文里說的板上釘釘

39、”表示絕對(duì) 不變。55. C 考查名詞以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解 appeara ncesS為外表virtues 意為美德,similarities 意為相似，passions 意為激情。根據(jù)劃線部分前面的連詞 but 可以判斷前 后是轉(zhuǎn)折的意思，而 opposites 意為相反的，所以答案為相似的。56. C 考查名詞以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解 illustrations 意為說明,implications 意為含義；暗示；牽連,卷入;可能的結(jié)果 影響，ingredients 意為成分，intentions 意為意圖，目的。 根據(jù)小標(biāo)題 First Impression 第一印象以及后面所描述的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、內(nèi)容和結(jié)果，可以知道實(shí)驗(yàn) 的目的是決定吸引力的成分57. A 考查動(dòng)詞以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解 predict 意為預(yù)測(cè)，investigate 意為調(diào)查,diagnose 意為診斷，recall 意為回憶。根據(jù) 58 題后面的 judgment （判斷，可以知道此 處的答案應(yīng)該是和判 斷同義的詞。又根據(jù)該句后面的句子“after nine weeks, theyreported what happened.9 周之后,報(bào)道發(fā)生了什么事情？可以知道這一些是還沒有 發(fā)生的事情，也就是預(yù)測(cè)到的東