畢業(yè)論文汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系檢測維修研究19298

1、汽車檢測與維修畢業(yè)論文摘要 轉(zhuǎn)向系是汽車行駛的指南針，它的好壞關(guān)系著汽車能否安全行駛。本文首先講述了愛麗舍轉(zhuǎn)向系的整體結(jié)構(gòu)；具體介紹了它的功用；分類和工作原理。然后具體對elysee轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)常見的幾種故障：一轉(zhuǎn)向沉重，二轉(zhuǎn)向時有噪聲，三方向盤自由行程過大，四左右轉(zhuǎn)向時輕重不一，五轉(zhuǎn)向時轉(zhuǎn)向盤強(qiáng)烈抖動，六汽車直線行駛時，轉(zhuǎn)向盤發(fā)飄或跑偏。最后講述了愛麗舍轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系中轉(zhuǎn)向盤的自由行程，轉(zhuǎn)向儲液罐的液面高度，液壓泵的泵送壓力，液壓系統(tǒng)的密封性，轉(zhuǎn)向柱的檢查方法以及通過愛麗舍轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系的故障現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了診斷分析和檢修。對使用和維護(hù)汽車有著很現(xiàn)實(shí)的意義。關(guān)鍵詞 elysee轎車轎車， 轉(zhuǎn)向器，故障分析

2、 ，檢查維修目 錄  引言41 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的簡介51.1轉(zhuǎn)向系的工作原理51.2轉(zhuǎn)向系的組成51.3轉(zhuǎn)向系的分類51.4轉(zhuǎn)向系的功用52 東風(fēng)·愛麗舍（elysee）轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系故障診斷分析62.1轉(zhuǎn)向沉重62.1.1 故障現(xiàn)象62.1.2故障原因62.1.3故障診斷與排除62.2 轉(zhuǎn)向時有噪聲72.2.1故障現(xiàn)象72.2.2 故障原因72.2.3故障診斷與排除72.3方向盤自由行程過大72.3.1故障現(xiàn)象72.3.2故障原因72.3.3故障診斷與排除72.4左右轉(zhuǎn)向時輕重不一72.4.1故障現(xiàn)象82.4.2故障原因82.4.3故障診斷與排除82.5轉(zhuǎn)向時轉(zhuǎn)向盤強(qiáng)烈抖

3、動82.5.1故障現(xiàn)象82.5.2故障原因82.5.3故障診斷與排除82.6汽車直線行駛時，轉(zhuǎn)向盤發(fā)飄或跑偏82.6.1故障現(xiàn)象82.6.2故障原因82.6.3故障診斷與排除83 東風(fēng)·愛麗舍（elysee）轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系的檢查與維修93.1轉(zhuǎn)向盤的自由行程的檢查93.2轉(zhuǎn)向儲液罐的液面高度的檢查93.3液壓泵的泵送壓力的檢查103.4液壓系統(tǒng)的密封性的檢查103.5轉(zhuǎn)向柱的檢修103.5.1拆卸103.5.2檢查103.5.3安裝104 東風(fēng)·愛麗舍（elysee）汽車故障事例分析114.1故障事例一114.2故障事例二11結(jié)論11致謝13參考文獻(xiàn)14引 言愛麗舍轎車是現(xiàn)在具

4、有國際先進(jìn)平的現(xiàn)代轎車它是由東風(fēng)汽車公司和法國雪鐵龍汽車公司合資組建的神龍汽車有限公司生產(chǎn)的。該車造型新穎，外表關(guān)觀，工作可靠安全，舒適，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用?，F(xiàn)在已成為我國轎車市場的主要品種之一。汽車發(fā)展的趨勢是安全、節(jié)能、環(huán)保。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是關(guān)系主動安全的重要系統(tǒng)，其操縱穩(wěn)定性好壞對汽車性能影響很大。操縱性是汽車準(zhǔn)確跟蹤駕駛員意圖行駛；穩(wěn)定性是要求危險工況(高速行駛，側(cè)向加速度大，離心力大，超過輪胎側(cè)偏力而發(fā)生大的側(cè)滑；小附著系數(shù)路面的側(cè)滑；對開路面上輪胎左右側(cè)偏力不相等、側(cè)向風(fēng)引起的橫擺)下汽車仍穩(wěn)定行駛。為提高操縱穩(wěn)定性，出現(xiàn)了esp(電子穩(wěn)定程序)、主動轉(zhuǎn)向、4ws(4輪轉(zhuǎn)向)等。esp判斷產(chǎn)生不足

5、轉(zhuǎn)向或過度轉(zhuǎn)向時相應(yīng)在后輪、前輪產(chǎn)生制動力，產(chǎn)生橫擺力矩即糾偏力矩。四輪轉(zhuǎn)向的后輪也參與轉(zhuǎn)向。低速時，后輪與前輪反向轉(zhuǎn)向，減小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑，提高機(jī)動靈活性。高速時，后輪與前輪同向轉(zhuǎn)向，提高汽車的穩(wěn)定性。其控制目標(biāo)是質(zhì)心側(cè)偏角為零。然而這些汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)卻處于機(jī)械傳動階段，由于其轉(zhuǎn)向傳動比固定，汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向響應(yīng)特性隨車速而變化。因此駕駛員就必須提前針對汽車轉(zhuǎn)向特性的幅值和相位變化進(jìn)行一定的操作補(bǔ)償，從而控制汽車按其意愿行駛。如果能夠?qū)Ⅰ{駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向操作與轉(zhuǎn)向車輪之間通過信號及控制器連接起來，駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向操作僅 僅是向車輛輸入自己的駕駛指令，由控制器根據(jù)駕 駛員指令、當(dāng)前車輛狀態(tài)和路狀況確定合理的前 輪轉(zhuǎn)角

6、，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的智能控制，必將對車輛 操縱穩(wěn)定性帶來很大的提高，降低駕駛員的操縱負(fù)擔(dān)，改善人一車閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)性能。 1 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的簡介 本章講述了轉(zhuǎn)向系的功用；轉(zhuǎn)向系的組成；轉(zhuǎn)向系的分類；轉(zhuǎn)向系工作原理。1.1轉(zhuǎn)向系的工作原理由轉(zhuǎn)向油泵、轉(zhuǎn)向油管、轉(zhuǎn)向油罐以及位于整體式轉(zhuǎn)向器內(nèi)部的轉(zhuǎn)向控制閥及轉(zhuǎn)向動力缸等組成。當(dāng)駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向盤時，轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂擺動，通過轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿、橫拉桿、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂，使轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)，從而改變汽車的行駛方向。同時，轉(zhuǎn)向器輸入軸還帶動轉(zhuǎn)向器內(nèi)部的轉(zhuǎn)向控制閥轉(zhuǎn)動，使轉(zhuǎn)向動力缸產(chǎn)生液壓作用力，幫助駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)向操縱。這樣，為了克服地面作用于轉(zhuǎn)向輪上的轉(zhuǎn)向阻力矩，駕駛員需要加于轉(zhuǎn)向盤上的轉(zhuǎn)向力矩，

7、比用機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)時所需的轉(zhuǎn)向力矩小得多。1.2轉(zhuǎn)向系的組成轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機(jī)構(gòu)主要由轉(zhuǎn)向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向軸、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱等組成。轉(zhuǎn)向器是將轉(zhuǎn)向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動變?yōu)檗D(zhuǎn)向搖臂的擺動或齒條軸的直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動，并對轉(zhuǎn)向操縱力進(jìn)行放大的機(jī)構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)向器一般固定在汽車車架或車身上，轉(zhuǎn)向操縱力通過轉(zhuǎn)向器后一般還會改變傳動方向。轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機(jī)構(gòu) 將轉(zhuǎn)向器輸出的力和運(yùn)動傳給車輪(轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié))，并使左右車輪按一定關(guān)系進(jìn)行偏轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)。1.3轉(zhuǎn)向系的分類轉(zhuǎn)向系可分為機(jī)械式轉(zhuǎn)向系、液壓式轉(zhuǎn)向系、電動式動力轉(zhuǎn)向系1.4轉(zhuǎn)向系的功用轉(zhuǎn)向系的功用是實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車行駛方向的改變和保持汽車穩(wěn)定的行駛路線。2 東風(fēng)·愛麗舍（elysee）轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系故障診斷分析本章講述了

8、愛麗舍汽車（如圖2.1）常見的幾種故障并對其進(jìn)行了診斷分析。一轉(zhuǎn)向沉重，二轉(zhuǎn)向時有噪聲，三方向盤自由行程過大，四左右轉(zhuǎn)向時輕重不一，五轉(zhuǎn)向時轉(zhuǎn)向盤強(qiáng)烈抖動，六汽車直線行駛時，轉(zhuǎn)向盤發(fā)飄或跑偏。圖2.12.1轉(zhuǎn)向沉重2.1.1 故障現(xiàn)象可變液壓動力轉(zhuǎn)向的汽車，本來轉(zhuǎn)向是很輕便的，突然感到轉(zhuǎn)向沉重或方向盤轉(zhuǎn)不動。2.1.2故障原因油箱缺油或油液高度不足。系統(tǒng)中混入大量空氣。油箱濾網(wǎng)堵塞或管路堵塞。液壓泵磨損，內(nèi)部泄漏或驅(qū)動部分打滑、磨壞。助力器內(nèi)溢油閥、安全閥機(jī)件磨損，彈簧過軟或調(diào)整不當(dāng)。助力器內(nèi)滑閥與滑壁間隙過大或關(guān)閉不嚴(yán)。系統(tǒng)各接頭、襯墊處密封不良，產(chǎn)生液壓油外漏；系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部密封元件損壞產(chǎn)生內(nèi)漏

9、。2.1.3故障診斷與排除    檢查液壓泵驅(qū)動部分的工作情況。檢查驅(qū)動皮帶是否打滑或其他驅(qū)動形式的齒輪傳動等有無損壞。    檢查油箱內(nèi)的油面高度，看其是否達(dá)到規(guī)定的高度。如油面過低，應(yīng)予以加足，使油面達(dá)到油尺上的高度標(biāo)記。檢查油箱內(nèi)的濾清器是否堵塞或損壞，如果堵塞，應(yīng)進(jìn)行清洗；如果損壞，應(yīng)予以更換。    檢查系統(tǒng)中是否混有空氣。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)液壓油中有泡沫(或液壓油混濁)，就可能是油路中有空氣(通常通過觀察回油管回油時是否夾帶有氣泡來判定)。空氣的進(jìn)入通常是液壓泵的進(jìn)油管裂損、接頭松動以及液壓泵軸上的密封

10、環(huán)損壞等所致。如出現(xiàn)上述損壞，均應(yīng)先給予維修，然后再排除系統(tǒng)中的空氣。    檢查液壓泵流量及溢油閥、安全閥的作用是否良好?？捎脡毫Ρ斫釉诠苈飞蠙z查，如果作用不良，應(yīng)將閥及彈簧卸下，進(jìn)行清洗和檢查，必要時更換新件。    檢查控制閥內(nèi)的滑閥，看其作用是否良好。如因間隙過大或關(guān)閉不嚴(yán)，應(yīng)更換新的轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿及滑閥。    檢查助力活塞上的密封環(huán)和閥室體徑向環(huán)槽的中間密封作用是否良好，必要時應(yīng)予更換，同時還要檢查液壓缸表面有無損傷。    檢查單向閥的球閥與閥座的接觸是否嚴(yán)密。如因臟

11、物墊起而關(guān)閉不嚴(yán)，應(yīng)進(jìn)行清洗，如因閥本身引起的關(guān)閉不嚴(yán)，必須更換新件。2.2 轉(zhuǎn)向時有噪聲2.2.1故障現(xiàn)象轉(zhuǎn)向時液壓泵處發(fā)生響聲。2.2.2 故障原因液壓泵驅(qū)動部分發(fā)響，如皮帶過松、驅(qū)動齒輪傳動件損壞等。液壓油量不足、系統(tǒng)中混有空氣。油箱濾芯堵塞或損壞。各管路接頭松動或油管破裂、堵塞。2.2.3故障診斷與排除先檢查油箱內(nèi)的油面高度，若油面過低應(yīng)補(bǔ)足液壓油。    檢查驅(qū)動部分的工作情況，檢查皮帶是否過松、驅(qū)動齒輪及其他部件是否損壞，若不正常應(yīng)按規(guī)定要求給予調(diào)整、修復(fù)。    檢查回油管的回油情況，觀察液壓油中是否夾帶有氣泡(油液呈混

12、濁狀) 之處，如有氣泡，應(yīng)先查出漏氣，然后再排除空氣。 檢查油箱濾芯以及油路各處有無堵塞、損壞，若有均應(yīng)將其修復(fù)。2.3方向盤自由行程過大2.3.1故障現(xiàn)象轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤發(fā)現(xiàn)自由行程過大。2.3.2故障原因    轉(zhuǎn)向縱拉桿兩端的球頭銷與銷座的間隙過大。齒條與齒扇的間隙過大。轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿和轉(zhuǎn)向螺母與鋼球之間的間隙過大。2.3.3故障診斷與排除應(yīng)逐一檢查上述間隙是否過大，并采取相應(yīng)的措施 。 2.4左右轉(zhuǎn)向時輕重不一2.4.1故障現(xiàn)象汽車在行駛中左右轉(zhuǎn)彎時，左右轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤感到輕重不同。2.4.2故障原因控制閥中的滑閥偏離中間位置，或雖在中間位置但與閥體臺肩的縫隙大小不一致。

13、 滑閥或閥體臺肩處有毛刺、碰傷或有臟物阻滯，使液壓油循環(huán)受阻致使加力不平衡。 動力缸一側(cè)有空氣，造成活塞兩側(cè)壓力差過大，致使左、右向輕重不同。2.4.3故障診斷與排除先檢查液壓油是否臟污，視需要更換液壓油與清洗液壓助力系統(tǒng)。   拆檢控制閥?；y在中間位置時的預(yù)開縫隙一般僅有0.10.2mm，全開縫隙為1.02.0mm。在裝配時如調(diào)整不當(dāng)或緊固不牢，都會使滑閥偏離中間位置，遇此情況則需要重新按規(guī)定裝配與緊固。若不屬裝配問題則需考慮制造誤差與損傷，視情況予以更換或修復(fù)。   排除系統(tǒng)中的空氣，解決動力缸一側(cè)有空氣的影響。 2.5轉(zhuǎn)向時轉(zhuǎn)向盤強(qiáng)烈抖動2.5.

14、1故障現(xiàn)象汽車行駛中，轉(zhuǎn)向時感到轉(zhuǎn)向盤強(qiáng)烈抖動(打手)。2.5.2故障原因助力液壓系統(tǒng)中缺油或空氣混入較多。齒條與齒扇間的間隙過大。轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿和轉(zhuǎn)向螺母與鋼球間的間隙過大。2.5.3故障診斷與排除檢查液壓油的油量是否足夠和系統(tǒng)中是否有空氣。必要時加油與排除空氣。檢查齒條與齒扇的間隙，如間隙過大，應(yīng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。檢查轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿和轉(zhuǎn)向螺母球槽與鋼球的配合間隙，如間隙較大，可選配加尺寸公差組的鋼球裝配。2.6汽車直線行駛時，轉(zhuǎn)向盤發(fā)飄或跑偏2.6.1故障現(xiàn)象汽車直線行駛時，無法保持直線方向，而自動偏向一邊。2.6.2故障原因   不轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向盤時，控制閥中的滑閥偏離中間位置，致使自動加力。

15、控制閥中的定心彈簧過軟，難以克服轉(zhuǎn)向輪傳來的逆動力，使滑閥隨逆動力的變化經(jīng)常改變滑閥位致使自動加力。 液壓油過臟，使滑閥運(yùn)動受阻或移動不靈敏。 溢油閥工作不良，使液壓泵向控制閥輸出過多的液壓油，在此情形下若還有油道布置不合理、油路。不暢等就極易使加力缸兩側(cè)產(chǎn)生壓力差，致使自動加力轉(zhuǎn)向。2.6.3故障診斷與排除先檢查液壓油是否過臟，視需要換液壓油與清洗液壓助力系統(tǒng)。   拆檢控制閥。對其中的滑閥與閥體頂開縫隙、全開縫隙做檢查；對定心彈簧彈力做檢查以及對溢油安全工作性能做檢查。若出現(xiàn)不正常情況應(yīng)給予更換、修復(fù)有關(guān)部件。3 東風(fēng)·愛麗舍（elysee）轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系的檢查與

16、維修本章講述愛麗舍轎車（如圖3.1）轉(zhuǎn)向盤的自由行程，轉(zhuǎn)向儲液罐的液面高度，液壓泵的泵送壓力，液壓系統(tǒng)的密封性，的檢查方法以及轉(zhuǎn)向柱的檢查與維修。1.圖3.13.1轉(zhuǎn)向盤的自由行程的檢查汽車前輪處于直線行駛狀態(tài)，用指尖向左、向右側(cè)輕輕轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向盤，當(dāng)手感變重時(即前輪向左、向右開始轉(zhuǎn)動)所移動的距離就是轉(zhuǎn)向盤的自由行程。在轉(zhuǎn)向盤邊緣處測量自由行程，其值應(yīng)為15-20mm。當(dāng)自由行程過大時，說明動力轉(zhuǎn)向器齒輪與齒條嚙合間隙偏大，或各連接處松曠，或齒輪和齒條磨損。調(diào)整檢彈簧的壓力，可使齒條微量變形，實(shí)現(xiàn)無側(cè)隙或小側(cè)隙嚙合。3.2轉(zhuǎn)向儲液罐的液面高度的檢查使發(fā)動機(jī)怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，反復(fù)將轉(zhuǎn)向盤從一側(cè)極限位置轉(zhuǎn)

17、到另一側(cè)極限位置，以提高液壓溫度，使油溫達(dá)到40-80左右。這時檢查儲油罐內(nèi)油量，油面應(yīng)在儲油罐的“max”處。油量不足時，在檢查各部位元泄漏后，按規(guī)定牌號補(bǔ)充液壓油至“max”處。3.3液壓泵的泵送壓力的檢查（1）將壓力表裝到連接在閥體和軟管之間的壓力管中。（2）起動發(fā)動機(jī)。如果需要，向儲油罐補(bǔ)充液壓油。（3）急速關(guān)閉截止閥(不超過5min)，并讀出壓力數(shù)。泵送壓力額定值為6.8-8.2mpa。如果沒有達(dá)到額定數(shù)值，應(yīng)檢查限壓閥和溢流閥是否完好。如不正常，應(yīng)更換限壓和溢流閥或者葉輪泵。3.4液壓系統(tǒng)的密封性的檢查起動發(fā)動機(jī)，將轉(zhuǎn)向盤分別向左、向右兩側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)至極限位置，在瞬間將其固定，以至在轉(zhuǎn)向系

18、統(tǒng)中產(chǎn)生額定壓力。此時用目測法檢查轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)各管路、閥類連接處的密封性，如有滲漏應(yīng)更換密封件。3.5轉(zhuǎn)向柱的檢修3.5.1拆卸轉(zhuǎn)向柱上裝有一套組合開關(guān)，包括點(diǎn)火開關(guān)、前風(fēng)窗刮水器及洗滌器開關(guān)、轉(zhuǎn)向燈開關(guān)及遠(yuǎn)近光變光開關(guān)，因此在拆卸前必須將蓄電池電源線斷開，轉(zhuǎn)向指示燈開關(guān)放在中間位置，并將車輪處在直線行駛位置，按下列拆卸步驟（1）向下按橡皮邊緣，撬出大蓋板。（2）取下喇叭蓋，拆卸喇叭按鈕及有關(guān)接線。（3）拆下轉(zhuǎn)向盤緊固螺母，用拉器將轉(zhuǎn)向盤取下。（4）拆下組合開關(guān)上的三個平口螺栓，取下開關(guān)。（5）拆下儀表板左下方飾板。（6）拆下轉(zhuǎn)向柱套管的兩個螺釘，拆下套管。（7）將轉(zhuǎn)向柱上段往下壓，使上段端部凸緣

19、上的兩個驅(qū)動銷脫離轉(zhuǎn)向柱下端，取出轉(zhuǎn)向柱上段。（8）取下轉(zhuǎn)向柱橡膠圈，松開夾緊箍的緊固螺栓，拆下轉(zhuǎn)向柱下段。（9）用水泵鉗旋轉(zhuǎn)卸下彈簧墊圈，卸下左邊的內(nèi)六角螺栓，擰出右邊的開口螺栓，拆下轉(zhuǎn)向盤鎖套。3.5.2檢查檢查轉(zhuǎn)向柱有無彎曲、安全聯(lián)軸節(jié)有無磨損或損壞、彈簧彈性是否失效，如有則應(yīng)修理或更換新件。3.5.3安裝轉(zhuǎn)向柱安裝基本按拆卸的相反順序進(jìn)行，但同時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）轉(zhuǎn)向柱與凸緣管應(yīng)一起安裝，并用水泵鉗連接起來。（2）應(yīng)將凸緣管推至轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪軸上，夾緊箍圈口應(yīng)向外。注意：不可用手等掰開夾箍。（3）轉(zhuǎn)向柱管的斷開螺栓裝配時，應(yīng)將螺栓擰緊至螺栓頭斷開為止，然后擰緊圓柱螺栓。（4）車輪應(yīng)處于直

20、線行駛位置，轉(zhuǎn)向指示燈開關(guān)應(yīng)處在中間位置，才可裝轉(zhuǎn)向盤，否則在安裝轉(zhuǎn)向盤時，當(dāng)分離瓜齒通過接觸環(huán)上的簧片時，有可能造成損壞。（5）應(yīng)更換所有的自鎖螺母和螺栓，轉(zhuǎn)向柱不能進(jìn)行焊接修理。 4 東風(fēng)·愛麗舍（elysee）汽車故障事例分析本章講述舉出了愛麗舍轉(zhuǎn)向系中幾種故障現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了診斷和維修。4.1故障事例一癥狀：倒車或急轉(zhuǎn)彎時車后輪方向有撞擊聲。 病因：由于愛麗舍采用了后輪隨動的轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)，在使用一段時間后隨動轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的個別螺絲有可能松動。處方：仔細(xì)檢查，將一些松動的螺絲擰緊后異響即會消失。4.2故障事例二狀況：車輛行駛到85-90公里時速方向盤有微微抖動，超過90公里以上又沒了。解決方

21、法：原因有可能是車輛在行駛過程中發(fā)生的共振。傳動系統(tǒng)各部件在工作時產(chǎn)生微小的抖動是正?，F(xiàn)象，此現(xiàn)象與行駛的路況、輪胎的壓力、磨損程度都有直接關(guān)系，車主可以將輪胎進(jìn)行一下?lián)Q位，會有一定的效果。如果是嚴(yán)重的抖動就有可能是輪胎的前束角出了偏差，這種情況下只能到專業(yè)的修理廠維修。結(jié)論本文介紹了愛麗舍轎車轉(zhuǎn)向系的功能、作用、結(jié)構(gòu)，并通過愛麗舍轎車為例，分析了轉(zhuǎn)向系的故障原因、檢測方法，解決辦法，維修方式，以及如何正確使用、維護(hù)愛麗舍轉(zhuǎn)向器，盡量避免轉(zhuǎn)向器的故障發(fā)生，延長使用壽命對于現(xiàn)在愛麗舍的后輪隨動轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)堪稱經(jīng)典，匠心獨(dú)具的設(shè)計(jì)師用了一個并不算復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)“后輪的前展和前束”，達(dá)到了一個堪稱經(jīng)典的效果

22、：(1)轉(zhuǎn)向時后輪前展。如果懸掛系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)使地面給輪船的反作用力誘導(dǎo)后輪胎轉(zhuǎn)向和前輪相反的方向也就是在負(fù)荷下使后輪前展，這樣將產(chǎn)生一個力矩，加強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)動角度使瞬態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)彎中心變小，增加過度轉(zhuǎn)向，在低速時明顯。(2)轉(zhuǎn)向時后輪前束。如果懸掛系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)使地面給輪胎的反作用力誘導(dǎo)后輪的轉(zhuǎn)動方向同前輪方向一樣，也就是在負(fù)荷下使后輪前束使瞬態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑變大增加不足轉(zhuǎn)向，這樣可以保障方向穩(wěn)定，在高速轉(zhuǎn)彎時特別穩(wěn)。對于未來我相信雪鐵龍汽車有限公司在愛麗舍的轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)方面更高一層次的突破。致謝光陰似箭轉(zhuǎn)眼間三年的大學(xué)生活即將結(jié)束,在這三年的大學(xué)生活中我多次得到老師和同學(xué)們的關(guān)心和幫助,在此我要特向曾經(jīng)幫助過我的老師和同學(xué)

23、表示忠心的感謝。另外在此次論文中我得到我以前最好的一個老師的幫助以及指導(dǎo)老師的悉心指導(dǎo),我的論文才能順利的完成。對此我要向他們表示崇高的敬意。 參考文獻(xiàn)1 劉波，朱俊編著.汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系維修實(shí)例m北京:科學(xué)技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)出版社，2008.22 張立新主編.東風(fēng)雪鐵龍系列轎車維修實(shí)例精選m北京:中國電力出版社，2006 an employment tribunal clai emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. you may need to make a claim to an employ

24、ment tribunal if: you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. for more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed under further help. employment tribunals are

25、 less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straigh

26、t away from one of the organisations listed under further help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see dismissal. you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however

27、, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your applica

28、tion is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the

29、 case. this is known as a damages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation  if you win the case.you're clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, a

30、t a citizens advice bureau.  to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see employment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch m cay man islands-based webb, the head

31、 of fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend city's premier league match at chelsea on sunday."i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet ya ya toure," he told bbc sport."f

32、or me it's about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against cska for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during city's 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european fo

33、otball's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.cska said they were "surprised and disappointed" by toure's complaint. in a statement the russian side added: "we found no racist insults from fans of cska."age has reached

34、 the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself

35、 should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?；蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏?？傆X得自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life, and

36、 can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the r

37、eal growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period,

38、but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can't remember his appearance.童年時，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時，以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成

39、長，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場，看著他投過籃球的球框時，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來，這個世界上，對某個事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不

40、可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時間。a person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a

41、 lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個人的時候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注

42、射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that haven't

43、start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this missi

44、on. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb

45、higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. we often close o

46、urselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. we try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. we need to l

47、earn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活發(fā)生不幸時，我們常常會關(guān)上心門；世界不僅沒能慰藉我們，反倒使我們更加消沉。我們假裝一切仿佛都不曾發(fā)生，以此試圖忘卻傷痛，可就算隱藏得再好，最終也還是騙不了自己。既然如此，何不嘗試打開心門，擁抱生活中的各種可能，讓世界感化我們呢？whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-e

48、valuate our behavior. the items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.當(dāng)恐懼與焦慮來襲時，我們應(yīng)該退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六個方法有助于你更完滿透徹地敞開心扉。whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. when the sadness strik

49、es, take a deep breath and lean into it. when we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. we take an emotion thats fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us.當(dāng)生活中出現(xiàn)痛苦的事情時，別再逃跑或隱藏痛苦，試著擁抱它吧；當(dāng)悲傷來襲時，試著深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我們一味逃避生活中的悲

50、傷，悲傷只會變得更強(qiáng)烈更真實(shí)悲傷原本只是稍縱即逝的情緒，我們卻固執(zhí)地耿耿于懷by utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. if we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能減緩我們的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滯；呼出呼吸，更多新奇與經(jīng)歷又將拉開序幕。2. embrace the uncomfortable we all kn

51、ow what that twinge of anxiety feels like. we know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. we can practice leaning into these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我們都經(jīng)歷過焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受過恐懼造成的生理反應(yīng)：脖子僵硬、胃酸翻騰。其實(shí)，我們有能力面對這些痛苦的感受，從中

52、領(lǐng)悟到出路。the initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. when we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. the next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favor and lean into the feeling. act in spite of the fear.我們的第一反應(yīng)總是逃避以為否認(rèn)不安情緒的存在就能萬事大吉，可這也恰好妨礙了我們經(jīng)歷最需要的生活體驗(yàn)。下次感到不安時，不管有多害怕，也請?jiān)囍赂颐鎸Π伞?. ask your heart what it wants傾聽內(nèi)心were often confused at the next step to take, making pros and