數(shù)據(jù)處理英文版

1、組長：白宇超組員：董妍蕓 柳耀博 龐士磊 鄧麗君 張健榕 吳 波 數(shù)據(jù)處理分析是指用適當(dāng)?shù)慕y(tǒng)計方法對收集來的大量第一手資料和第二手資料進(jìn)行分析，以求最大化地開發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)資料的功能，發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)的作用。是為了提取有用信息和形成結(jié)論而對數(shù)據(jù)加以詳細(xì)研究和概括總結(jié)的過程。數(shù)據(jù)也稱觀測值，是實驗、測量、觀察、調(diào)查等的結(jié)果，常以數(shù)量的形式給出。 Data processing analysis refers to the use of appropriate statistical methods to collect a large number of first-hand information and s

2、econd-hand information for analysis, in order to maximize the development of data functions, data play a role. Is to extract useful information and form a conclusion to the data to conduct a detailed study and summary of the process. Data, also known as observations, is the experiment, measurement,

3、observation, investigation and other results, often given in the form of quantity. Many methods of data processing: parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance and regression analysis. Parameter estimation is to estimate some data points and interval estimates; Hypothesis test is

4、to determine the reliability of the results of various data processing; analysis of variance is the impact of various factors on the impact of indicators of the degree of significance; regression analysis is how to get things reflect Mathematical expression of objective law.pThe more digits after th

5、e decimal point, the more accurate the data? (How to determine the effective number of data?)pCorrect approach: the number of bits taken in addition to the last one figure for the measurement of the suspicious number or estimate, the rest of the figures are accurate and reliable.pSignificant digits:

6、 All numbers in a measurement that reflect the size of the measured value with a questionable number (estimated reading). 。 uA set of values to retain n-bit effective, in accordance with the round-off method on the n +1 bit processing, will have rounding error.uIn general, the first n + 1 digits for

7、 the 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 probability is equal, if you use the capital letter X said rounding error, various rounding The odds of error are: P（X=0,-1,-2,-3,-4,5,4,3,2,1）1/10 uIn a large number of data rounding processes, the errors produced by the summing can cancel each other out 。 uRounding method,

8、 when the first n +1 bit is 5, the rounding error is 5, this error can not be offset. This is the classical rounded method of abuse. (How to solve?)uChinas Science and Technology Commission formally promulgated the Mathematics Revise Rules, known as the rounding five single and double rule: Rounding

9、 off into five to consider, five non-zero after one into the one. Five are zero after the parity, even before the five should be left, five before the odd into the one. p1. f the first digit to be discarded is less than 5, the previous digit remains unchanged.p2. f the discarded first digit is great

10、er than 5, the previous digit is incremented by one 。p3. If the first digit to be discarded is equal to 5, and all subsequent digits are zero, then the last digit to be retained is odd or even, depending on whether it is an odd number or an even number. Into an odd number, even when the homes.p 4. I

11、f the first digit to be discarded is equal to 5, and not all of the following numbers are zero, then the next.p 5. If the number to be discarded consists of several digits, the number shall not be consecutively carried or discarded 。p6. Rounding the integer should also follow the above rules. For ex

12、ample, 23438, only take three significant figures, it should be 23400 or 2.34 104.Accuracy of measuring instruments: consistent with the accuracy of measuring instruments;Effective number of calculations: follow the advanced homes, after the operation principle.uBasic requirements: The representatio

13、n of experimental and production data requires accurate, concise, and image.uThe main way of data representation: list method, mapping method and empirical formula method.1, simple and accurate header (name), placed on the table above. The sequence number is placed in front of the meter head.2, a re

14、asonable choice of the items listed in the table.3, the project should include the name and unit, as far as possible using symbols. 4, the main item in the table represents the independent variable, the deputy item represents the dependent variable. 5, the number should be uniform and uniform. The s

15、ame vertical line of figures, the decimal point to the upper and lower alignment. When the number is zero, the number of significant digits is guaranteed. For example, the effective number of digits for the two decimal places, the zero should be counted as 0.00. 6, note that the data source and the

16、table can not be reflected in the need to explain other issues.表10 酵母對發(fā)酵茶湯風(fēng)味及生物量的影響（ ）s ,n3xx菌株P(guān)1P3P6感官評審分值82.50.40Aa81.60.22Aa82.20.61AapH3.650.01Cc3.910.01Aa3.870.01Bb酵母量（106個/mL）4.30.78Bb18032.15Aa14010.00Aa菌絲干重（g）0.32270.002Aa0.29080.010Ab0.28150.006Ab注：用Duncan法進(jìn)行多重比較，同行標(biāo)有不同大寫字母者表示組間差異極顯著（p0.01）

17、；標(biāo)有不同小寫字母者表示組間差異顯著（p0.05）；標(biāo)有相同小寫字母者表示組間差異不顯著（p0.05）。u直角坐標(biāo)法直角坐標(biāo)法u單對數(shù)坐標(biāo)法單對數(shù)坐標(biāo)法u雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)法雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)法u三角坐標(biāo)法三角坐標(biāo)法u極坐標(biāo)法極坐標(biāo)法u立體坐標(biāo)法立體坐標(biāo)法1、Figure: concise and accurate, placed below the map2, the abscissa represents the independent variable, the vertical axis represents the dependent variable3, the starting point of

18、 the axis: not necessarily zero; graphics should occupy the coordinates of the main location, according to select the starting point of the axis4, axis: specify the name and unit, try to use symbols5, the coordinates of the minimum grid should correspond to the accuracy of the test data6, the best i

19、n the figure given the error range of the datas ,n3xx注：用Duncan法進(jìn)行多重比較。同一曲線中標(biāo)有不同大寫字母、小寫字母者分別表示組間差異極顯著（p0.01）和顯著（p0.05），標(biāo)有相同小寫字母者表示組間差異不顯著（p0.05）。圖圖19 19 茶湯混菌發(fā)酵過程中游離氨基酸和可溶性總糖含量的變化茶湯混菌發(fā)酵過程中游離氨基酸和可溶性總糖含量的變化( ）) 7, the data is too small, the points can be linked with a straight line (Figure 4-2). When da

20、ta is large enough, smooth continuous curves can be drawn without having to go through all the data points, but try to keep the curve close to all data points (Figure 4-3). 8, if necessary, can be attached to the diagram below the data source and the table can not be reflected in the need to explain other issues.圖4-2 MBS04-6在7升罐中分批發(fā)酵的菌體生長曲線Fig 4-2：Growth curve of MBS04-6