專四語法總結(同名6020)

1、專四必備語法一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點：1. 表達將來時的形式：(1) 在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從 句的類型，如：I ' ll tell him when you will ring again.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句 )比較： I ' ll tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時我(告狀訴語他。從句)(2) 在 make sure, make certain, see (to it)后的 that 從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：See to it that you i

2、nclude in the paper whatever questions theydidn ' t know the answer to last time.(include 不能用 will include 或其他形式 )2. 完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：(1) by/between/up to/till +過去時間、 since 、 by the time/when + 表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如： We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Bet

3、ween 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示 1919 年時已發(fā)生的情況 )謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，(2) by + 將來時間、 by the time/ when +主句用將來完成時。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved

4、greatly by the time we come back next year.(3) by now、since + 過去時間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字 )years/days/months ，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時 , 但在 it is + 具體時間 since/before 這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixtyyears would have seemed completely imposs

5、ible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4) 在 It is the + 序數(shù)詞 / 形容詞最高級 +that 的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用 現(xiàn)在完成時。如：It isn 't the first time that I have found myself in anembarrassing situation.(5) 在 no sooner than ，hardly/scarcely when句型

6、中，主句常用過去完成時。3. 完成進行時指動作在完成時的基礎上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages,but nothing has happened.(1)先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的 或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關系，確定句子 是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。二、不定式1.不定式做主語 (1)引導邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞 for 引導 ,但下列表 示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時

7、 , 不定式的邏輯主語則由 of 引導：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong 。如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to

8、stay healthy.It ' s clever of you to have invented such a device. (2)不定式做主語補足語： 掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間， 并采用相應形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor,

9、 intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture 。如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.3.不定式做定語(1) 被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或 next, last, only, not a, the, very 等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。女口： the first woman to set foot on the mo

10、on 第一個登上月球的女性(2) 如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendency to dof tend to do, decision to dof decide to doThis book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應的名詞一般用不定式做定 語。如：ambition to do“干的雄心”一be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do“對的好奇心”-be curious t

11、o do“對好奇”ability to do“做的能力”fable to do “有能力做”Accordin g to Darwin, random changes that enhance a speciesability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機會、權利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞 包括：way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity,evidenee, po

12、wer, right, movement, drive ( 運動),effort 等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreeiate your efforts to bring about a eomprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代詞 something, nothing, little, mueh, a lot習慣上用不定式做定語。如：Though we have ma

13、de great progress, there is still mueh to be improved.4. 不定式做狀語 不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結果、方式。(1) in order to(do), so as to(do) 結構引導目的狀語， so as to 不能置于句 首。如：(2) so as to, such as to, enoughto, too結構做程度狀語。如：The solution works only for eouples who are self-employed, don ' thave small children and get alon

14、g well enough to spend most of their time together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British andAmerican English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3) 不定式做結果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結果，有時用 only 加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有 find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make,produce 等。如：Greatly agit

15、ated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, onlyto find it locked.(4) not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, tooready/eager/apt/inclined to表示肯定意義。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動名詞1. 必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞 牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞： acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, a

16、ppreciate, avoid, admit,confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor,finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall ，recollect ， risk , resist, suggest, tolerate 。如： I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two yea

17、rs ago.2.動名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識別下列短語中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號：object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down

18、to, give oneself up to, prefer to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to 。如：四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應清楚： 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進行。 過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結束了的狀態(tài)或結果。1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別 分詞短語做定語相當于省略了的定語從句，考生應掌握：(1) 現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：It 's easy to blame th

19、e decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.( 相當于 the changes which take place.)There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American charac

20、teristic.( 相當于 which gave.)How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相當于 How many of us who will attend.)(2) 過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the Britishrecapture of the port announced half a day bef

21、ore the defendersactually surre ndered.(相當于 recapture of the port which had bee nannounced )Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each newphone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.(相當于 each new phonewhich is added to

22、 )The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.(相當于 description which was based on)(3) 下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently com

23、e 。如：an escaped prisoner 一個逃犯a retired worker 一位退休工人a faded curtain 一個褪了色的窗簾 a newly arrived student 一個新 來的學生2. 分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式要用完成式。如：Having completed one task, we started on another one.(complete 先于 start 之前發(fā)生 )(2) 表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般 式。如：He wasn ' t asked to take on the chair

24、manship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.(3) 表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return i

25、t soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.(4) 表示結果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：The city found itself in acrisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.(5) 表示補充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如如: The article ope nsand

26、 closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語， 否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語， 稱為分詞獨立主格結構。分詞獨立主格結構只是句子的一個部分。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, wedeci

27、ded to take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.五、非謂語動詞的其他考點1. 接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法mean to do 想要（做某事 ） mean doing 意味（做某事 ） forget to do 忘記（要做的事 ） forget doing 忘記 （已做的事 ） go on to do 繼而 （做另一件事 ） go on doing 繼續(xù) （做原來的事 ） regret to do（ 對將要做的事 ）遺憾 2.不定式的習慣用法句型

28、：cannot help but docannot choose but dopropose to do 打算（做某事 ） propose doing 建議（做某事 ） remember to do 記得（要做某事 ） remember doing 記得 （已做過的事 ） stop to do 停下來去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 regret doing（ 對已做過的事 ）后悔cannot but docan do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、不禁做”、“不由自主地

29、做”、不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.3. 動名詞的習慣用法句型：be busy/active doing sth.have difficulty/trouble/problem doi

30、ngsth.It ' s no good/u se/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is nodoing sth.I know it isn' t important but I can' t help thinking about it.Alice was having troubl

31、e controlling the children because there were so many of them.There is no use crying over spilt milk.4. there be 非謂語動詞的用法(1) 做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如： The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect 要求接不定式做賓語 )(2) 做目的狀語或程度狀語時用 for there to be ，做其他狀語用 there being如：Fo

32、r there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.（for there to be在句中做目的狀語It isn ' t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leaveJim 's car out quite safely.（for there to be在句中做） 程度狀語There being no furth

33、er questions, we'll stop heraey.tod （therebeing 做原因狀語）（3）引導主語用 for there to be 。如：It is unusual for there to be no latecomers today.（4）做除 for 外的介詞賓語，用 there being 。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.六、虛擬語氣1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)(1) 掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配 : 主句

34、 從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反would/ 情態(tài)動詞過去式 +dowere （ 不分人稱 ）/did與過去事實相反would/ 情態(tài)動詞過去式 +have donehad done與將來事實相反would/ 情態(tài)動詞過去式 +doshould do / were todo如： If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud nois

35、e.(2) 區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同， 這叫做錯綜時間條件句， 動詞形式應根據(jù)實 際情況來調(diào)整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反 )Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過

36、去事實相反 )(3) 識別事實和假設混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分為假設情況，而“父母病了”是事實 )I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole

37、 of last week.(前半部分為假設，后半部分是事實 )2. 名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、 主語從句、 表語從句和同位語從句。 從句的謂語 動詞需用 (should+) 動詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳煜ぃ?1) 下列動詞做謂語時， that 賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand,request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：In the past men gene

38、rally preferred that their wives work in thehome.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.(2) 下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時， that 主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式： advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, prob

39、able, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested 。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(3) 下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式： insi

40、stence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding 。如：John Wagner ' s most enduring contribution to the study ofAfro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a r

41、eligious,as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.3. 含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設條件不通過 if 從句表達，而是暗含在其他結構中。 考生應熟悉：(1) 連詞 but, but that, or, or else；副詞 otherwise, unfortunately 等表示轉折假設。如：A safety an

42、alysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously doesn' t know what ' s happened; otrhweise hewouldn ' t have made such a stupid remark.(2) 介詞短語暗含假設條件，常用的有： without, but for, under more favorable conditions 等。如：But for the E

43、nglish examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3) intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann 或 was/were + 不定式完成 式或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。 如如: I intended to have called on you, butI was busy at that time.(4) 情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：I should have called to make anairlin

44、e reservation, but I didn' t.4. 常用虛擬形式的句型(1) 從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：would ratherwould as soonas thoughsuppose had ratherwould sooneras ifsupposingIf onlyIt is (high) time that（ 從句中動詞只用過） 去式t talk about the matter anyt bear the idea of your如： His wife would rather they didn more.I'd rather yo

45、u went by train, because I can being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.(2) If it were not for ( 與現(xiàn)在事實相) 反If it had not been for ( 與過去事)實

46、相當反于 but for 。如：If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.(3) lf only謂語動詞視情況選用適當?shù)男问?。如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and put theminto effect as soon as possible.(4) lest/for fear that/in case從句謂語用 (should+) 動詞原形。如：The mad man was put in th

47、e soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.whether or有時謂語用?e的原形，引導讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結構。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.七、情態(tài)動詞 注意

48、情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：1. 表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況(1) must have + 過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“ ) ( 昨天 一定”。如：My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into theroom, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “ Are you feeling all right ?”(2) can ' t/couldn ' t have + 過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天一定沒”。女口：Mary

49、 couldn ' t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.(3) may/might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許”。女口： At Florida Power ' sCrystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician

50、.2. 表示虛擬語氣(1) needn ' t have+ 過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實沒必要”。如：As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn' t havedressed up so formally.(2) should /should not have + 過去分詞，表示應該做某事但實際上未做， 或本不應該做但實際上做了 ,譯為“本(不)應該”。女口 ： I regret having leftthe work unfinished; I should have planned everythin

51、g ahead carefully.(3) ought to have+ 過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(4) could have+ 過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可 以”。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it m

52、ore tactfully.(5) may/might have +過去分詞， 表示過去可以做但實際未做， 譯為“ ( 那樣)也許會”。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.3. 幾個情態(tài)動詞常考的句型(1) may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好” ha與better 相近。如：Since

53、 the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.(2)cannot/canttoo “越 越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句 型的變體 cannotover。如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.The final chapter covers organizational change and development.This subject cannot be overemphasized.usedn '或 d idn ' t use to 為 use

54、d to (do)的否定式。(4) should 除了“應該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意 思。如：I didn 't expect that he should have behaved like that.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級1. 形容詞的句法功能 形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語。考生應注意：(1 )以“ a”開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。(2) 某些以副詞詞綴“-ly” 結尾的詞是形容詞，如 friendly, leisurely,lovely 等。(3) 下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動

55、詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做 表語：rema in, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, sta nd, r un,prove, seem, appear, look 。2. 考比較級時，考生應把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結構。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.On the whole,

56、ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：The number of registered par ticipants in this year 's marathon was half that of last year 's.Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exc

57、iting tha n Thackeray 's.(3) 比較級的修飾語如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather ，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+asas或 修飾語 +morethan。如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?“No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”(4) 下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念： inferior ，minor ，senior ，prior ，prefer to ，superior ，major ，junior ， preferable ， differ from ，compared with ，in