英語銜接手段ppt課件

1、英語銜接手段1;.21. 銜接（cohesion）和連貫(coherence)語篇無論是口頭表達(dá)，還是書面表達(dá)，都必須銜接合理，符合邏輯，語義連貫。銜接和連貫都屬于韓禮德功能語法中的語篇純理功能，有很強(qiáng)的實(shí)用性和實(shí)踐性。我們?cè)谡劦秸Z篇中的銜接現(xiàn)象時(shí)常常會(huì)涉及“連貫”（coherence）。其實(shí)，銜接和連貫是兩個(gè)不同的概念。簡單地說，銜接是語篇現(xiàn)象，指的是發(fā)話者用來表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)和人際方面語言連貫的語法手段；而連貫是心理現(xiàn)象，它存在于發(fā)話者的頭腦中，無法在語篇層面上找到線索。有人認(rèn)為，銜接是語篇的有形網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而連貫是語篇整體意義的無形框架。連貫不但要依靠語篇表層結(jié)構(gòu)中各個(gè)句子之間的銜接，而且要符合語義、

2、語用和認(rèn)知原則。語篇正是通過銜接手段（cohesive devices）才實(shí)現(xiàn)了它的連貫性（cohence）。31.銜接（一） 邏輯銜接手段邏輯聯(lián)系語可以表達(dá)許多語義關(guān)系，早在1976年，Halliday and Hasan就把這些關(guān)系分為四類：additive（增補(bǔ)）；adversative（轉(zhuǎn)折）；cause（原因）；temporal（時(shí)間）當(dāng)然這些語義關(guān)系還可以被細(xì)化成很多種。本文綜合各家之長，拔常用的邏輯聯(lián)系語按語義關(guān)系分類如下：41表示空間：above, before me, here, on the left, across from, below, in the distance

3、等。英博語寫作銳中培養(yǎng)管學(xué)生運(yùn)理用語篇在銜接手線段的途徑。2. 表示時(shí)間：first, second, etc., finally, eventually, in the meantime, at the same time,等。3表示原因：because, because of, as, since, due to, owing to, as result of , on account of等。4. 表示條件：given, if, in that case, if not 等。55 表示讓步：although, though, admittedly, it is true but, eve

4、n though, even if 等。6表示舉例：for example, for instance, in addition, in addition to, as well as, to illustrate等。7 表示比較：another, furthermore, moreover, equally important, besides, in fact,等。8表示對(duì)比：on the contrary, different from, on the one hand on the other hand,等。69表示增補(bǔ)：and, and also, too, andtoo, in a

5、ddition, in addition to, furthermore, besides, 等。10. 表示列舉：first, second, ; firstly, secondly, ; nest, then, finally, 等。11. 表示解釋或等同： that is to say, namely, in other words, similarly, equally, I mean, 等。12. 表示替換：again, rather, worse, alternatively, instead of, instead, 等。713表示總結(jié)：to conclude, in concl

6、usion, in short, in brief, on the whole, 等。14. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折：well, now, by the way, incidentally, 等。15. 表示結(jié)果：So, hence, consequently, therefore, as consequence, as a result 等。16. 表示強(qiáng)調(diào): chiefly, actually, most important, certainly, of course, as a matter of fact 等。 817.表示轉(zhuǎn)題：by the way, as for, to change the s

7、ubject, with reference to, concerning等值得注意的是：同一個(gè)銜接詞可以用來表達(dá)不同的關(guān)系，比如：first, second, third, etc.既可以表時(shí)間關(guān)系，也可以表空間關(guān)系，同時(shí)也可以表推理或舉例，還可以表比較和對(duì)比，因此在邏輯詞的選用上要考慮到語境。9(二)語法銜接手段銜接的手段有五種： 照應(yīng)(reference) 省略(ellipsis) 替代(substitution) 連接(conjunction) 詞匯銜接(lexical cohesion)10（1）照應(yīng)：照應(yīng)也稱指稱，指用代詞等語法關(guān)系表示語義關(guān)系。照應(yīng)關(guān)系又分為人稱照應(yīng)關(guān)系（pers

8、onal reference）,指示照應(yīng)關(guān)系(demonstrative reference)和比較照應(yīng)關(guān)系(comparative reference) 。另外還有外照應(yīng)，內(nèi)照應(yīng)，直接照應(yīng)，間接照應(yīng)等等。人稱照應(yīng)關(guān)系的照應(yīng)詞一般為第三人稱代詞。如his、everybody 等。指示照應(yīng)關(guān)系的照應(yīng)詞包括this、that 、these 、those 之類的指示代詞，以及定冠詞the 和such a 一類的詞,也包括there 、now、then 等地點(diǎn)指示詞和時(shí)間指示代詞。比較照應(yīng)關(guān)系的照應(yīng)詞有same、 as、similar 、different 、other 、otherwise 等。11

9、例如： 人稱照應(yīng)：Mary loves her mother. her指代Mary，形成了語義上的連貫。指示照應(yīng)一般是借助于this, that等來指代前文出現(xiàn)的事物。例：I visited London last year. That was my first visit. that即指London。比較照應(yīng)是是通過事物之間的相似性比較獲得。例：Jim visits his grandma every week, but I never knew he does that so often. often用來比較Mike最近去看望祖母的次數(shù)和他之前的次數(shù)，形成對(duì)比 12（1）Mike love

10、s Jean but cant get married with her. （人稱照應(yīng)）（2）Wang lost his mother? Im really sorry to hear of that.（指示照應(yīng)）（3）Both teams claim another game. （比較照應(yīng)）（4）How do you like that girl?（外照應(yīng)指）（5） Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder if he had not been caught taking drugs in the 1988 O

11、lympics. ( he是第三人稱代詞)（6）Another epidemic that spread in similar conditions was the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918. ( similar表示比較關(guān)系)132 替代替代（substitution）指的是用替代形式（pro-form）去替代上下文所出現(xiàn)的詞語。使用替代既是為了避免重復(fù)，也是為了連接上下文。替代主要有:名詞性替代（nominal substitution）動(dòng)詞性替代（verbal substitution）分句性替代（clausal substitution） 141.名詞性替代（

12、nominal substitution）：用名詞性替代詞one(s)，that，the same ,the kind, the sort等,不定代詞all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等，名詞性物主代詞mine, yours, his 等；來替代某一個(gè)名詞。 如：Look at this apple. I never saw one bigger152.動(dòng)詞性替代（verbal substit

13、ution）:用動(dòng)詞替代詞do的各種形式來代替前面提到的動(dòng)詞，可以避免行文繁瑣。如：I think you may like this penIf you doyou can take it away as a gift 3.分句性替代（clausal substitution）:用分句替代詞so ,this或者not 來代替一個(gè)分句。如：The weatherman said that it was going to rain tomorrowIf so，we will stay at home.16(1) This dress is out of fashion, you need a n

14、ew one. (one= dress 名詞性替代)(2)Will you stop that silly complaining? I wont!(= I wont stop complaining. 動(dòng)詞性替代)(3)Will the Movie Star show up on time? I hope so. (so= that the Movie Star will show up on time分句性替代)(4) The word “think” was also a difficult one for Helen. (名詞性替代，one 替代word)(5)He eventuall

15、y comes and does the car. （動(dòng)詞性替代, does替代comes）(6)Uncertain about how to fix them, she stopped to think carefully. As he did this, Miss Sullivan touched Helens head. (分句替代，this替代前面整個(gè)分句she stopped to think carefully )173 省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本成分的缺省，被省略的部分要借助于上下文才能發(fā)現(xiàn).省略可看作是一種特殊的替代零替代（substitution by zero）。一個(gè)

16、句子中的省略成分通常都可以從語境中找到。這樣，一個(gè)句子給另一個(gè)句子的理解提供依據(jù)，就是他們之間形成了連接關(guān)系。所以，在語篇分析中，省略在句子之間所起的紐帶作用是不可忽略的。省略的分類與替代的分類是相同的，它也是分成名詞型、動(dòng)詞型和小句型。省略現(xiàn)象通常出現(xiàn)在并列復(fù)合句、狀語從句、主語從句、定語從句、感嘆句或某些動(dòng)詞和介詞后。省略也可分為三類：名詞性省略（nominal ellipsis）、動(dòng)詞性省略（verbal ellipsis）和分句性省略（clausal ellipsis）。 18下面三個(gè)英語例句分別展示了這三種銜接手段：Do you have two or one brother?I h

17、ave two.（省略了名詞“brothers”)Have you handed in the paper?Yes, I have.（省略了動(dòng)詞詞組“handed in the paper”） Where have you been recently?Fujian Province.（省略了主語“I”和謂語“have been to”)19（1）The day everything went wrong was May 24.( 省略了定語從句中的關(guān)系副詞when)（2）What a clumsy end to an awful day! (省略了感嘆句中的主謂成分it was)（3）“Is

18、love the sweetness of flowers? ” “No,” said the teacher.（ No后省略it isnt.）（4）She point up and asked if it was love. When the teacher said it wasnt , she was confused ( wasnt 后省略了表語love) 20（5） Uncertain about how to fix them, she stopped to think carefully.(原因從句中省略了與主句相同的主語she和謂語動(dòng)詞was)（6）However, past

19、predictions have nearly been proved wrong.( proved和 wrong 之間省略了to be )在寫作中，只要在上下文中能夠被理解，我們就可以把一些部分省略。如：People have various aimsSome ( people ) want to earn much moneySome ( people ) want to be famous。很明顯，第二和第三個(gè)“people” 可以省略，此處省略即避免了重復(fù)，也構(gòu)成了語義上的連貫。214 連接連接是通過連接成分體現(xiàn)語篇中的種種邏輯關(guān)系的手段。連接關(guān)系是通過連接詞、某些副詞或詞組實(shí)現(xiàn)。連接

20、手段的標(biāo)記是各種連接詞。連接詞是語篇中的“謀篇機(jī)制”，它是語篇構(gòu)建的重要因素。Halliday 和 Hasan (1976)將英語的連接分為增補(bǔ)(additive)，轉(zhuǎn)折(adversative)，原因(causal)，時(shí)間(temporal)22增補(bǔ)型：and、furthermore、whats more、in addition, besides, as wellAnne was a teacher and former student at school for the blind in Boston. She had had eyesight problems early in life

21、 as well.除了上句所出現(xiàn)的as well這個(gè)詞組外，等詞也可以用來表示內(nèi)容上的增加或補(bǔ)充 Under a magnifying glass the stamps look very beautiful, and they help to increase my knowledge of nature. 23原因型：since,as，because,now that,due to,owing to ,thanks to Now that Helen understood the key to language, she was eager to learn more and use it

22、 as much as she could.As Helens knowledge and vocabulary expanded, she asked more and more questions.Americans have a greater life span than their ancestors of a century ago because medical science has found cures for most of the serious illnesses that were common in the past. He didnt go to school

23、today, because he was sick.24轉(zhuǎn)折型：although, though，nevertheless ,even though， however，on the other hand, otherwise The meaning of love was still not apparent to Helen but she kept on trying to understand. General Grant was an outstanding commander, but was not a wise president. 25時(shí)間型：when, while, as,

24、 before, afterShe had a breakthrough while working on a simple task.She was making necklaces with the help of Miss Sullivan when she noticed that she had made some mistakes. At first he combined it with his school work; later he moved to Oxford and dedicated himself to building the best sort of monu

25、ment. 265 詞匯銜接；指通過詞匯選擇在篇章中建立一個(gè)貫穿篇章的鏈條，從而建立篇章的連續(xù)。詞匯銜接對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)語篇連貫起著基礎(chǔ)而關(guān)鍵的作用.它的關(guān)系可以分為兩大類：復(fù)述（reiteration)和搭配 (collocation)。復(fù)述關(guān)系指的是某一詞以原詞重復(fù)（repetition）、同義詞(synonym)或近義詞(near synonym)、上下義關(guān)系(hyponymy)或廣義詞(general word) 等形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語篇中，語篇的句子通過這種復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系達(dá)到了相互銜接。搭配關(guān)系也稱共現(xiàn)關(guān)系，語篇中詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性，它包括篇章中所有語義相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞項(xiàng)，如catch和cold，ill和doctor，big和small，corn和planter27Bright, very bright, were the stars over the wild, dark Yenan hills.（原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)）.But community colleges also like other institutions called trade schools. Both schools offer technical training.（同義詞/近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)）After an hour or so-the sun was rapidly sinking, the wh