考研英語(yǔ)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的應(yīng)用

1、The place of titles The title or the topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line. 標(biāo)題書寫中應(yīng)該注意的地方 1. Every word of the title should be capitalized except articles,preositions,coordinating,conjunctions and to in infinitives. 2.But if one of these words is the first or last word o

2、f the title, it should be capitalized. 3.The title of a book within the topic should be underlined,and the title of an article should be put between quotation marks引號(hào).） 1 Punctuation(標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào))及其用途及其用途及其用途及其用途 (一)The Comma （，）逗號(hào) 1. A comma is used to join coordinate clauses, it is put before

3、the conjunction. 2 A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including a prepositional and a participial phrase before the subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence. 3 Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence: 4 Nonrestrictiv

4、e clauses and phrases are set off by commas 5 Commas set off parenthetical elements 6 In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the order is monthdayyear; no comma need be used if the order is daymonthyear. 7 With numbers of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may be use

5、d to separate digits by thousands. Form right to left, a commas is placed after every three numerals. (二)The Period （ . ）句號(hào) 1. The period is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildly imperative sentence, and an indirect question. 2. The period is used with most abbreviations. 3. Three spac

6、ed period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates the omission of one or more words within a quoted passage. (3) The Semicolon （ ; ）分號(hào) 1. The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are not linked by a conjunction. 2. Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence, ot

7、herwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses, before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma. 3. The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses contain internal punctuation. 4. The semicolon is used to separate a series of items

8、with internal commas. 5. A semicolon may be used to join clauses with words omitted, and the omission is sometimes indicated by a comma. (4) The Colon （ ： ）冒號(hào) 1. The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement. 2. The colon is used to introduce an examination, a summary, or an appositive.

9、3. The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time, to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a spealer to the chairman and audience. (5) The Question Mark （ ？）問(wèn)號(hào) 1. The question mark is used after a direct question. 2

10、. The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question. 3. A question mark put between parentheses indicates the writers uncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date. (6) The Exclamation Mark （ ！ ）嘆號(hào) 1. The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory senten

11、ce, or an emphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotion. 2. Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan. (七)Quotation Marks（ ）引號(hào) 1. Double quotation marks are used to enclose direct quotations in dialogue or from books or articles. 2. Single quotation marks are used to enclo

12、se a quotation within a quotation. 3. Indirect quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks. 4. Quotation marks are used for titles of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, songs, etc., and for headings of chapters or subdivisions of books. Titles of books, newspapers and magazines are gen

13、erally underlined or italicized. 5. Words with special meaning are sometimes put between quotation marks,（8） Parentheses/Brackets （ （ ） ）圓括號(hào) 1. Parentheses are used to set off parenthetical, supplementary, or illustrative words. 2. Parentheses enclose figures or letters used for enumeration. (九)Squa

14、re Brackets（ 【 】 ）方括號(hào) 1. Square Bracketsare used to indicate corrections or explanations in quoted matter made by the writer who is quoting . 2. Square Brackets are used instead of parentheses within parentheses. (10) The Dash （ ）破折號(hào)破折號(hào)破折號(hào)破折號(hào) 1. The dash indicates a break in thought or a change in t

15、one, or a speakers confusion or hesitation. 2. The dash indicates an unfinished or interrupted statement. 3. A pair of dashes set off a parenthetical element. 4. The dash is sometimes used to introduce a summarizing clause after a series of nouns. 5. The dash is sometimes used just like quotation ma

16、rks in a dialogue. 6. The dash may be used to introduce subheadings and authors after quotations. (十一)The Slash （ / ）間隔號(hào) 1. The slash indicates alternatives, representing the word or or andor 2. The slash is used to separate lines in short quotations of poetry being quoted in running text. 3. When f

17、ractions are written in a sentence, a slash is used to separate the numerator from the denominator. 4. Sometimes the slash means “per.” 四種句型四種句型四種句型四種句型及其用途及其用途及其用途及其用途 Comma逗號(hào)declarative sentence（陳述句陳述句陳述句陳述句）:makes an assignment or statement Question mark問(wèn)號(hào)direction question sentence（疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)句）

18、:ask a question Exclamation mark嘆號(hào) Imperation sentence（祈使句祈使句祈使句祈使句）:express a command or a request Exclamatory sentence（感嘆句感嘆句感嘆句感嘆句）:express a strong feeling or emotion Underlining and italics 1. Titles of books, periodicals, newspaper, plays, movies, operas, and long poems are underlined or itali

19、cized. 2. Foreign words are often underlined or italicized. 3. Words and letters referred to as such are underlined or italicized. 4. Names of ships, aircraft and tragic sinking of the titanic. 5. Sometimes underlining or italicizing indicates emphasis. 【W(wǎng)ords】 一一一一、Type of words Common words Formal

20、 and technical words： （political,legal,scientific,technical,bussiness,literary） Nonstandard words： （slang,jargon,dialectal and obsolete） 二二二二、Choice of words 1. Use common or informal words for general purposes; use formal or nonstandard when only on special occasions or for special purposes. 2. Use

21、 specific and concrete words when giving details; use general or abstract words when making summaries. 3. Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoid combinations and that are unidiomatic. 4. When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly a

22、nd that suits the content and style. 三三三三、Synonyms The english language is very rich in synonyms. This is partly due to the fact that english has over the centuries borrowed or absorbed tens of thousands of words from other languages, mainly Greek, Latin and French. Word of anglo-saxon origin are ge

23、nerally colloquial or informal, and they form a great part of the vocabulary that people use daily. Many of the words of greek, latin, and french origin are formal, learned or “big”; and are mainly used in formal writing or speech. 四四四四、Some good dictionaries 1. Longman dictionary of contemporary en

24、glish 2. Oxford advanced learners dictionary of current english. 3. Websters new word dictionary. 4. Collins cobuild english language dictionary. 【Sentences】 一一一一、Composed sentences 構(gòu)建句子構(gòu)建句子構(gòu)建句子構(gòu)建句子: complete structure begin with a capital letter full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark

25、 a single complete idea 二二二二、Requirement of correct sentences及其對(duì)應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤及其對(duì)應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤及其對(duì)應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤及其對(duì)應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤 pleteness in structure fragment in structure 2.the right subject the wrong subject 3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verb disagreement between the subject and the predicate verb 4.agreement between

26、pronoun and antecedent disagreement between pronoun and antecedent 5.clear pronoun reference unclear pronoun reference 6.ending sentences with full stops ending sentences with no full stops 7.joining clauses with conjuctions joining clauses with no or wrong conjuctions 8.a main claus in a complex se

27、ntence no main claus in a complex sentence 9.proper use of comparisons improper use of comparisons 10. correct use of the tenses incorrect use of the tenses 四四四四、Quality of effective sentences Effective sentences have the following quality: Unity（完整性） Coherence（連貫性） Conciseness（簡(jiǎn)明扼要性） Emphasis（強(qiáng)調(diào)） (

28、 ways of emphasis:placing, climactic sequence, subordination,the use of verbs in the active voice,balanced sentences平行結(jié)構(gòu),periodic sentences圓周句,negative/positive sentences,rhetorical question,loose sentences松散句 ) Variety（表達(dá)多樣性） 五五五五、The difference between subordination and coordination Coordination i

29、s tipically realized by coordinators which join units at the same level while subodination is realized by subordinators which distinguish the superodinate claus and the inferior clause. 【Paragraph】 一一一一、Ways of developing a paragraph There are many possible ways to develop a paragraph. （1）developmen

30、t by time （2）development by process （3）development by space （4）development by examples or generalization （5）development by comparison and contrast: (the difference between comparison and contrast : When we compare one thing with another, we show the similarities; when we contrast one thing with anot

31、her, we show dissimilarities.) （6）development by cause and effect （7）development by classification （8）development by definition （9）development by combination of methods 二二二二、The steps of developing a paragraph First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, And express it in a complete sentence（top

32、ic sentence）. Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Work out the outline and arrange them in logical order. 三三三三、Features of a paragraph A effective paragraph must have a control idea, and this central idea may be expressed either explic

33、itly in a topic sentence. 【Summray】 一一一一、Definition (定義定義定義定義) A sumary is the gist or main theme of a piece of a piece of writing expressed in as few words as possible .it should be clear ,brief,and complete,with all the essential points included. 二二二二、Uses（用途用途用途用途） summary writing enables people

34、to get more out of their reading. summary writing is also a very good exercise to teach us to express thoughts clearly,concisely and effectively. summary writing has great practical value on grasping quikly and accurately what is read or heard. 三三三三、Procedure（步驟步驟步驟步驟） reading writing revision 四四四四、

35、Requirements(要求要求要求要求) A.we should be sure of the word limit required . B.we should use our own words to write a summary. C.we should convey the message fully and clearly. D. We should write in the logical order of the original passage. E. Compression (壓縮) 五五五五、Ways（方法方法方法方法） A. Ommit the details 刪除

36、細(xì)節(jié) B. Reduce the examples 削減例子 C. Refuse repeatness 避免重復(fù) D. Simplify the decription 簡(jiǎn)化描述 E. Comprise wordy 全面用詞 F. Generable words 多用泛詞 G.use the shortest transitions 最簡(jiǎn)潔的過(guò)渡詞 H.inderect speech 間接引語(yǔ) 【Composition 】 一、Steps in writing a composition 1.planning a composition ( putting down all the releva

37、nt facts thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose re-examing our list of details and outlining ) 2.writing the fist draft 3.revising the first draft 4.making the final copy 二、Parts in composition 1. the beginning introduction (Ways of start a composition :start with relevant background material the time and place of the event to be described a quotation a question a statement a figures or statistics a definition ) 2. the middle body 3.the end conclusion 三、Types of writing 1.narration 記敘體 2.exposition 說(shuō)明文 四四四四、Criteria of a good composition (一篇好文章的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一篇好文章的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一篇好文章的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一篇好文章的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) A g