Languageandsociety

1、language and society downes (sociologist )downes (sociologist ) sociolinguistics is the branch of sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies just linguistics which studies just those properties of languages those properties of languages which require reference to which require refer

2、ence to social , including contextual social , including contextual factors in their explanation.factors in their explanation. sociolinguisticssociolinguistics hudson (linguist） 社會語言學(xué)即聯(lián)系社會對語言進(jìn)行的研究。 ervin-tripp (psychologist) 系統(tǒng)研究語言形式及其社會意義相互之間關(guān)系的學(xué)說。 fishman (sociologist) 什么人對什么人，為了什么目的，什么時候，說了什么 nat

3、ure : language structure social, cultural context people who claim to be users of people who claim to be users of the same language do not speak the same language do not speak the language in the same the language in the same manner.manner. varietyvariety is the label given to the is the label given

4、 to the form of a language used by any form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a group of speakers or used in a particular field.particular field. standard dialect:standard dialect: socially prestigious dialect.socially prestigious dialect. by the government, mass media, by the g

5、overnment, mass media, schools. schools. any member can possibly use.any member can possibly use. based on a selected variety.based on a selected variety. not acquired naturally, but not acquired naturally, but superimposed.superimposed. 普通話的定義：普通話的定義： 以北京語音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音以北京語音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音, , 以北方話為基礎(chǔ)方言以北方話為基礎(chǔ)方言, , 以典范

6、以典范的現(xiàn)代白話文著作為語法規(guī)范的現(xiàn)代漢民族共同語。的現(xiàn)代白話文著作為語法規(guī)范的現(xiàn)代漢民族共同語。 in britain, accent = marker of in britain, accent = marker of statusstatus rp:rp: a non-localized form of a non-localized form of pronunciation, refers to the pronunciation, refers to the particular way of pronouncing particular way of pronouncing st

7、andard english, an indicator of a standard english, an indicator of a public school education and thus a public school education and thus a high social status on the part of high social status on the part of the speaker.the speaker. regional dialectsregional dialects are linguistic are linguistic va

8、rieties used by people living varieties used by people living in different regions.in different regions. regional dialect boundaries often regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers, barriers such as mountains, rivers, o

9、r swamps.or swamps. englishenglishscottishscottish it needs washingit needs washed social dialectsocial dialect, or , or sociolectsociolect, , refers to the linguistic variety refers to the linguistic variety that characterize the speech of that characterize the speech of different social classes.di

10、fferent social classes. social dialect has to do with social dialect has to do with separation brought about by separation brought about by different social conditions. different social conditions. upper classupper class: america, cake, : america, cake, helping, ice, lavatory, looking helping, ice,

11、lavatory, looking glass, pudding, relatives, rich, glass, pudding, relatives, rich, royalties, scent, scurf, sick, royalties, scent, scurf, sick, sofa, spectacles, writing papersofa, spectacles, writing paper lower classlower class: the states, pastry, : the states, pastry, portion, ice-cream, toile

12、t, mirror, portion, ice-cream, toilet, mirror, dessert, relations, wealthy, dessert, relations, wealthy, royals, perfume, dandruff, ill, royals, perfume, dandruff, ill, settee, glasses, notepaper, settee, glasses, notepaper, speaker a speaker a speaker bspeaker b i did it yesterday. i did it yesterd

13、ay. i done it yesterdayi done it yesterday. . he hasn he hasnt got it. t got it. he ainhe aint got it.t got it. it was she that said it. it was she that said it. it was her what said it was her what said it it when we look at the language used by two when we look at the language used by two speakers

14、 a and b, we can estimate roughly speakers a and b, we can estimate roughly their relative social status.their relative social status.dialect & accent dialect & accent field of discourse:field of discourse: what is going on, what is going on, purpose and subject-matter of purpose and subject

15、-matter of communication, why, whatcommunication, why, what technical vs. non-technicaltechnical vs. non-technical tenor of discourse:tenor of discourse: the role of the role of relationship in the situation, who, to relationship in the situation, who, to whomwhom the level of formalitythe level of

16、formality mode of discourse:mode of discourse: the means by the means by which communication takes place, which communication takes place, howhow through speech or writing through speech or writing degree of formality(joos)degree of formality(joos)frozen tailcoat formal frozen tailcoat formal formal

17、 suitformal suitconsultative jacket and trousersconsultative jacket and trouserscasual leisure wearcasual leisure wear intimate pajamas informal intimate pajamas informal visitors would make their way visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by at once to the upper floor by way of th

18、e staircase. (frozen)way of the staircase. (frozen) visitors should go up the stairs visitors should go up the stairs at once. (formal)at once. (formal) would you mind going upstairs would you mind going upstairs please? (consultative)please? (consultative) time you all went upstairs now. time you a

19、ll went upstairs now. (casual)(casual) up you go, chaps! (intimate)up you go, chaps! (intimate)language in contact pidgins and creolespidgins and creoles bilingualism & multilingualismbilingualism & multilingualismcode-switchingcode-switchingcode code mixing mixing pidginspidgins（洋涇浜語）（洋涇浜語）

20、: : the label for the label for the code used by people who the code used by people who speak different language.speak different language. learned informally in contact.learned informally in contact. used esp. as trade language.used esp. as trade language. involves the mixture of two or involves the

21、 mixture of two or more more lsls. . egeg. nigerian pidgin english; . nigerian pidgin english; vietnamese pidgin french; vietnamese pidgin french; new guinea pidgin german, etc. new guinea pidgin german, etc. 上海話中的洋涇浜英語上海話中的洋涇浜英語 “蹩腳蹩腳”（bilgebilge，船底污水，引申為骯，船底污水，引申為骯臟的、下三濫的、劣質(zhì)的）臟的、下三濫的、劣質(zhì)的） “大興大興”（d

22、ashydashy，浮華的，華而不實(shí)的，浮華的，華而不實(shí)的，引申為假的、冒牌的、劣質(zhì)的）引申為假的、冒牌的、劣質(zhì)的） “骯三骯三”（on saleon sale，二手貨賤賣，引申，二手貨賤賣，引申為垃圾貨、形容人的品質(zhì)低劣）為垃圾貨、形容人的品質(zhì)低劣） “癟三癟三”（beg sirbeg sir，乞丐先生，用來形，乞丐先生，用來形容叫花子、難民、逃荒者等各式窮人，后引容叫花子、難民、逃荒者等各式窮人，后引申為最廣泛的罵人用語之一。申為最廣泛的罵人用語之一。 “赤佬赤佬”是英語是英語“cheatcheat”（欺騙）和中（欺騙）和中文文“佬佬”的混生詞語，一個魯迅時代最流行的混生詞語，一個魯迅時代

23、最流行的洋涇浜俚語（隱語）。的洋涇浜俚語（隱語）。 creole is a mixed language creole is a mixed language which has become the mother which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.tongue of a speech community. creoles are not confined to certain creoles are not confined to certain functions of language nor reduced

24、 functions of language nor reduced in syntax and lexis.in syntax and lexis. eg. jamaican creole, hawaiian eg. jamaican creole, hawaiian creole englishcreole englishmonolingualism: monolingualism: speakers speakers of a single language of a single language control different varieties control differen

25、t varieties of that language.of that language.bilingualism:bilingualism: people people develop some ability in a develop some ability in a second language.second language.multilingualismmultilingualism: people : people develop some ability in develop some ability in several languages.several languag

26、es.coordinate bilingualismcoordinate bilingualism subordinate bilingualism subordinate bilingualism code-switching: refers to the code-switching: refers to the fact that a speaker changes fact that a speaker changes from one language to the other from one language to the other in different situation

27、s or when in different situations or when talking about different topics.talking about different topics. codecodemixing: refers to the mixing: refers to the change from one language to change from one language to the other within the same the other within the same utterance . utterance . “hihi，你好呀！，

28、你好呀！thisthis morningmorning，我們對你的，我們對你的casecase進(jìn)行了進(jìn)行了discussdiscuss，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這對我們沒什，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這對我們沒什么么benefitbenefit。所以我們不得不遺憾地告訴你：與。所以我們不得不遺憾地告訴你：與這件事相關(guān)的所有這件事相關(guān)的所有projectproject都將被都將被cancelcancel掉。掉?！?“事實(shí)證明，事實(shí)證明，downloaddownload已經(jīng)不吃香了，已經(jīng)不吃香了，portalportal也正在逐漸沒落。也正在逐漸沒落。ispisp與與icpicp都沒有什么很都沒有什么很powerpower的招

29、數(shù)了。的招數(shù)了。mygodmygod，我們的前途究竟在，我們的前途究竟在哪里？哪里？pageviewpageview、impressionimpression，我們真正缺，我們真正缺乏的是如何讓訪問者乏的是如何讓訪問者onceagainonceagain的內(nèi)容與形式。的內(nèi)容與形式?！眛aboos and euphemisms taboo: refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, actions, or persons. euphemism: is an

30、expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee. taboos private parts of the body functions of the body private matters (income, marital status) distressing things (crisis and unemployment ) deatheuphemism developing countries the underprivileged economi

31、c recession mentally retarded blue collar senior citizen hair stylist language and culture what is culture ? broadly speaking, it means the broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, including the patterns of belief,

32、 customs, institutions, customs, institutions, techniques, and language.techniques, and language. in a narrow sense, it refers to in a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.beliefs or customs.文化的定義： 文化就是人們關(guān)注、探討感興趣事物的現(xiàn)象和氛圍。文化是人類群體創(chuàng)造并共同享有

33、的物質(zhì)實(shí)體、價值觀念、意義體系和行為方式，是人類群體的整個生活狀態(tài)。 （1）文化是人類群體整個的生活方式和生活過程。主要成分是符號、價值和意義、社會規(guī)范。符號是指能夠傳遞事物信息的一種標(biāo)志，它在生活中代表一定的信息或意義。文化的存在取決于人類創(chuàng)造、使用符號的能力。價值觀是人們評判日常生活中的事物與行為的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，決定著社會中人們共有的區(qū)分是非的判斷力。社會規(guī)范是特定環(huán)境下的行動指南，它影響著人們的心理、思維方式和價值取向、行動。 （2）文化的內(nèi)隱部分為價值觀和意義系統(tǒng)，其外顯形態(tài)為各種符號，這些符號主要體現(xiàn)為物質(zhì)實(shí)體和行為方式。 （3）對整個人類來說文化是人的創(chuàng)造物，對于特定時間和空間的人而言，文

34、化則是主要體現(xiàn)為既有的生存和發(fā)展框架。 （4）文化隨著人類的群體的范圍劃分不同而體現(xiàn)出差異。 選自 社會學(xué)教程 易益典 nature and culture nature: is what is born and grows organically. culture: refers to what has been cultivated by man. e.g. snow / snowman; rose / loveto what extent are the world views and mental activities of members of a social group shap

35、ed by, or dependent on, the language they use?languages do affect the thinking processes of their users language relativity (kramsch, 2000:11)different people speak differently because they think differently and that they think differently because their language offers them different ways of express

36、ing the world around them (wilhelm von humbolt )franz boas(1858-1942)edward sapir (1884-1939)benjamin lee whorf(1897-1941) sapir whorf hypothsis our language helps mold our way of our language helps mold our way of thinking and, consequently, different thinking and, consequently, different languages

37、 may probably express languages may probably express speakersspeakers unique ways of unique ways of understanding the world.understanding the world. linguistic determinism (linguistic determinism (語言決語言決定論定論) ) : : language determines our language determines our thinking patterns.thinking patterns.

38、linguistic relativitylinguistic relativity（語言相對（語言相對論）論）: culture affects the way we think : culture affects the way we think through language ,esp. in our through language ,esp. in our classification of the experienced classification of the experienced world .(gumperz and levinson,1996)world .(gump

39、erz and levinson,1996)experienced world physical world (the globe) social world (the community we are in ) ideological world (the set of values and attitudes that strongly influence the way we behave) the language we speak codifies all the three aspects of our experienced world for different culture

40、s there are significant differences in the three worlds. underlying different languages are distinctive categorizations of experience. 儒家學(xué)說 仁義禮智信” “仁義禮智信仁義禮智信”為儒家“五?！保鬃犹岢觥叭?、義、禮”，孟子延伸為“仁、義、禮、智”，董仲舒擴(kuò)充為“仁、義、禮、智、信”，后稱“五?！薄＿@“五?！必灤┯谥腥A倫理的發(fā)展中，成為中國價值體系中的最核心因素。 己所不欲，勿施于人”， “君子成人之美，不成人之惡”。 君子坦蕩蕩，小人長戚戚”“君子不憂不懼

41、” “言忠信，行篤敬”what is the difference between the ability to speak and the ability to talk ? chomsky proposed the term linguistic competence( referring to a speakers knowledge of his /her language.) dell hymes: criticized the concept of competence. dell hymes and others propose communicative competence as the most general term to account for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it 經(jīng)典笑話：是瓜都能吃 一家人正在吃西瓜。兒子問：“爸爸，是瓜都能吃嗎?” 爸爸說：“是的?！?兒子又問：“那傻瓜也能吃嗎?” 經(jīng)典笑話：誰是爸爸 三歲的弟弟問爸爸：“為什么你是爸爸而我是兒子呢？” 爸爸回答：“因?yàn)槲冶饶愀哐剑　钡艿茳c(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭表示明白。 但復(fù)又問：“爸爸，