英語(yǔ)詞性語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

1、 名 詞一、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（識(shí)記、運(yùn)用）1、可數(shù)名詞在應(yīng)用時(shí)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。規(guī)則變化情 況變化形式例詞一般情況加-sgirls; books;以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞加-esclasses; boxes; watches;brushes以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i, 加escity-cities; baby-babies以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變f,fe為v, 加esknife-knives; leaf-leaves以O(shè)結(jié)尾的名詞potatoes; tomatoes；photos; kilos; bamboos; radios2、少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的

2、變化形式policeman-policemen; man-men; woman-women; tooth-teeth; foot-feet; sheep-sheep; deer-deer;Japanese- Japanese; Chinese - Chinese; fish - fish二、名詞所有格（運(yùn)用）名詞的所有格是表示所有關(guān)系的形式，它也有構(gòu)成上的變化。1、單數(shù)名詞變所有格，只需在詞尾加 s;2、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾已有s，只需加 即可；3、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾若沒(méi)有 s ，則應(yīng)加 s ;4、如果表示某人或物為兩人所共有，則在第二個(gè)人后面加 s ; 如：Da Mao and Xiao Maos r

3、oom 如果不是兩人共有，則在每個(gè)人后面都加 s; 如：Li Leis and Toms mother5、名詞所有格結(jié)構(gòu)通常用于表示有生命的名詞，或表示時(shí)間、距離、地點(diǎn)等，而表示無(wú)生命名詞的所有關(guān)系則用“of”表示。 如: the windows of house the picture of the family of 結(jié)構(gòu)也能用于有生命名詞的所有格。 a friend of my sisters a book of his冠 詞一、不定冠詞的用法a用于輔音音素起首的單詞前，an用于元音音素起首的單詞前。1、當(dāng)?shù)谝淮翁岬侥橙嘶蚰澄飼r(shí)，用a或an起介紹作用，如：What is this? It

4、 is a bus.Who is she?She is a doctor.2、表示泛指一類人或物A snake is a cold-blood animal.A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表示某一類人或事物的任何一個(gè)。如：She is a teacher;That is an apple.There is an elephant in the zoo.4、可用于某些詞組，是該詞組不可缺少的組成部分。如：a long timea littlea fewat a timehave a trytake a chance5、表示“每一個(gè)”的意思。如：three

5、 times a dayfour yuan a dozen6、可用于抽象名詞之前，使抽象名詞具體化。如：I am quite at a loss;The little child is a joy to his parents.7、用于物質(zhì)名詞之前，使物質(zhì)名詞普通化。如：He drew out a tin of pineapple.They made a fire to get warm.注意：1、不定冠詞an用在以元音（不是字母，而是發(fā)音）起首的名詞或其他以元音起首的詞之前，不定冠詞a用在以輔音起首的名詞或其他以輔音起首的詞之前。2、u和h有時(shí)在單詞中發(fā)元音，有時(shí)卻讀作輔音或不發(fā)音。如：I

6、have been waiting for an hour.He is an honest young fellow.A hammer is a useful fool.3、英語(yǔ)中有些字母，如f h l m n s x。由于它前頭第一個(gè)音是元音，所以在單獨(dú)使用或作縮略詞的第一個(gè)字母時(shí)，應(yīng)使用“an”，如：There is an “n” in the word “no”.An MP means a member of parliament.二、定冠詞的用法定冠詞the 有this, that, these, those等意思，用于單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。主要用來(lái)特指，使一個(gè)或幾個(gè)事物區(qū)別于所有其他同名

7、的事物。1、指前文已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的人或事物。如：I wrote an article. The article was about physics.2、指說(shuō)話人都知道的人或事物。如：Please close the door before you leave.Lets go to the classroom.3、名詞有定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)，須用定冠詞the,表示特指意義。如：The book on the desk is his.The teacher who talked with you is her mother.4、用于世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。如：the sunthe moonthe earthth

8、e skythe world5、用在序數(shù)詞前面表示順序。如：I live on the fourth floor.My mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.6、與其他詞連用，構(gòu)成固定詞組。如：on the leftin the northin the front of7、在表示樂(lè)器名稱的名詞之前用定冠詞。如：the pianothe violin8、用在形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí)前面。如：This was the most interesting voyage we had ever had.He is t

9、he tallest of us.9、用在形容詞前面，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的某一類人或事物。如：the richthe poorthe youngthe livingthe newthe rightthe truethe beautiful10、在表示江河、山脈、海灣、海峽、沙漠等專用名詞之前加定冠詞。如：the Changjiang Riverthe Nilethe Alpsthe Himalayas11、用在年代、朝代、時(shí)代名詞前。如：the Qin Dynastythe Ming Dynastyin the 50sthe spring period12、和表示姓氏名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式連用，表示某姓氏一

10、家人或夫婦二人。如：the Listhe Martins二、不用冠詞的情況1、除一些特殊情況外，專用名詞以及抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前不加冠詞。如：Man is mortal.Miss Smith came in power at last.2、當(dāng)名詞前已有this, that, my, his, any, every, some, no, those, these等詞修飾時(shí)或有所有格修飾時(shí)，不必加冠詞。如：She is my sister.This article you had written is very wonderful.3、在交通工具、學(xué)科名稱等名詞前不加冠詞。如：by planeby

11、 boatChinesePhysics4、在節(jié)日、假日、星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前不加冠詞。如：National DayMay DayAutumnJanuary5、在一日三餐、體育類等名詞前不加冠詞。如：He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.He preferred to play football and Id rather play tennis.6、在唯一的職務(wù)、頭銜的名詞前不加冠詞。如：He is elected manager of our company.People elected him president of that country l

12、ast year.7、在報(bào)紙標(biāo)題、圖像說(shuō)明、文章題目、標(biāo)志、廣告前不加冠詞。如：Workers MindNotes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng8、在一些固定詞組中不加冠詞。如：at homeby mistakelearn by heartat firstat lastat onceby seaday and night 代 詞（一、概述代詞是用來(lái)代替名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)的詞。代詞的分類：人稱代詞：表示“我”、“我們”、“你”“你們”、“他、她、它”、“他們”的詞叫人稱代詞；物主代詞：表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞；反身代詞：表示動(dòng)作反射到執(zhí)行

13、者本身或用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的代詞；指示代詞：表示能替代名詞或替代形容詞的詞；不定代詞：表示不指明替代任何特定名詞的代詞。疑問(wèn)代詞：表示替代人或物且含有疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣的代詞。二、人稱代詞人稱數(shù)格第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格Iweyouyouhe, she, itthey賓格meusyouyouhim, her,itthem人稱代詞在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。1、主格在句中作主語(yǔ)，賓格在句中作賓語(yǔ)。She gave these books to you and me;You must look after them;2、當(dāng)并列代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，I 放在最后。順序?yàn)槟?，他，我You, he

14、and I are going to spend the winter holidays in Beijing.三、物主代詞物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種，有人稱和數(shù)不清變化形式。人稱數(shù)類別第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形容詞性myouryouryourhis, her, itstheir名詞性mineoursyoursyourshis, hers,itstheirs形容詞性物主代詞只能作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，如：my watch; your books ; their names;名詞性物主代詞在句中可單獨(dú)作用，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，后面不跟名詞，英語(yǔ)中說(shuō)：“我的

15、一位朋友”，要用“a friend of mine”。有些結(jié)構(gòu)中常用the 替代物主代詞He had a cold in the head.（the意思是his）My mother took me by the arm. （the意思是her）四、反身代詞單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimself; herself; itself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代詞在句中可以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，用作賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。He himself has finished it .（作同位語(yǔ)）He has taught himself Russian for 5 years .（

16、作賓語(yǔ)）I did it mysldf. （加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣）某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)：by oneself; fo oneself; among themselvesThey made the machine all by themselves.He cooked a meal for himself.一、指示代詞指示代詞有：this; that; these; thosethis, these 表示“這”、“這些”，是“近指”。that, those表示“那”、“那些”，是“遠(yuǎn)指”。注意：在電話用語(yǔ)里面，用this代替自己，that代替對(duì)方。如：whos that? This is Tom speaking二

17、、不定代詞英語(yǔ)中有以下不定代詞：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little(a little), few(a few), many, much, other, another, some, any, no還有由some, any , no every構(gòu)成的代詞。1）both, allboth 是指“兩者都”，而all則是指“三者或三者以上都”，如： Both of us are right. All of you are good at playing basketball.但all 還可以組成固定短語(yǔ) all day,

18、 all this, all the time等2) either, neithereither 是指“兩者之中任何一個(gè)“屬于部分否定，而neither則是“兩者之中一個(gè)也不“屬全部否定Either of the books will do. Neither of the answers is right.而either還可出現(xiàn)在否定句子里，可與neither進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換。如：Tom hasnt been to America, Jim hasnt, either= Neither Tom nor Jim has been to America.而neither (nor) 也可用于表示“也不

19、”，構(gòu)成“neither (nor) +助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”的句式。Kate isnt a worker, neither is Meimei.3) little, a little, few, a fewlittle, a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞； few , a few修飾可數(shù)名詞；little, few表示否定，“幾乎沒(méi)有”a little, a few表示肯定，相當(dāng)于some, any.There is a little milk in the glass.There are few students in the classroom, theyre in the reading-roo

20、m.4) every, eachevery, each都是強(qiáng)調(diào)每一個(gè)，every 作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞。如：The bus comes every five minutes.Each of them may come at a different time.5) some , any6) 由some, any, no, every組成的不定代詞something, someone, somebody, somewhere, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere, everything,everyone,

21、 everybody, everywhere. 時(shí)間和年月日表示法1、時(shí)間均用基數(shù)詞表示：1）順讀法，先說(shuō)“點(diǎn)鐘”，再說(shuō)“分鐘”，如： 2:15 two fifteen 6:20 six twenty2）逆讀法30分鐘以內(nèi)：“分鐘數(shù)+ past +鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”，如： 3:20 - twenty past three 2:10 - ten past two半小時(shí)用 half，15分鐘用 a quarter : 2:15 - a quarter past two 3:30 - half past three30分鐘以外要用：“分鐘數(shù)+ to + 下一個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)”，如： 4:35 - twenty-five

22、 to five 2:55 - five to three2）年月日表示法 年份讀法；月日讀法；年月日一起讀法。四、分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法當(dāng)分?jǐn)?shù)中表示分子的數(shù)只含個(gè)位數(shù)時(shí)一般采用“分子（用基數(shù)詞）+分母（用序數(shù)詞）”表示。（分子大于1時(shí)，分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)）如：one-third; two-thirds; three twenty-seconds介 詞一、介詞的定義及句法功能介詞是一種虛詞，在句中不單獨(dú)作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞語(yǔ)與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。介詞后的名詞，或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞組、短語(yǔ)或從句，稱為介詞賓語(yǔ)。介詞和介詞賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)在句中主要用作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)

23、和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。The boy over there is my brother.（作定語(yǔ)）A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定語(yǔ)）I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因狀語(yǔ)）Ill be in the office every afternoon.（作表語(yǔ)）He isnt at home（作表語(yǔ)）The farmer made the king out of th

24、e water.（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）I found everything in good order（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）三、介詞與其他詞類的固定搭配。介詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞等常構(gòu)成固定搭配。也就是說(shuō)，在這些詞的后面，常常要求用一定的介詞。1、形容詞與介詞的固定搭配有些形容詞后面要求用固定的介詞，這類介詞常見(jiàn)的有：about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with（1） 形容詞+aboutcareful abouthopeful aboutsure aboutHe is careless about his clothes（2）形容詞 +atgood atsurprised

25、atangry at（3）形容詞 + forfamous forready forsorry forIm terrible sorry for telling him the truth.（4）形容詞 + fromdifferent fromsafe fromHe was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways.（5）形容詞 + ininterested insuccessful inHe is interested in making model ships.2、名詞與介詞的固定搭配（

26、1） 名詞 + forHe made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?（2） 名詞 + inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.（3） 名詞 + ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late（4） 名詞 + onThere have b

27、een several attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!（5） 名詞 + withI wanted to have a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with the police 動(dòng) 詞一、動(dòng)詞的分類及作用按照動(dòng)詞的詞義和在句中的作用，英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可分為行為動(dòng)詞（又叫實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。1、行為動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。如：She took pictures of treesHe is typing letters.行為動(dòng)詞又分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及

28、物動(dòng)詞。（1）及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)，意思才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常見(jiàn)的能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.（2）不及物動(dòng)詞本身詞義完整，后面不要求跟賓語(yǔ)。如：Horses run fast.They wor

29、k in a factory.She curled up in bed and began her book.2、連系動(dòng)詞（1）本身有詞義，不能在句子中單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須和表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.It seems that he was a millionaire.I dont feel very well today.（2）表示感覺(jué)知覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞可以是連系動(dòng)詞，如fe

30、el, touch, sound, smell.I can smell the sea.The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.I feel a pain in the arm.She looked worried about it.3、動(dòng)詞與介詞的固定搭配動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配主要指下列兩種形式：（1）動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞The song always reminds me of my school days.Parents usually expect a lot of their children.I often take h

31、er for her sister.He hide everything from me.The headmaster praised the boy for his courage.They supplied people with enough food and drink.They presented us with a lot of flowers.The man was charged with mueder.（2）動(dòng)詞+反身代詞+介詞dress oneself in;prepare oneself forgive oneself topride oneself onHe gives

32、 himself to pop music.She always dresses herself in white.第十二課時(shí) 動(dòng) 詞（二）一、動(dòng)詞的形式大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞有四種基本形式：1、現(xiàn)在式；2、過(guò)去式；3、過(guò)去分詞；4、現(xiàn)在分詞；現(xiàn)在式是字典中所給的形式，也可稱為動(dòng)詞原形。按照動(dòng)詞各種形式的構(gòu)成方法，動(dòng)詞可分為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞兩類。1、第三人稱單數(shù)形式；加-s的規(guī)則動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)第三人稱形式的構(gòu)成和名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成法及讀音完全一樣。情 況變化形式例詞一般情況加-shelps makes gets以s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的名詞加-esguesses fixes goes washes

33、以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i, 加esflies cries tries studies2、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞：構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞-ed形式的規(guī)則。（1）規(guī)則變化的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成是一樣的。都加-ed。構(gòu)成規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形變化后一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加edlook play looked played結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞加dlive hope lived hoped 以輔音字母加y的動(dòng)詞，改y為i加edstudy carry studied carried 重讀閉音節(jié)的，又寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加edstop drop fit stopped dropped fitted （2）不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式及過(guò)去

34、分詞的形式是不規(guī)則的，可以查不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化形式表。 有些動(dòng)詞的三種形式一樣。如：bet ;burst;cast;cost;cut;hit;hurt;let;read;shut;spread 下面是一些易誤用的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞3、英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，一般在動(dòng)詞末尾加-ing。規(guī) 則變化形式例 詞一般情況加inggoing asking以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的去e,再加ingwriting closing以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加inggetting beginning以ie結(jié)尾的先將ie變?yōu)閥，再加ingdying lying tying（1）助動(dòng)詞beA. 可用于構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)She is

35、 doing her homework now.I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.B. 可用于構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The baby was put in bed by his mother.The invitation was received yesterday.C. 可與動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)These books are not to be taken out of the room.She is to arrive at six this morning.（2）助動(dòng)詞haveA. 構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)I have not seen him f

36、or three years.How long has your uncle taught in the village?He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.B. 和動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表示因客觀環(huán)境促使不得不做的事情She had to go shopping yesterday.（3）助動(dòng)詞doA. 構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句和否定句Did anyone sharpen this knife?I dont think you are right.B用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣I do want to have a tal

37、k with youDo come and see me.C用來(lái)代替動(dòng)詞詞組Have you finished your work?Yes, I did yesterday.He plays basketball well. So does his brother. （4）助動(dòng)詞shall構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，單純表示未來(lái)情況I shall not be back tonight.We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.（5）助動(dòng)詞will構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)，用于第一、二、三人稱。如：They will move to a new house.Sh

38、e will not eat any solid food.注意：（1）have to 與must的區(qū)別must是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，意思是“必須”、“應(yīng)該”、“一定要”，后接動(dòng)詞原形。Must的否定形式為mustnt.構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用neednt或dont have to 表示“不必”。如：Must I do it now ?Yes, you mustNo, you neednt.have to 表示“不得不，必須”，可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)。I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.Im sorry I wont go with y

39、ou, Ill have to go to the bank.We dont have to install this new television set.（2）used to 表示過(guò)去常常，而現(xiàn)在不再有的習(xí)慣。其否定形式為: used not to, usednt (usent) to , didnt use to.I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.Used they to have a lot more free time ?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表

40、示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，或表示主觀設(shè)想。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的詞義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，必須和不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式連用，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，常用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的詞義，表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，或主觀設(shè)想。如：You may go now.This bus can seat 40 people.The work must be finished as soon as possible. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須和不帶to的不定式連用，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。 情

41、態(tài)動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式兩種形式。（2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。 may的用法a. 表示允許或征詢對(duì)方的許可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示說(shuō)話人“不許可”，如：You may go now.May I use you typewrite?You may not go=I do not permit you to go.b. 在回答may引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，肯定回答用yes, you may否定用No, you mustnt. No, you cant或No, you had better not. can的用法a表示能力，有“能、會(huì)、能夠”的意思。b. 表示允許，在口語(yǔ)中代替may，有“可以的意思。

42、c. 表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。The hall can hold at least 200 people.The librarian said we could take these books.Today is Sunday, he cant be at school today.d. can和be able to的用法比較can用來(lái)表達(dá)能力時(shí)，由于只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)兩種形式，其他時(shí)態(tài)要用be able to來(lái)表達(dá)。如：I can play piano.He has not been able to finish the work in time. must 的用法a. mus

43、t表示必須，應(yīng)該。如：Must I come to the party?The article must be completed before Friday.b. must的否定形式mustnt, 表示“不應(yīng)該、不可以、禁止”。如：You mustnt get to school too late.Must I do it now?Yes, you must. No, you needntShe must have gone to Beijing.You must say sorry to me for thatYou mustnt clean only own room. need的用法a

44、. need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，較少用于肯定句。如：I neednt wear a coat. = I dont think I need wear a coat.I dont need things like that. shall用于第二、第三人稱，表示說(shuō)話人的意愿。如:He shall get his money.You shall do exactly as you wish.Shall I turn on the light?Shall I poen the window? would的用法表示愿望、決心、建議或看法，如：I would like to go ther

45、e.I promised that I would do my best.表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣.He would often come to my house to see me.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在英語(yǔ)中，不同時(shí)間里以不同方式發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表示，動(dòng)詞的這種不同形式稱為動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)從時(shí)間上劃分，可分為四大類：現(xiàn)在時(shí)；過(guò)去時(shí)；將來(lái)時(shí)；過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。從行為上，每一類可以分為四種形式：一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式；完成進(jìn)行式。這樣英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞合起來(lái)，總共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，初中只需掌握其中的八種時(shí)態(tài)。1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或主語(yǔ)所具備的性格和能力等。 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是

46、be時(shí)，第一人稱用am,第二人稱用is,其他人稱用are. 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一般用動(dòng)詞原形，但如果主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞必須用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，其變化規(guī)則如下：變化規(guī)則例 詞一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾加-s,makes drives 以s, x, ch, sh, o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-esguesses goes以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的，變y為i，再加-escarries flies助動(dòng)詞do（第三人稱單數(shù)用does）構(gòu)成否定句、疑問(wèn)句及答語(yǔ)，但要注意助動(dòng)詞后原來(lái)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要恢復(fù)原形。例如：I like music.I dont like music.Do you like music?Yes, I doN

47、o, I dont（2）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 表示經(jīng)常、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：He goes to school by bus every day.They often play football 表示能力、職業(yè)、特征。如：Miss Gao teaches English.Do you speak Japanese? 表示客觀存在。如：The earth moves round the sun.Time and tide wait for no man. 表示已經(jīng)安排好或計(jì)劃好的事。如The pl

48、ane takes off at 7:30.Classes begin at 8:00 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：If I see him, Ill tell him to give you a call.Well wait until he comes back.注意：a. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的一些常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to timeb. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一個(gè)經(jīng)

49、常性的重復(fù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這時(shí)句中常帶always, forever以表示說(shuō)話人的某種感情，如贊嘆、厭煩等。如：He is always thinking of others.He is always talking big.一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)（1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去式：am is - wasare - were否定形式為：was not - wasnt were not - werent疑問(wèn)句是將was, were 置于主語(yǔ)之前。I was in Grade Three last term.I wasnt in Gra

50、de Two last term.Which grade were you in? 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式，過(guò)去式的變化有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則變化如下：變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況在詞尾加-edworked 以-e結(jié)尾的在詞尾加-dused lived 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的，變y為i再加-edstudied carried 重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的，雙寫(xiě)此輔音字母再加-edstopped fitted 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的不規(guī)則變化需要逐個(gè)記憶。見(jiàn)初三教材后的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化形式表。go - wentbegin - begansleep - sleptrun - ranI heard th

51、e good news just now.The twins didnt go to school last weekDid you see the film yesterday ?（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過(guò)去的狀語(yǔ)連用：yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如：They had a baby last month.My mother was ill yesterday.He went out just now. 用于since引導(dǎo)的

52、從句，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since引導(dǎo)的從句一般要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.You havent changed much since we last met.注意：a. 表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引導(dǎo)的的表

53、示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。b. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間， 這主要用于日常會(huì)話，使用的語(yǔ)氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣。如：I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)（1）一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用：tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如Im going to visit the museum this Sunday.Ill be there in half an hour.Well arrive tomorrow.（2）一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成 be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。Be隨主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化，否定句在be后面加not, 疑問(wèn)句是將be放到主語(yǔ)之后。例如：Its going to be fine tomorrow.He isnt going to speak at the meeting.What are you going to do next? will +動(dòng)詞原形。Will可以和各種人稱及數(shù)的主語(yǔ)連用。否定句在will后加not,縮寫(xiě)成wont，疑問(wèn)句需將will提至主語(yǔ)之前。例如：We will ha