人口老齡化對(duì)就業(yè)的影響的因素(中英對(duì)照)

1、人口老齡化對(duì)就業(yè)的影響的因素我國(guó)未來(lái)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)和就業(yè)情況 :一是直接改變勞動(dòng)力供給的總量和結(jié)構(gòu),并影響勞動(dòng)力生產(chǎn)率的提高 ;二是通過(guò)消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整來(lái)簡(jiǎn)介影響勞動(dòng)需求,同時(shí)養(yǎng)老保障責(zé)任的加重也推動(dòng)了勞動(dòng)力成本的提高 .勞動(dòng)力供給 :人口老齡化改變了勞動(dòng)力供給的年齡結(jié)構(gòu),從而使得勞動(dòng)力供給在數(shù)量上和結(jié)構(gòu)上發(fā)生變化 .從三個(gè)方面說(shuō) :一是數(shù)量 ,人口老齡化講帶來(lái)勞動(dòng)力供給的相對(duì)減少.勞動(dòng)力供給與勞動(dòng)適齡人口之間的比例關(guān)系相對(duì)比較穩(wěn)定 ,因此勞動(dòng)力供給與勞動(dòng)適齡人口的總量的關(guān)聯(lián)度較高.在人口規(guī)模既定不變的條件下 ,如果出生率下降速度地獄老齡化速度的話,那么人口老齡化講導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)適齡人口在總?cè)丝?/p>

2、中的比重呈下降趨勢(shì),從而似的勞動(dòng)力的供給總量出現(xiàn)減少.二是結(jié)構(gòu) ,人口老齡化提高了勞動(dòng)力的平均年齡.與人口老齡化相伴隨的是人口出生率的下降 ,這降低了新增勞動(dòng)力的增長(zhǎng)速度.當(dāng)勞動(dòng)力新增數(shù)量地獄退出數(shù)量 .新增速度慢于退出速度時(shí) ,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上年輕的勞動(dòng)力的數(shù)量將越來(lái)越少,這必然使得勞動(dòng)力的平均年齡越來(lái)越大 .1999 年我國(guó)勞動(dòng)適應(yīng)人口中 45 歲以上的比重為 24%,據(jù)預(yù)測(cè) ,這一比重到 2040 年將上升至 37%左右 ,從而成為勞動(dòng)力資源的主要組成部分 .三是就業(yè)方式 ,人口老齡化似的靈活就業(yè)更為普遍.出于多方面因素的考慮 ,很多老年人往往退而不休 .人口老齡化帶來(lái)老年人口的不斷增多,重

3、返勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的老年人口也在迅速增加 ,他們進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的形勢(shì)靈活多樣.老年人口較少像退休前一樣進(jìn)行正規(guī)就業(yè),而是選擇返聘 ,兼職 ,顧問(wèn)和自由職業(yè)等方式 .根據(jù)自身?xiàng)l件提供相應(yīng)的勞動(dòng)服務(wù) .勞動(dòng)力需求 : 勞動(dòng)力需求是社會(huì)對(duì)物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)需求的派生性需求 ,反映出經(jīng)濟(jì)社 會(huì)發(fā)展對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的吸納能力 .因此 ,人口老齡化對(duì)勞動(dòng)力需求的影響也是間接的 ,通過(guò)社會(huì) 總消費(fèi)和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化老增加勞動(dòng)力需求 .首先 ,人口老齡化促進(jìn)社會(huì)總消費(fèi)的增加,提高用人單位的勞動(dòng)力需求 .通常來(lái)說(shuō) ,老年人口的邊際消費(fèi)傾向顯著高于勞動(dòng)適齡人口,人口老齡化將提高社會(huì)整體平均消費(fèi)傾向,從而促進(jìn)社會(huì)總消費(fèi)的增長(zhǎng) .社會(huì)總

4、消費(fèi)的增長(zhǎng)需要更多的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)與之相對(duì)應(yīng),在現(xiàn)有勞動(dòng)力比較緊張的情況下 ,引進(jìn)勞動(dòng)力和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率成為用人單位的主要選擇,從而帶來(lái)勞動(dòng)力需求總量的提高 .其次 ,人口老齡化刺激老年產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,開(kāi)辟了勞動(dòng)力需求的新領(lǐng)域 .隨著人口老齡化進(jìn)程的加快 ,老年人口的消費(fèi)需求和服務(wù)需求將會(huì)得到極大的增加, 如老年護(hù)理 ,老年娛樂(lè)和老年產(chǎn)品等 ,以滿足老年人的多樣化需求 .在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 ,伴隨人口老齡化而來(lái)的 ” 銀色產(chǎn)業(yè) ”已經(jīng)有了顯著發(fā)展 ,并行程了新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn) .老年服務(wù)業(yè)大多屬于勞動(dòng)密集型 行業(yè) ,勞動(dòng)力需求量比較大 ,也為社會(huì)創(chuàng)造了大量的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì) .Population Aging

5、 ' s Factors affecting EmploymentOur country 'fusture labor force market and employment situation: on one hand, total supply and structure of labor force is directly changed and production rate of labor forces is affected; on the other hand, the demand for labor forces is indirectly affected

6、 through adjustment of consumption structure and production structure while the cost of labor force is also improved by enhanced pension guarantee responsibility.2 Labor force supplies: Population aging change the age structure of labor force supply so that changes in labor force supply number occur

7、s.From three perspectives:I. Number: Population aging will result into relatively few supply of labor force. As the proportion between labor force supply and labor age population is comparatively stable, labor force supply is highly connected with total number of labor age population. Under the circ

8、umstance of fixed population scale, population aging will lead to decreasing tendency of labor age population in the total population in the event that decreasing speed of birth rate is lower than aging speed, so that total number of labor force supply.II. Structure: Population aging advances averag

9、e age of labor force. Decreasing population birth rate accompanying population aging reduces the increasing speed of new labor forces. While the number of new labor forces is lower than the number of labor forceswithdr'awal from labor market, thenew number is slower than withdrawal speed. The de

10、creasing number of young labor forces in labor market will inevitably result into gradually older average age of labor forces. It is predicated that Proportion of labor forces above 45 amongst the labor age populations in 1999 will rise to about 37% in 2040, thus being a component part of labor forc

11、e resources.III. Employment Mode: Population aging like flexible employment is more popular. Given that many aspects of factors are taken into account, many old people usually don' tstop working to lead a leisure life. Population aging brings about an increasing number of old people as the numbe

12、r of old people returning the labor market is rapidly on the increase. The way they enter into the labor market is flexible and diversified. As different from formal employment before retirement, the old people choose approaches such as: return for interview, consultant and free lance, etc. to prove

13、d corresponding services according to their self conditions.Demand for labor forces: Demand for labor forces refers to the society 's derived demand for material products & services, manifesting absorption capacity of economic society to labor forces. Thereby, population aging indirectly aff

14、ects the demand for labor forces, increasing demand for labor forces through changes of the society's total consumption and consumptionstructure.Firstly, population aging promotes increasing total social consumption and advances employer ' sdemand for labor forc es. Generally, the marginal c

15、onsumption of the elder population tends to be remarkably higher than that of labor age population. Increase in total social consumption requires more material products and services to be balanced with other. Introducing labor force and improving labor production rate is the main choice for employer

16、s under the condition of relatively strict labor forces, so that total demand for labor forces is improved.Secondly, Population aging stimulates the development of the elderly industry and creates new fields of demand for labor forces. As population aging process is hastened, the elderly population's demand for consumption and service such as: elderly care, elderly entertainment and elderly products, etc. will be greatly increased to satisfy the elderly diversified demands. In developed c