高考英語二輪復習京津魯瓊版講義：專題一閱讀理解第一部分題型分類概述版含答案

1、 “閱讀理解”和“七選五”占據(jù)著高考試卷的第一部分?！傲己玫拈_端是成功的一半”，前面這兩個題型解答的順利與否，直接影響著后面其他試題的答題時間和答題心態(tài)，準做快做閱讀理解類試題，為攻克后面的題目節(jié)省時間。 第一部分 題型分類概述|掌握四種題型選項特征，快速閱讀不失分 閱讀理解·題型細分類 正誤選項·特征巧識別 超重點1 正確選項特征 【考情調研】 在閱讀理解的備考過程中，明確閱讀理解常設選項的特征是快速準確鎖定答案的關鍵。高考英語閱讀理解的正確選項一般通過以下途徑設置： 關鍵詞直接復現(xiàn)：直接復現(xiàn)類可從問題中找到關鍵詞，以此為線索，運用略讀及查閱的技巧迅速定位即可。此類題目較

2、為簡單，考查頻率不高。 對原文關鍵詞進行同義轉換、正話反說和細節(jié)概括：此類題目需對原文信息進行準確理解并簡單推理，觀察詞義、詞性及語態(tài)的變化。這是命題人常用的設題方式，復習時應掌握英語的多種表達法。 特征1 同義轉述 從近幾年的高考題來看，細節(jié)理解題不僅數(shù)量有所增加，而且難度也稍有加大，主要表現(xiàn)為題目信息與原文信息表達方式不一致。命題人一般會對文章細節(jié)加以轉述來考查考生準確理解細節(jié)的能力。轉述的主要方式有以下三種： 1同義詞轉化：把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，設為正確選項。 2詞性或語態(tài)等的變化：把原文中的詞變換一下詞性，或者改變原文句子的語態(tài)，用另一種表達轉述原文信息。 3語言簡化概括：

3、把原文中的復雜語言現(xiàn)象進行簡化或概括成為正確答案。 典例 (2019·全國卷·C片段)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very

4、 low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 30What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? AIt'll be environment-f

5、riendly. BIt'll reach consumers soon. CIt'll be made of plastics. DIt'll help speed up typing. 解析 B 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，該研究團隊希望在不久的將來將智能鍵盤推向市場，故選B。 特征2 正話反說 正話反說是閱讀理解題目中的一個難點，通常有以下幾個高頻考向： 1It looks/sounds like/as if類：表示看/聽起來好像是，實際上并

6、不是。 2虛擬語氣句：用虛擬語氣來表述與事實相反的情況，讓讀者推斷事實內容。 3讓步論述：先假設作者的觀點反面成立，從而引出一系列荒謬的、不合理的結果，倒過來證明作者觀點的正確性。 4反問句。 典例 (2019·北京卷·C片段)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be sca

7、ms(欺詐). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解決方案) become widely available, scammers wi

8、ll have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real. 38How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?

9、 APanicked. BConfused. CEmbarrassed. DDisappointed. 解析 D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段中的“By the time these solutions'(解決方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用時，不法分子就會轉向更聰明的手段；由此可推知作者對自動語音電話問題的解決方案感到很失望，D項意為“失望的”，故選D。 特征3 理解概括 閱讀理解除了考查考生對細節(jié)信息的準確理解外， 還要求考生通過思維分析

10、將信息進行歸納概括，使之系統(tǒng)化、條理化。 典例 (2019·浙江卷6月·C)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素) The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 squar

11、e miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern Calif

12、ornia the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with

13、small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源) But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcu

14、tting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such t

15、hings as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪) Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water

16、supply available to trees during the dry season. 30What can be a suitable title for the text? ACalifornia's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? BCutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon CWhy Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? DPatrick McIntyre: Grow More B

17、ig Trees in California 解析 A 標題歸納題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章主要講述了美國加州森林中大樹數(shù)量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。因此A項能很好地概括全文。故選A。 超重點2 干擾項特征 【考情調研】 高考英語閱讀理解的錯誤選項就是命題人用以干擾考生思維的陷阱。高考英語中，由于詞匯量的限制，挑選的文章不能過難。命題人就在問題和干擾項上做文章，使考生即使能基本讀懂文章，也不能輕松做對題目。現(xiàn)在的干擾項不僅語言復雜，而且欺騙性強，兩個語言水平相當、對文章理解程度相差不大的考生會因為對干擾項的辨別能力不同，而影響答題的準確率。為了提高辨別錯誤和干擾信息的能力，有必要分析干擾項的種

18、種特征，使考生在命題人設置的種種陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。 特征1 偷梁換柱 干擾項用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結構和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個單詞，造成句意的改變。 典例 (2019·全國卷·D片段)During the rosy years of elementary school(小學), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my twee

19、ns and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. 32What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? AUnkind. BLonely. CGenerous. DCo

20、ol. 解析 C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小學), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.”可知，作者在小學時樂于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤獨的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”，cool“酷的”，故選C。 易錯分析 該題易誤選A項。選項A屬于偷梁換柱，由“Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls

21、and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.”可知A項是作者青少年時期的情況。 特征2 張冠李戴 干擾項表述的內容在原文里可以找到信息依據(jù)， 但與題干所問的動作發(fā)出者不一致。不注意動作主語的差異， 張冠李戴， 極易造成誤選。 典例 (2019·全國卷·A片段) The Audience Helen

22、Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld, 236 W45th St.212-239-6200.) 2Who is the d

23、irector of The Audience? AHelen Mirren. BPeter Morgan. CDylan Baker. DStephen Daldry. 解析 D 細節(jié)理解題。題干問的是“誰執(zhí)導了The Audience？”。根據(jù)該部分中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。 易錯分析 本題容易誤選B項。有些考生一看到原文中的“Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan”就貿然下結論，以為這部戲劇的導演是Peter Morgan。 特征3 絕對化表達 干擾項中出現(xiàn)如all, none, everyone

24、, each, everything, impossible 等絕對化的表達， 一般不符合客觀事實和原文信息。 典例 (2019·江蘇卷·C片段)Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has

25、 led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending ele

26、ctricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into f

27、ancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. 62The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should _ Atake people's essential needs into account Bmake their programmes attractive to people Censure that each child gets financial support Dprovide more affordable internet facilities 解析 A 推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the dev