計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、微軟 Visual Studio1 微軟 Visual StudioVisual Studio是微軟公司推出的開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境，Visual Studio可以用來(lái)創(chuàng)建 Windows平臺(tái)下的Windows應(yīng)用程序和網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序，也可以用來(lái)創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)、智能設(shè)備應(yīng)用程序和Office插件。Visual Studio是一個(gè)來(lái)自微軟的集成開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境IDE，它可以用來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)由微軟視窗，視窗手機(jī)，WindowsCE、.NET框架、.NET精簡(jiǎn)框架和微軟的Silverlight支持的控制臺(tái)和圖形用戶界面的應(yīng)用程序以及 Windows窗體應(yīng)用程序，網(wǎng)站， Web應(yīng)用程序和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)中的本地代碼連同托管代碼。Visual

2、Studio包含一個(gè)由智能感知和代碼重構(gòu)支持的代碼編輯器。集成的調(diào)試工作既作為一個(gè)源 代碼級(jí)調(diào)試器又可以作為一臺(tái)機(jī)器級(jí)調(diào)試器。其他內(nèi)置工具包括一個(gè)窗體設(shè)計(jì)的GUI應(yīng)用程序，網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師，類設(shè)計(jì)師，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)架構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)師。它有幾乎各個(gè)層面的插件增強(qiáng)功能，包括增加對(duì)支持源代碼 控制系統(tǒng)（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集設(shè)計(jì)和可視化編輯器，如特定于域 的語(yǔ)言或用于其他方面的軟件開(kāi)發(fā)生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客戶端：團(tuán)隊(duì)資源管理器）。Visual Studio支持不同的編程語(yǔ)言的服務(wù)方式的語(yǔ)言，它允許代碼編輯器和調(diào)試器（在不同

3、程度 上）支持幾乎所有的編程語(yǔ)言，提供了一個(gè)語(yǔ)言特定服務(wù)的存在。內(nèi)置的語(yǔ)言中包括 C/C + +中（通過(guò)Visual C+）,VB.NET （通過(guò) Visual Basic.NET），C# 中（通過(guò) Visual C #）和 F# （作為 Visual Studio 2010），為支持其他語(yǔ)言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通過(guò)安裝單獨(dú)的語(yǔ)言服務(wù)。它也支持的XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML JavaScript 和CSS為特定用戶提供服務(wù)的 Visual Studio也是存在的：微軟 Visual Basic, Visual J #、Visual C #和 Visual C+。微軟

4、提供了 直通車"的 Visual Studio 2010 組件的 Visual Basic 和 Visual C #和 Visual C + +，和 Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何費(fèi)用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和 2005專業(yè)版，以及 Visual Studio 2005的特定語(yǔ)言版本（Visual Basic、C+、C#、J#），通過(guò)微軟的下載 DreamSpark計(jì)劃，對(duì)學(xué)生 免費(fèi)。2架構(gòu)Visual Studio不支持任何編程語(yǔ)言，解決方案或工具本質(zhì)。相反，它允許插入各種功能。特定的 功能是作為一個(gè)VS壓縮包的代碼。安裝時(shí)，這個(gè)功

5、能可以從服務(wù)器得到。IDE提供三項(xiàng)服務(wù)：SVsSolution,它提供了能夠列舉的項(xiàng)目和解決方案；SVsUIShell,它提供了窗口和用戶界面功能（包括標(biāo)簽，工具欄和工具窗口）和 SVsShell,它處理VS壓縮包的注冊(cè)。此外，IDE還可以負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)和服 務(wù)之間實(shí)現(xiàn)通信。所有的編輯器，設(shè)計(jì)器，項(xiàng)目類型和其他工具都是VS壓縮包存在。Visual Studio使用COM訪問(wèn)VSPackaga在Visual Studio SDK中還包括了管理軟件包框架（MPF），這是一套管理 的允許在寫的CLI兼容的語(yǔ)言的任何圍繞 COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。通過(guò)

6、使用特定的VSPackage來(lái)支持的編程語(yǔ)言的服務(wù)，稱為語(yǔ)言服務(wù)。一個(gè)語(yǔ)言服務(wù)定義了各種 接口，而這些VSPackage實(shí)現(xiàn)包可以實(shí)現(xiàn)添加功能支持多種。功能性的方式，可以添加包括語(yǔ)法著色，語(yǔ)句完成，括號(hào)匹配，參數(shù)信息工具提示，成員名單和背景匯編的錯(cuò)誤標(biāo)記。如果接口完成，那么語(yǔ) 言就可以使用這些功能。語(yǔ)言服務(wù)要在每個(gè)語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)實(shí)施。重用代碼的實(shí)現(xiàn)可以從語(yǔ)言解析器實(shí)現(xiàn)。語(yǔ)言服務(wù)可以在本機(jī)代碼或托管代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于本機(jī)代碼，無(wú)論是本地COM接口或巴貝爾框架（部分Visual Studio SDK ）都可以使用。對(duì)于托管代碼，MPF服務(wù)，包括托管語(yǔ)言編寫包裝。Visual Studio不包括任何源頭控制

7、內(nèi)建支援，但它定義了兩種可供選擇的源代碼控制系統(tǒng)的方法 可以用IDE集成。一個(gè)源代碼控制VSPackage可以提供自己的定制的用戶界面。與此相反，源代碼管 理插件使用MSSCCI（ Microsoft源代碼控制接口）提供了一個(gè)功能集的控制功能，用于落實(shí)各項(xiàng)源接 口，用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Visual Studio用戶界面。MSSCCI首次使用集成的 Visual SourceSafe 6.0,但后來(lái)在 Visual Studio SDK 中通過(guò)。Visual Studio.NET 2002 使用 MSSCCI 1.1，Visual Studio.NET 2003 使用 MSSCCI 1.2。Visual S

8、tudio 2005、2008和2010使用MSSCCI 1.3版，增加了重命名和刪除的支持以及異步傳輸。Visual Studio支持運(yùn)行（每一個(gè)都有它自己的一套VSPackage）多個(gè)實(shí)例的環(huán)境。這些實(shí)例使用不同的注冊(cè)表配置單元來(lái)存儲(chǔ)它們的配置狀態(tài)和區(qū)別他們的AppID （應(yīng)用程序ID）。實(shí)例都是由一開(kāi)始的AppID-specific.exe文件選擇的 AppID，設(shè)置根并啟動(dòng)IDE。一個(gè)AppID的登記VSPackage中集 成了其他的VSPackage。Visual Studio的各種產(chǎn)品版本，是使用不同的 AppID。在Visual Studio速成 版產(chǎn)品都設(shè)有自己的 AppIds

9、，但標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，專業(yè)和團(tuán)隊(duì)套件產(chǎn)品共享相同的AppID。因此，人們可以安裝Express版本并排側(cè)其他版本，不同的是其他版本更新相同的安裝。專業(yè)版包含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版的超集 VSPackage和包括對(duì)其他版本中的團(tuán)隊(duì)套件的VSPackage超集。AppID系統(tǒng)由Visual Studio 2008的Visual Studio Shell 影響。3特點(diǎn)3.1代碼編輯器Visual Studio，像任何其它的集成開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境一樣，包括一個(gè)支持語(yǔ)法高亮和代碼自動(dòng)完成的代碼 編輯器，不僅變量，函數(shù)和方法，就連語(yǔ)言，如結(jié)構(gòu)循環(huán)和查詢都是使用智能感知的。在開(kāi)發(fā)網(wǎng)站和 Web應(yīng)用程序時(shí)，智能感知是由內(nèi)部語(yǔ)言支持的，當(dāng)然XML、

10、層疊樣式表和JavaScript也同樣支持。編 輯器中會(huì)自動(dòng)彈出一個(gè)無(wú)模式列表框的代碼，覆蓋在上面。在Visual Studio 2008年起，它可暫時(shí)半透明地看到它阻礙了代碼。代碼編輯器是用于所有支持的語(yǔ)言。在Visual Studio代碼編輯器還支持設(shè)置快捷導(dǎo)航代碼書(shū)簽，其他助航設(shè)備包括折疊代碼塊和漸進(jìn) 式搜索，還有正常的文本搜索與正則表達(dá)式（在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)中，是指一個(gè)用來(lái)描述或者匹配一系列符 合某個(gè)句法規(guī)則的字符串的單個(gè)字符串。在很多文本編輯器或其他工具里，正則表達(dá)式通常被用來(lái)檢 索和/或替換那些符合某個(gè)模式的文本內(nèi)容）搜索。代碼編輯器還包括一個(gè)多項(xiàng)目剪貼板和任務(wù)列表。 代碼編輯器支持代碼

11、片段，它保存模板重復(fù)的代碼，也可以被插入到正在進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作到的代碼和項(xiàng) 目自定義中。一個(gè)代碼片段管理工具也是這樣建立的。這些工具是在浮動(dòng)窗口顯示，當(dāng)這個(gè)窗口不被 使用或者停在屏幕一側(cè)時(shí)，可以將它設(shè)置成自動(dòng)隱藏。在Visual Studio代碼編輯器也支持代碼重構(gòu)包括參數(shù)重新排序，變量和方法的重命名，界面的提取和內(nèi)部成員屬性的封裝等等。Visual Studio提供了背景編譯（也稱為增量編譯）。正在寫的代碼時(shí)，Visual Studio編譯背景為了 強(qiáng)調(diào)它在提供反饋有關(guān)語(yǔ)法和編譯錯(cuò)誤，這時(shí)標(biāo)有紅色的波浪。警告標(biāo)有綠色下劃線。背景編譯不生 成可執(zhí)行代碼，因?yàn)樗枰粋€(gè)不同的編譯器而不是一個(gè)生成可執(zhí)

12、行代碼的編譯器。背景資料匯編最 初是和Microsoft Visual Basic語(yǔ)言一起推出的，但現(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展到了所有內(nèi)部語(yǔ)言。3.2調(diào)試器Visual Studio包含一個(gè)調(diào)試器既可以作為一個(gè)源代碼級(jí)調(diào)試器工作，并作為機(jī)器級(jí)調(diào)試器工作。它可工作在托管代碼以及本機(jī)代碼，可用Visual Studio支持的任何語(yǔ)言調(diào)試應(yīng)用程序。此外，它也可以附加到正在運(yùn)行的進(jìn)程，監(jiān)測(cè)和調(diào)試這些進(jìn)程。如果源代碼的運(yùn)行過(guò)程是可用的，它就會(huì)顯示代碼 的運(yùn)行。如果源代碼是不可用，它可以顯示反匯編。Visual Studio調(diào)試器還可以創(chuàng)建內(nèi)存轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)以及負(fù)荷調(diào)試它們。多線程程序也支持。調(diào)試器可以被配置為一個(gè)應(yīng)用程序，運(yùn)

13、行在Visual Studio環(huán)境之外。調(diào)試器可以設(shè)置（允許執(zhí)行被暫時(shí)停止的位置）和監(jiān)視（用于監(jiān)視變量的值執(zhí)行進(jìn)度）斷點(diǎn)。斷點(diǎn)是有條件的，這意味著他們條件滿足時(shí)觸發(fā)。代碼可以加強(qiáng)，即一次只運(yùn)行一條（源代碼）。它可以步進(jìn)它里面的功能來(lái)調(diào)試，或者步過(guò)，即執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的功能。也就是說(shuō)，它允許代碼進(jìn)行編輯，因?yàn)樗?的調(diào)試只有32位，不支持64位。在調(diào)試時(shí)，如果鼠標(biāo)指針徘徊在任何變量，其當(dāng)前值顯示在工具提 示（數(shù)據(jù)提示”），如果需要的話，它也可以修改。在編碼時(shí)，Visual Studio調(diào)試器讓某些職能援引手動(dòng)Immediate工具窗口。方法參數(shù)提供的是在立即窗口。4設(shè)計(jì)Visual Studio包括一個(gè)可

14、視化設(shè)計(jì)，以幫助開(kāi)發(fā)主機(jī)的應(yīng)用程序。這些工具包括：4.1 Windows窗體設(shè)計(jì)器Windows窗體設(shè)計(jì)器是用Windows窗體構(gòu)建圖形用戶界面應(yīng)用程序。它包括一個(gè)UI調(diào)色板部件和一些可以在窗體表面拖拽的控件（包括按鈕，進(jìn)度條，標(biāo)簽，布局容器和其他控制），布局可以通過(guò)控制其他容器的框架控件或鎖定到窗體的一面來(lái)改變。顯示數(shù)據(jù)的控件（如文本框，列表框，網(wǎng)格視 圖等）都可以綁定到數(shù)據(jù)源，如數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)或查詢。UI是用一個(gè)事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的編程模型與代碼關(guān)聯(lián)的。設(shè)計(jì)器會(huì)生成C#或VB.NET應(yīng)用程序代碼。4.2 WPF設(shè)計(jì)WPF設(shè)計(jì)器，代號(hào)為Cider，用Visual Studio 2008介紹。像Windows窗

15、體設(shè)計(jì)器一樣它支持拖拽。 它是用來(lái)提交用戶界面對(duì)象的 Windows Presentation Foundation。它支持所有功能，包括 WPF的數(shù)據(jù) 綁定和自動(dòng)布局管理。它為UI生成的XAML代碼。生成的XAML文件兼容微軟Expression設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè) 計(jì)者為導(dǎo)向的產(chǎn)品。XAML代碼是聯(lián)系在一起的代碼使用代碼隱藏模型。4.3網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師/開(kāi)發(fā)Visual Studio還包括一個(gè)網(wǎng)站編輯器，網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)器，允許被拖放部件。它是用于開(kāi)發(fā)ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序和支持 HTML , CSS和JavaScript。它使用代碼隱藏模型， 連接ASP.NET代碼。從Visual Studio 2008年起，設(shè)

16、計(jì)器的布局引擎所使用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)共享與微軟的 Expression Web。還有ASP.NET MVC支持 MVC的下載技術(shù)。4.4類設(shè)計(jì)器類設(shè)計(jì)器是用UML建模來(lái)編寫和編輯類（包括其成員和他們的訪問(wèn)）。類設(shè)計(jì)器可以生成C #和 VB.NET代碼。它也可以生成手寫類的類圖。4.5數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)這些數(shù)據(jù)可以用來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)圖形編輯數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模式，包括類型的表，主鍵和外鍵和約束。它也可以用來(lái) 設(shè)計(jì)圖形視圖從查詢。4.6繪圖設(shè)計(jì)器從Visual Studio 2008年起，測(cè)繪設(shè)計(jì)器使用的LINQ到SQL來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模式和類封裝 了數(shù)據(jù)。這種從ORM、ADO.NET實(shí)體框架新的解決方案，取代和提高了舊技術(shù)。Micr

17、osoft Visual Studio1 Microsoft Visual StudioMicrosoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment from Microsoft. It can be used to develop con sole and graphical user in terface applicatio ns along with Win dows Forms applicati ons, web sites, web applicati ons, and web services in both

18、n ative code together with man aged code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET Compact Frameworka nd Microsoft Silverlight.Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code refactoring. The in tegrated debugger w

19、orks both as a source-level debugger and a mach in e-level debugger. Other built-i n tools include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer, and database schema desig ner. It accepts plug-i ns that enhance the function ality at almost every level in clud ing add i

20、ng support for source-c on trol systems (like Subvers ion and Visual SourceSafe) and addi ng new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific Ianguages or toolsets for other aspects of the software developme nt lifecycle (like the Team Foun dati on Server clie nt: Team Explorer).Vi

21、sual Studio supports differe nt program ming Ian guages by means of Ian guage services, which allow the code editor and debugger to support (to vary ing degrees) n early any program ming Ian guage, provided a Ianguage-specific service exists. Built-in Ianguages include C/C+ (via Visual C+), VB.NET (

22、via Visual Basic .NET), C# (via Visual C#), and F# (as of Visual Studio 2010). Support for other Ianguages such as M,Pytho n, and Ruby among others is available via Ian guage services in stalled separately. It also supports XML/XSL T, HTML/XHTML, Java Scripta nd CSS. I ndividual Ian guage-specific v

23、ersi ons of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited Ian guage services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C+.Microsoft provides "Express" editions of its Visual Studio 2010 components Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C+, and Visual Web Develope

24、r at no cost. Visual Studio 2010, 2008 and 2005 Professional Editions, along with Ianguage-specific versions (Visual Basic, C+, C#, J#) of Visual Studio 2005 are available for free to stude nts as dow nl oads via Microsoft's Dream Spark program.2 ArchitectureVisual Studio does not support any pr

25、ogram ming Ian guage, soluti on or tool intrin sically. In stead, it allows plugging in various types of functionality. Specific functionality is coded as a VSPackage. When in stalled, the fun ctio nality is available as a Service. The IDE provides three services: SVsSoluti on, which provides the ab

26、ility to enumerate projects and solutions; SVsUIShell, which provides windowing and UI functionality (including tabs, toolbars and tool windows); and SVsShell, which deals with registration of VSPackages. In additi on, the IDE is also resp on sible for coord in ati ng and en abli ng com muni cati on

27、 betwee n services. All editors, desig ners, project types and other tools are impleme nted as VSPackages. Visual Studio uses COM to access the VSPackages. The Visual Studio SDK also in cludes the Man aged Package Framework (MPF), which is a set of man aged wrappers around the COM-i nterfaces that a

28、llow the Packages to be written in any CLI compliant Ianguage. However, MPF does not provide all the functionality exposed by the Visual Studio COM in terfaces. The services can the n be con sumed for creati on of other packages, which add fun ctio nality to the Visual Studio IDE.Support for program

29、 ming Ian guages is added by using a specific VSPackage called a Lan guage Service. A Ian guage service defi nes various in terfaces which the VSPackage impleme ntati on can impleme nt to add support for various functionalities. Functionalities that can be added this way include syntax coloring, sta

30、tement completion, brace matching, parameter information tooltips, member lists and error markers for backgro und compilati on. If the in terface is impleme nted, the fun ctio nality will be available for the Ian guage. Lan guage services are to be impleme nted on a per-la nguage basis. The impleme

31、ntati ons can reuse code from the parser or the compiler for the Ianguage. Language services can be implemented either in native code or man aged code. For n ative code, either the n ative COM in terfaces or the Babel Framework (part of Visual Studio SDK) can be used. For man aged code, the MPF in c

32、ludes wrappers for writi ng man aged Ian guage services.Visual Studio does not in clude any source con trol support built in but it defi nes two alter native ways for source control systems can integrate with the IDE. A Source Control VSPackage can provide its own customised user in terface .In con

33、trast, a source con trol plugi n using the MSSCCI (Microsoft Source Code Con trol In terface) provides a set of functions that are used to impleme nt various source con trol function ality, with a sta ndard Visual Studio user in terface. MSSCCI was first used to in tegrate Visual SourceSafe with Vis

34、ual Studio 6.0 but was later opened up via the Visual Studio SDK. Visual Studio .NET 2002 used MSSCCI 1.1, and Visual Studio .NET 2003 used MSSCCI 1.2. Visual Studio 2005, 2008 and 2010 use MSSCCI Version 1.3, which adds support for ren ame and delete propagatio n as well as asynchronous ope ning.Vi

35、sual Studio supports running multiple instances of the environment. The instances use different registry hives (see MSDN's definition of the term "registryhive" in the sense used here) to store their con figurati on state and are differe ntiated by their AppId (Applicatio n ID). The in

36、 sta nces are laun ched by an AppId-specific .exe that selects the AppId, sets the root hive and laun ches the IDE. VSPackages registered for one AppId are in tegrated with other VSPackages for that AppId. The various product editi ons of Visual Studio are created using the differe nt AppIds. The Vi

37、sual Studio Express editi on products are in stalled with their own AppIds, but the Stan dard, Professi onal and Team Suite products share the same AppId. Con seque ntly, one can in stall the Express editi ons side-by-side with other editi ons, un like the other editi ons which update the same in st

38、allati on. The professi onal editi on in cludes a superset of the VSPackages in the sta ndard editi on and the team suite in cludes a superset of the VSPackages in both other editi ons. The AppId system is leveraged by the Visual Studio Shell in Visual Studio 2008.3 Features3.1 Code editorVisual Stu

39、dio, like any other IDE, includes a code editor that supports syntax highlighting and code completi on using In telliSe nse for not only variables, functions and methods but also Ian guage con structs like loops and queries. IntelliSense is supported for the included Ianguages, as well as for XML an

40、d for Cascadi ng Style Sheets and JavaScript whendevelop ing web sites and web applicati ons. Autocomplete suggestons are popped up in a modeless list box, overlaid on top of the code editor. In Visual Studio 2008 on wards, it can be made temporarily semi-tra nspare nt to see the code obstructed by

41、it. The code editor is used for all supported Ian guages.The Visual Studio code editor also supports setting bookmarks in code for quick navigation. Other n avigati onal aids in clude collaps ing code blocks an din creme ntal search, in additi on to no rmal text search and regex search. The code edi

42、tor also in cludes a multi-item clipboard and a task list. The code editor supports code snippets, which are saved templates for repetitive code and can be inserted into code and customized for the project being worked on. A man ageme nt tool for code sn ippets is built i n as well. These tools are

43、surfaced as floating windows which can be set to automatically hide when unused or docked to the side of the screen. The Visual Studio code editor also supports code refactoring including parameter reordering, variable and method renaming ,in terface extractio n and en capsulati on of class members

44、in side properties, among others.Visual Studio features backgro und compilati on (also called in creme ntal compilati on). As code is being written, Visual Studio compiles it in the background in order to provide feedback about syntax and compilati on errors, which are flagged with a red wavy un der

45、l ine. Warnings are marked with a gree n un derl ine. Backgro und compilati on does not gen erate executable code, since it requires a differe nt compiler tha n the one used to gen erate executable code. Backgro und compilati on was in itially in troduced with Microsoft Visual Basic but has now bee

46、n expa nded for all in cluded Ian guages.3.2 DebuggerVisual Studio in cludes a debugger that works both as a source-level debugger and as a mach in e-level debugger. It works with both man aged code as well as n ative code and can be used for debuggi ng applicati ons writte n in any Ian guage suppor

47、ted by Visual Studio .In additi on, it can also attach to running processes and mon itor and debug those processes. If source code for the running process is available, it displays the code as it is being run. If source code is not available, it can show the disassembly. The Visual Studio debugger c

48、an also create memory dumps as well as load them later for debugging. Multi-threaded programs are also supported. The debugger can be con figured to be laun ched whe n an applicati on running outside the Visual Studio environment crashes.The debugger allows sett ing breakpo ints (which allow executi

49、 on to be stopped temporarily at a certa in position) and watches (which monitor the values of variables as the execution progresses). Breakpoints can be con diti on al, meaning they get triggered whe n the con diti on is met. Code can be stepped over, i.e., run one line (of source code) at a time.

50、It can either step in to fun cti ons to debug in side it, or step over it, i.e., the executi on of the fun cti on body isn't available for manual in spect ion. The debugger supports Edit and Continu e, i.e., it allows code to be edited as it is being debugged.When debugging, if the mouse pointer

51、 hovers over any variable, its curre nt value is displayed in a tooltip ("data tooltips"), where it can also be modified if desired. During coding, the Visual Studio debugger lets certain functions be invoked manually from the Immediate tool win dow. The parameters to the method are suppli

52、ed at the Immediate win dow.4 Desig nerVisual Studio in cludes a host of visual desig ners to aid in the developme nt of applicati ons. These toolsin elude:4.1 Win dows Forms Desig nerThe Win dows Forms desig ner is used to build GUI applicati ons using Win dows Forms. It in eludes a palette of UI w

53、idgets and controls (including buttons, progress bars, labels, layout containers and other con trols) that can be dragged and dropped on a form surface. Layout can be con trolled by hous ing the con trols in side other containers or lock ing them to the side of the form. Con trols that display data

54、(like textbox, list box, grid view, etc.) can be bound to data sources like databases or queries.The UI is linked with code using an eve nt-drive n program ming model. The desig ner gen erates either C# orVB.NET code for the applicati on.4.2 WPF Desig nerThe WPF desig ner, code named Cider, was in troduced with Visual Studio 2008. Like the Win dows F