Unit2Workingtheland

1、詞詞匯匯部部分分詞形詞形變化變化1. hunger n.&v.U 饑餓；欲望；（使）饑餓 hungry adj.饑餓的2. expand v. 使變大；伸展 expansion n.U,C擴(kuò)大；擴(kuò)展3. satisfy vt. 滿足，使相信，使?jié)M意 satisfied adj. 對表示滿意satisfactory/satisfying adj. 滿意的，令人滿意的 satisfaction n. 滿意4. free adj.&adv.自由的(地)；免費(fèi)的(地) vt. 解放 freedom n.自由5. equip v. 配備，裝備 equipment n.U 裝備；設(shè)備6.

2、discover vt. 發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到 discovery n.發(fā)現(xiàn) discoverer n. 發(fā)現(xiàn)者重點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)單詞單詞 1. decade n. 十年；十年期2. equip v. 配備；裝備 3. regret (regretted) vt. (對)遺憾；惋惜4. reduce v. 減少；減縮 5. focus v. 集中(注意力)；聚焦 n.U,C焦點(diǎn)；中心點(diǎn)6. comment v. 表達(dá)意見；作出評論 n.U,C 評論；議論7. struggle vi.&n.斗爭；拼搏；努力 8. disturbing adj. 引起煩惱的；令人不安的9. confuse vt. 使迷惑；使

3、為難10. export v. 輸出；出口11. skim vt. 瀏覽；略讀12. underline vt. 畫底線標(biāo)出；強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)詞組詞組1. thanks to 幸虧；由于；因?yàn)?(有時(shí)作反語) 2. rid sb./sth. of 使某人/某物擺脫3. be satisfied with 對表示滿足或滿意 4. would rather 寧愿5. build up 逐漸建立；逐漸增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)；積累；開發(fā)6. lead to 導(dǎo)致；造成（后果）；通往7. keep.free from/of 使免受(影響/傷害)；使不含(有害物) 8. focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于9. co

4、mment on 對作出評論重點(diǎn)句子重點(diǎn)句子1. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.2. This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.重點(diǎn)語法重點(diǎn)語法V-ing 的基本用法（見語法專題P304）一、核心單詞一、核心單詞1. struggle strl vi.&n.斗

5、爭；拼搏；努力(1) They were struggling to get out the burning car. 他們掙扎著從著火的車?yán)锿馀馈?2) They struggled for peace. 他們?yōu)楹推蕉鴳?zhàn)。詞語歸納：詞語歸納：struggle for 為而斗爭struggle with / against與作斗爭struggle to do sth.努力做某事struggle to one s feet掙扎著站起來a life-and-death struggle生死搏斗小練：小練：按要求填空或翻譯。(1) He is _ (為而斗爭) the position.(2) T

6、hey struggled all through the years _ us _ the Japanese.(介詞)(3) The fox struggled _ (escape).(4) He _ (掙扎著站起來) and dragged slowly ahead.(1) struggling for （2）with; against （3）to escape (4) struggled to his feet2. equip ikwip v. 配備；裝備 equipment n.U 裝備；設(shè)備（1）This hotel room is not equipped for cooking.

7、 這間客房沒有配備烹調(diào)器具。（2）A good education should equip you for life. 有良好的教育能受用終生。 歸納：歸納：equip sb./sth. with 用武裝某人；用裝備某物 equip sb./sth. for 為而武裝某人；為而裝備某物 a piece of office equipment 一件辦公設(shè)備小練：小練：按要求填空或翻譯。（1）The soldiers were well _ _ (裝備好了) weapons. （2）We must equip young teachers _ _ _ (對付) difficult childre

8、n. （3）This library is equipped _ (介詞) atomic research.（4）Our classroom _ _ _ (裝備有) a computer and a tape recorder.（1）equipped with （2）to deal with （3） for （4）is equipped with 3. regret riret (regretted) vt. (對)遺憾；惋惜 n.C,U 遺憾；惋惜（1）If you go now, you ll regret it. 假若你現(xiàn)在走, 一定得后悔。（2）That we cant stay ha

9、ve any longer. 我很抱歉，我們不能再在這兒多待了。 歸納：歸納：regret to say/tell/announce/inform 遺憾地說/告訴/宣布/通知 regret doing / having done sth. 后悔已做了某事 regret that 遺憾/后悔小練：小練： 用括號(hào)內(nèi)所提供詞的適當(dāng)形式填空或翻譯。（1）I now regret _ (leave) school so young.（2）_ _ _ _(非常抱歉), I am unable to accept your invitation.（3）He regretted _ (inform) you

10、that your contract would not be renewed. （1）leaving / having left （2）Much to my regret/To my great regret (3) to inform 4. reduce ridju:s v. 減少；減縮 reduction n.縮減，減少；降低 (1) He reduced his weight from 98 to 92 kilos/by 6 kilos. 他把體重從98公斤減少到92公斤（減了6公斤）。(2) The reform has reduced us to servants of the s

11、tate. 這一改革把我們都降為公務(wù)員了。歸納：歸納：reduce sth (from.) to. 把某物從減少到 reduce sth. by. 減少多少小練：小練：根據(jù)句子意思填入正確的介詞。（1）We must reduce our expenses _ 300 yuan a month. （2）Their output has been reduced _ 10 percent.（3）He reduced his weight _ 5 kilos.（1）to （2）by （3）by5. focus fuks v. 集中(注意力)；聚焦 n. C,U 焦點(diǎn)；中心點(diǎn) （1）Focus yo

12、ur camera. 把照相機(jī)的焦距調(diào)準(zhǔn)。（2）Her beauty makes her the focus of attention. 她長得漂亮, 很惹人注目。歸納：歸納：focus on集中于focus (one s attention/mind/efforts) on集中(注意力/心思/精力)于 小練：小練：按要求填空或翻譯。（1）The focus of recent research has been _ (介詞) environmental issues. （2）All eyes _ _ (集中于) her.（3）They focused their mind on _ (do)

13、 the experiment. （1）on （2）focused on （3）ment kment vi.&vt. 表達(dá)意見；作出評論 n. C, U 評論；議論 （1）It created wide comment in the press. 這引起了報(bào)界的廣泛評論。（2）“Will you resign, Minister?” “No comment!”“部長，你是要辭職嗎?”“無可奉告?！睔w納：歸納：comment on/about sth./sb. 對某事/某人評論make comments/no comment on sth./sb. 對某事/某人評論/不進(jìn)行評論小練：小練

14、： 按要求填空或翻譯。（1）Has he any comment(s) _ (make) on the recent developments? （2）Asked about the date of the election, the Prime Minister _ _ (發(fā)表意見) no decision had yet been made. （3）She was asked about the pay increase but _ _ _ (不進(jìn)行評論) on it.(1) to make (2) commented that (3)made no comment 二、重點(diǎn)詞組二、重點(diǎn)詞

15、組1. thanks to 幸虧；由于；因?yàn)?(有時(shí)作反語) (1) Thanks to his help, much trouble was saved. 多虧他的幫助, 減少了許多麻煩。(2) Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled. 由于這個(gè)倒霉的天氣, 比賽取消了。歸納：歸納：thanks to 相當(dāng)于because of /owing to /due to / on account of /as a result of 小練：小練： 根據(jù)中文意思完成句子。 (1) 多虧了新的政策，我們現(xiàn)在過著幸福的生活。_, w

16、e are now having a happy life.(2) 多虧了他的忠告我才得以成功。(用強(qiáng)調(diào)句) _(3) 由于交通堵塞我遲到了。_(1) Thanks to the new policy(2) It was thanks to his advice that I succeeded.(3) I was late thanks to the traffic jams 2. rid sb./sth. of. 使某人/某物擺脫 (1) Many people are working hard to rid the world of famine. 很多人在努力使世界不再有饑荒。(2)

17、The dentist rid him of the pain by taking out his bad tooth. 牙科醫(yī)生把他的壞牙拔掉，使他免受痛苦。 歸納：歸納： be rid of 擺脫get rid of 擺脫；除掉；去掉rid oneself of debt 還清債務(wù)小練：小練：根據(jù)中文提示完成句子。（1）He struggled to _ _ _ (使自己擺脫) his guilt.（2）I still can t _ _ _ (擺脫) my cold.（3）The sales manager asked his men to _ _ _ (通知) everything c

18、oncerning the sales in time.（4）The passengers _ _ _ (警告) the danger of unsteady landing.（1）rid himself of （2）get rid of （3）inform him of （4）are warned of3. be satisfied with = be content with 對表示滿足或滿意（1）I was not satisfied with the result. 我對那個(gè)結(jié)果感到不滿意。（2）Youve done well at school. Shes very satisfie

19、d with you. 你在學(xué)校干得不錯(cuò)，她對你很滿意。歸納：歸納：sth. satisfy sb. 某事使某人滿意sb. is satisfied sth. 對表示滿足或滿意be satisfied to do 對做感到滿意be satisfied that clause 對做感到滿意a satisfied smile 滿意的微笑a satisfied customer 感到滿意的顧客feel a sense of satisfaction感到滿足感to sb s satisfaction 使某人滿意的是it is satisfying (to do sth) 做某事是令人滿意的a sati

20、sfactory explanation / performance令人滿意的解釋/演出get/obtain/derive satisfaction from one s work 從自己的工作中得到滿足小練：小練：根據(jù)句子意思用satisfy 的適當(dāng)形式填空。（1）I am not _ (satisfy) with your work. You must improve it. （2）The result doesn t _ (satisfy) her. （3）What he has done is far from _ (satisfy).（4）He hung up the phone,

21、_ (satisfy) with a smile on his face.（5）It can be very _ (satisfy) to work in the garden.（6）His _ (satisfy) can be traced between the lines.（1）satisfied （2）satisfy （3）satisfactory （4）satisfied （5）satisfying （6）satisfaction4. would rather 寧愿（1）I d rather walk than take a bus. 我寧愿走路而不愿意坐公共汽車。（2）“Some

22、more wine?” “Thank you, I d rather not. I have to drive home.”“再來一點(diǎn)兒酒好嗎?”“不要了，我不能再喝了。 我還得開車回家呢?！睔w納：歸納：would rather do A (than do B) = would (prefer to) do A (rather than do B) 寧愿做A(而不做B) would rather sb. did sth.寧愿某人做某事(虛擬語氣)小練：小練：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空或翻譯。（1）I would rather you _ (know) now, than afterwards.（2

23、）Rather than _ (ride) on a crowded bus, I prefer _ (walk). （3）她寧可死也不愿失去孩子們。_（1）know （2）ride; to walk （3）Shed rather die than lose the children. 5. build up 逐漸建立；逐漸增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)；積累；開發(fā)（1）You need more protein to build you up. 你需要增加蛋白質(zhì)以增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)。（2）She is now trying to build up a fine reputation. 她正在努力逐步贏得好聲譽(yù)。小練：小練：

24、根據(jù)中文提示完成句子。(1) Slowly a thick layer of fat _ _ (越聚越多) on the pan s surface.(2) Exercise will help _ _ (增強(qiáng)) the muscles. (3) They have finally _ _ (建立) a big company.(1) builds up (2) build up (3) built up 6. lead to 導(dǎo)致；造成（后果）；通往(1) This misprint led to great confusion. 這個(gè)印刷錯(cuò)誤造成了很大的混亂。(2) His actions

25、 could lead to him losing his job. 他的行為有可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致他丟了工作。短語歸納：短語歸納：lead sb. to 把某人帶到lead sb. to do sth. 導(dǎo)致某人做某事 lead sb. in doing sth. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)/帶領(lǐng)某人做某事 lead to sb. doing sth. 導(dǎo)致某人做某事小練：小練：根據(jù)句子意思填空。(1) He had led everyone _ (believe) that his family was very wealthy.(2) Our research led us _ (介詞) the conclusion

26、that the present system is unfair.(3) Too much work and too little rest often _ _ illness.(4) He will lead the party of scientists _ (do) the research. (5) Failure often lies in laziness while hard work _ success.(6) The driver s carelessness _ the serious traffic accident.(1) to believe (2) to (3)

27、leads to (4) in doing (5) leads to (6) led to / resulted in 7. keep.free from/of = protect sb./sth. from. 使免受(影響/傷害)；使不含(有害物) We should keep ourselves free from drugs. 我們應(yīng)該遠(yuǎn)離毒品。小練：小練：根據(jù)句子意思填空。(1) We ve managed to _ the garden _ _weeds this year.(2) Relaxation exercises can _ your body _ _ tension.(1

28、) keep; free of (2) keep; free from 三、課文回顧三、課文回顧 Born into a poor farmers family in 1931, Yuan Longping, one of Chinas most famous scientists, 1_(work) the land to do his research. His 2_ (sunburn) face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, 3_ _whom h

29、e has struggled for the past five decades. Since he 4_(graduate) from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953, he has been finding ways to grow more rice. He searched for a way to 1. works 2. sunburnt 3. for 4. graduated increase rice harvests 5_ expanding the area of the fields. 6_(Owe) to his resea

30、rch, the UN has more tools to rid the world 7_ _ hunger and the farmers are producing harvests twice as large as 8_ _. Rich and famous 9_ he is, he doesnt care about it and is satisfied with his life. Long ago Dr Yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum. Now he has 10_ dream -to export

31、his rice so that it can be grown around the globe. 5. without 6. Owing 7. of 8. before 9. as/though 10. another四、句子精析與仿寫：四、句子精析與仿寫：1. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. 1974年，他成為世界上第一位種植高產(chǎn)水稻的農(nóng)業(yè)先鋒。 句子分析：句子分析：be/become+ the first/last+ n

32、+不定式作定語。(1) 被不定式修飾的名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系；(2) 此結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于定語從句。仿寫：仿寫：(1) 這是第一個(gè)在珠峰頂上點(diǎn)燃圣火的中國人。_(2) 邁克是會(huì)議上最后被表揚(yáng)一個(gè)。_(3) 劉翔是第一個(gè)獲得短跑冠軍的亞洲運(yùn)動(dòng)員。_(1) The Chinese was the first one to light the flame on the top of Qomolangma.(2) Mike was the last to be praised at the meeting.(3) LixXiang became the first Asian athlete to

33、 win the short running.2. This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one third more of the crop in the same fields. 這種特殊的稻種使得同樣的田地多收獲1/3的產(chǎn)量。 句子分析：句子分析：make it +adj.+ to do使做 (某事)成為 ，it是形式賓語，possible是賓語補(bǔ)足語，to do是真正的賓語。 one -third，分子小于1時(shí)，分母不用復(fù)數(shù)，分子大于1時(shí)，分母要用復(fù)數(shù)。仿寫：仿寫：(1) 他無論在哪里，都把每天跑步一小時(shí)當(dāng)規(guī)定

34、去執(zhí)行。_ (2) 他沒弄明白會(huì)議在何時(shí)何地舉行。_ (1) Wherever he is，he makes it a rule to do running for an hour every day.(2) He didnt make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.3. Although he is one of Chinas most famous scientists，Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer，for he works the land to do his res

35、earch.盡管袁隆平是中國最出名的科學(xué)家之一，但是他認(rèn)為他自己是個(gè)農(nóng)民，因?yàn)樗麖氖罗r(nóng)耕工作來進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究。 句子分析：句子分析：although表示轉(zhuǎn)折，一般不和but 連用，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，consider“以為，考慮”之意，后面常接動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，但如果表示認(rèn)為的話，就是用上該結(jié)構(gòu)。consider+sb.+ to +be 認(rèn)為某人是(to be)?？梢允÷浴or引導(dǎo)的分句通常是對前一個(gè)分句所說的話加以解釋，提供判斷的理由。仿寫：仿寫：(1) 天亮了，鳥兒在歌唱。_ (2) 昨晚一定下了雨，因?yàn)榻裉煸缟系厣虾軡?。_ (1) The day breaks，for the birds

36、 are singing.(2) It must have rained yesterday , for it was wet on the ground this morning.4. He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. 他寧愿把時(shí)間花在自己的業(yè)余愛好上。句子分析：句子分析：would rather (not) do sth.寧愿 (不)做更喜歡 (不做) ；would rather 接從句時(shí)，從句使用虛擬語氣。仿寫：仿寫：(1) 今晚你最好待在家里看點(diǎn)書。_ (2) 我寧可你昨天做了這件事。_ (1) You would rath

37、er stay at home and do some reading this evening.(2) I would rather you did it yesterday.5. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. 此外，施過化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常因生長得過快而營養(yǎng)不足。 句子分析：句子分析：(1) in addition意思是“而且，還有”；相當(dāng)于beside

38、s，用作狀語。前后的關(guān)系有遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。(2) grown with chemical fertilizers，為過去分詞短語作后置定語，表示被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句“which were grown with chemical fertilizers”。仿寫：仿寫：(1) 我不想去了，再說我也很累。_(2) 英語演講比賽不僅幫助我們提高英語交際能力，而且，還幫助我們養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣。 _(1) I dont want to go. In addition, I am too tired.(2) English speech competition is to help us improve o

39、ur ability of communicating in English. In addition, it can also help to develop the good habit of reading. 一、根據(jù)課文回答下列問題：一、根據(jù)課文回答下列問題： 1. What are the farming steps?1. The farming steps: selecting the weeds, ploughing the soil, turning over the soil, sowing the seeds, removing the weeds, fertilizing

40、.2. What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?2. I think if that happened, people there would suffer from starvation. They would be panic and the whole country would get into trouble. Maybe the situation that human beings eat human beings will happen.3. How to solv

41、e hunger? Give your ideas.3. There are many methods to solve hunger, such as making good use of the waste land, improving the quality of the soil, preventing the pests from eating our crops, developing the technology to increase the output, inventing a new kind of food and so on.4. Give some good ad

42、vice on developing agriculture of our country.4. First, we should make full use of the land and improve the quality of the soil. Second, we should do more research on increasing the output. Third, we should plant and invent more kinds of plants. 5. How to understand the poem by Li Shen “Farmers weed

43、ing at noon, sweat down the field soon. Who knows food on a tray, due to their toiling day”?5. The poem shows us that food is the basics for man. Farming is hard work. Farmers have to plant crops, smooth away weeds and get in the crops at the right time. They have to get up early to work in the fiel

44、d so as to protect themselves from the sunshine. When it doesnt rain, and they cant irrigate the crops, the crops will die and they will have nothing after hard working. So we should save food.二、美文欣賞與模仿：二、美文欣賞與模仿： How to protect the environmenthas become oneof the most difficult problems in the worl

45、d. First, we mustnt drop the waste everywhere, which pollutes the environmentand does harm to our health. Second, its a waste to drop glass, paper and metal. We should sell and reuse them. Besides, we must take measuresto stop the factories pouring the waste waterinto the wells, lakes and field, whi

46、ch pollute the crops and kill the fish. We have only one earth, which would even be affectedby the simplest activities inour daily life. We should protectit, keepour environment clean and tidy, and makeour homes more beautiful.一、重點(diǎn)詞詞形變換一、重點(diǎn)詞詞形變換 1. The chemical lab is _ with plenty of modern _. (equ

47、ip)2. To his _, everybody seems to be _ by this question. (confuse)3. Mike has been _ for his success in his career. (struggle)4. “I have been _ not being there when my mother died.” Steven said _. (regret)1.equipped, equipment 2.confusion, confused 3. struggling 4.regretting, regretfully 5. There h

48、as been a dramatic _ in the release of carbon dioxide since the government took every measure to _ it. (reduce)6.It is _to think about so much work to do. I have to disconnect my mobilephone in order not to be _. (disturb)7. He has Chinese _. Our newspaper is a _newspaper. (nation)8. Columbus is sai

49、d to have _ America in 1492. (discover)5.reduction, reduce 6. disturbing; disturbed7. nationality 8. discovered; discoveries 二、活用表格中的短語二、活用表格中的短語1. _ your timely help, we finally solved our problem.2.The brave soldiers _ _ _ die than yield (投降).3.My parents _ _ my performance at school.4.We should n

50、ot only _ _ _ the result but also the process.5.He has _ _ _ his confidence by communicating with others.6. Too much work and too little rest often _ _ illness.1. Thanks to 2. would rather 3.are satisfied with 4.focus on 5.built up 6. leads to 三、完形填空三、完形填空詞數(shù)：詞數(shù)： 325建議用時(shí)：建議用時(shí)： 20分鐘分鐘難度：難度：秘秘訣訣探探尋尋：動(dòng)動(dòng)

51、詞詞(2)技技巧點(diǎn)撥巧點(diǎn)撥動(dòng)詞的搭配：(1)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系；(2)注意主謂搭配一致性；(3)根據(jù)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者及承受者確定所選的動(dòng)詞。真真題題導(dǎo)導(dǎo)悟悟1. So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you hardly_ .A. notice B. admire C. believe D. measure1. A 此空只要能看出a stomach是這四個(gè)詞的賓語，再結(jié)合本句內(nèi)的信息：wit

52、h the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers就不難找出正確選項(xiàng)A。 2. And video cameras can be used to _ peoples actions at home2. 句中動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是video cameras，因此答案是record“記錄”。3. Her quick responses in class, unique answers to the teachers questions and good understanding to the lessons often_ the students

53、 to have further discussions or debates on the text.A. encourages B. improves C. calls D. develops3. A 通過觀察后面的賓語the students(sb.)，我們可以看出B、D后面只跟賓語(sth.)。call要與on之類的介詞連用才可接賓語，否則就表示“給誰打電話”。encourages后面可跟sb.to do sth.，因此用A項(xiàng)最好。 圖窮圖窮匕現(xiàn)匕現(xiàn)本文中的第10題。思思路路盤盤剝剝段落段落Key wordsTopic sentencesTitle NomadsPara 1Never,

54、 would travelOne day, Mr. Arnold was explaining the story of mankind to his pupils.Main ideaParas 25discovery,always,remain living,complete,attracted,go to the next place,no more forest left, move on,our needs, cutting, thoughtfullyThe teacher and the students are discussing the relationship between

55、 mankind and nomads.Men are abusing the present land to satisfy their needs until the land is bare, then they have to move from one place to another , so they finally turn into nomads again. Para 6to preventWhat they could do to prevent mankind from becoming nomads. One day, Mr Arnold was explaining

56、 the story of mankind to his pupils. He told them that, in the beginning, men were nomads (游牧民): they never 1 in the same place for very long. Instead,they would travel about in search of food. He taught them about the 2 of farming and keeping animals. This was a(n) 3 discovery, because by learning

57、to grow crops, and care for animals, mankind would always have food 4 available. It also meant that people could remain living in one place, and this made it easier to set about 5 that would take a long time to complete, like building cities.All the children were listening, attracted 6 by this story

58、, until Lucy jumped up, asking, “Why are we nomads again, Mr Arnold?” Mr Arnold didn t know what to say. Lucy was a very 7 girl. He knew that she lived with her parents in a 8, so she must know that her family were not nomads; so what did she mean? “We have all become nomads again, ” 9 Lucy. “The ot

59、her day, outside the city, they were cutting the forest down. A while ago a fisherman told me how they fish. Its the same with everyone: when theres no more forest left, the foresters go elsewhere, and when the fish 10, the fishermen move on. That s what the nomads did, isnt it?” The teacher 11 , th

60、oughtfully. Really mankind had turned into nomads. Instead of looking after the land in such a way that we could be sure it would keep 12 our needs, we have abused it until the land was 13 . And then off we would go to the next place! The class spent the rest of the afternoon talking about what they could 14 to preve