中國(guó)文化傳統(tǒng)文化第1講

1、.中國(guó)文化通覽中國(guó)文化通覽An outline of Chinese Culture 第一章第一章Chapter One 第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 序言序言 中國(guó)古代地理環(huán)境中國(guó)古代地理環(huán)境 經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)Introduction ; geographical surroundings ; economic structure . 1. A brief introduction of the course TCC 2. Definitions of culture, Chinese culture and traditional Chinese culture 3. The geographical s

2、urroundings and economic structure of ancient China 2.A brief introduction of the coursev1. to acquire a better understanding of Chinese culture; to improve English communication competence; to develop the ability to think critically about history and culture.2. Course pattern: lectures; seminar; pa

3、ir work and group work3. hours: 36; 2hs / pw; 4.exam: test; course work .v Write out the English versions of the following Chinese cultureloaded expressions vWrite out the Chinese versions of the following English expressions v Explain in English the following expressions vIntroduce in English the h

4、istorical development of Chinese ancient culture and the characteristics of each stage. vChoose only two of the following topics and say something about them in about 50 - 100 English words. .5culture Chinese culturetraditional Chinese culture.漢語(yǔ)關(guān)鍵詞漢語(yǔ)關(guān)鍵詞v精神文化； 行為文化；物化的文化形式這些文化形式最典型地反映展示了中國(guó)文化的概貌和基本特征

5、。.漢語(yǔ)關(guān)鍵句漢語(yǔ)關(guān)鍵句v這些文化形式最典型地反映展示了中國(guó)文化的概貌和基本特征。v富有鮮明的民族特色的文化體系.漢語(yǔ)關(guān)鍵詞、句 . Definitions of Chinese culturevThe Chinese culture can be defined as a cultural system rich in distinct national style which took shape within the terrain of China. The culture includes the spiritual culture and behavioral culture as

6、 well as their materialized presentations. It is these cultural forms that typify the fundamental features of the Chinese culture. .vIt belongs to the historical category, having undergone 5 000-year development before it turns into todays splendid sight, both extensive and profound. To some extent

7、the Chinese culture indicates the Chinese tradition. Meanwhile it can be relegated to the national category. After a long process of relatively independent development followed by the collision and exchange afterwards between China and foreign countries, the Chinese culture assumed unique characteri

8、stics, became an outstanding member in the brilliant global family of national cultures, and grew to be a main representative of Oriental national cultures. .The Geographical SurroundingsvQuestion:vWhy is it said that the geographical surroundings play a vital role in the formation and development o

9、f Chinese culture?vWhat are the main features of geographical surroundings in ancient China? .Key sentencesvSituated in the continent of East Asia, China is located in relatively enclosed geographical surroundings. In the north stretches the vast desert and prairie; in the west, the vast expanse of

10、Gobi and desert and Qinghai-Tibet plateau; in the southwest, Yunnan-Guizhou mountainous region and boundless tropical rain forests; in the east and southeast, the ocean. .vThe relatively enclosed geographical surroundings provided exceptional natural advantages for the ancient Chinese culture to dev

11、elop independently, for a fairly long period free from the impact of foreign cultures, especially those powerful ones. These facilitated the Chinese culture to evolve into a stable and independent system with distinctive regional features. .vSince the terrain of China is high in the west and low in

12、the east, several long rivers running from west to east are distributed evenly to form the valleys of Liaohe River, Yellow River, Yangtze River and Pearl River. The large rivers and their tributaries facilitate the agricultural development and transportation as well as the growth of regional culture

13、s. Chinese cultural system is an organic unity with multi-elements. Different styles of regional cultures enrich the connotation of the Chinese culture. .vFor quite a long period, the Yellow River Valley has been the major birthplace and base of the ancient civilization. Agricultural civilization pl

14、ays a decisive role in forming and promoting the Chinese culture, which constitutes its fundamental differences from Western culture. .vFor quite a long period, the Yellow River Valley has been the major birthplace and base of the ancient civilization. Agricultural civilization plays a decisive role

15、 in forming and promoting the Chinese culture, which constitutes its fundamental differences from Western culture. 18.vProvide the Chinese equivalents for the following English expressions:- relatively enclosed geographical surroundings - the Yellow river valley- river tributaries- an organic unity

16、with multi-elements- temperate and subtropical zones- birthplace .The Economic Structurev小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì) ； 自然經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)； 農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟(jì)； 游牧； 漁獵； 勸農(nóng)政策； 抑商政策； 籍田制度vQs:1) What is the main natural economic pattern in ancient China?2) What are the three types of regional economy and the layout of economic zones in ancient China?3)

17、 What is the dominant economic policy of ancient China4) What are the four features of small-scale peasant economy?.關(guān)鍵詞v籍田制度v耒耜v褊狹v訓(xùn)詁v箋注.漢英互譯v華夏族 游牧部落v炎黃子孫 封建主經(jīng)濟(jì)v抑商 禮儀之邦v宗法制 v小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì) 自然經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)v自然經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)v勸農(nóng)政策.v區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì) 籍田制度v農(nóng)耕、游牧、漁獵 立春之日v農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū) 天子 諸侯v游牧經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū) 力田v中原地區(qū) 男耕女織 v勸農(nóng)政策 保甲制度.vIn ancient China, the natural eco

18、nomic pattern went like this: farming was the major mode of production and family, the basic unit. In primitive society, three types of regional economy farming, pasturage and fishing gradually came into existence because of the discrepancies in natural geographical surroundings. After the Xia, Shan

19、g and Zhou dynasties, some relatively stable economic zones developed: the farming zone in the middle and lower valleys of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, the nomadic zone in the northern and northwestern frontiers and the fishing and hunting zone in the northeast .v。The mainstream of the an

20、cient Chinese culture was based on the agricultural civilization. The nationalities engaged in pasturage or fishing and hunting in the north mounted large-scale offences southward many times by taking advantage of their military might, and managed to establish their political power successively, but

21、 each time they were brought under the control of the agricultural civilization of the Central Plains. .Assimilated by and integrated with the Hua Xia and Han nationalities, they reverted to the traditional social pattern with Han nationality as its main body and agricultural economy as its foundati

22、on. .vAgriculture was fundamental to the development of ancient China. Farming, the origin of which can at least be traced back to 8 000 years ago, has been instrumental in molding the basic social outlook of ancient China. Agriculture shaped the political system and ideology. In ancient China, rule

23、rs of each dynasty happened to coincide in their policy of protecting agriculture, i.e. encouraging farming but limiting commerce. Incentive measures were adopted to develop farming. With the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, emerged the system of household land .vEvery year at the Beginning of

24、 Spring (first solar term) of each year, a grand ceremony would be held. The Emperor, as well as dukes and princes would plough their own household land, setting a model for the common people to follow, and conveying the message that the government attached high importance to agriculture. Later, thi

25、s became a conventional practice. The government also commended those who had scored outstanding achievements in the area of farming .vIn order to discourage the development of the craft and commercial sector, measures were taken to punish and restrain those handicraftsmen and businessmen. The punis

26、hments were sometimes very stern, such as forbidding businessmen to wear silk clothes, carry swords or use a chariot and even to confiscate their property. All these measures guaranteed the dominant role of agricultural economy in the ancient society. .vThe agricultural society, which lasted for sev

27、eral thousand years, with the small-scale peasant economy in the leading position, exerted a strong influence on the development of the Chinese culture. .v1）解詞v籍田制度：v耒耜：v疆域v游牧部落.關(guān)鍵詞v華夏族v炎黃子孫v抑商v宗法制v小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)v自然經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)v勸農(nóng)政策.主題句v（1）中國(guó)文化是一個(gè)歷史范疇，歷史悠久，在某種程度上就是指的傳統(tǒng)文化；v中國(guó)文化同時(shí)是一個(gè)民族范疇，以我為主，特色鮮明，成為東方文化的代表。v（2）相對(duì)封閉的地理

28、環(huán)境為古代文化相對(duì)獨(dú)立的發(fā)展提供了便利條件，使之成為相對(duì)v穩(wěn)定的文化系統(tǒng)。v（3）風(fēng)格各異的地域文化豐富了中國(guó)文化的內(nèi)涵，文化融合、政治一統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)突出。.v（4）農(nóng)耕生產(chǎn)是中國(guó)古代主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)方式；黃河流域、長(zhǎng)江流域成為古代文明的發(fā)祥地和根據(jù)地，中國(guó)古代文明其性質(zhì)是農(nóng)業(yè)文明。v（5） 勸農(nóng)政策和抑商政策保證了農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在古代社會(huì)的主導(dǎo)地位，以小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)占主導(dǎo)地位的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)，給中國(guó)文化的發(fā)展打下了深刻的印記。.v主題與表達(dá)小結(jié)v1. 中國(guó)現(xiàn)有的疆域的形成是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的歷史過(guò)程，是5千年來(lái)以華夏族為主的政權(quán)與周邊各部族政權(quán)在長(zhǎng)期不斷的沖撞融合中逐步塑造而成的。中國(guó)早期的國(guó)家是由夏人、夷人和蠻人的部落聯(lián)盟組

29、織發(fā)展而來(lái)，距今約有5千年的歷史。2.中國(guó)古代地理環(huán)境的主要特點(diǎn)是（ 相對(duì)封閉：北面多戈壁、沙漠、西面多高原山脈、東面臨海，南面多熱帶叢林等）。v。.v3.中國(guó)區(qū)域文化的主要代表是：長(zhǎng)江流域代表性的區(qū)域文化主要有巴蜀文化、荊楚文化和吳越文化；關(guān)中文化、中原文化、齊魯文化和燕趙文化是黃河區(qū)域文化的典型代表；珠江流域的代表性區(qū)域文化有云貴高原文化和嶺南文化；此外還有貫穿中國(guó)南北許多省份的運(yùn)河流域文化.v4. 大運(yùn)河肇始于春秋時(shí)期，完成于隋代，繁榮于唐宋，取直于元代，疏通于明清。v中國(guó)古代的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)v 5. 中國(guó)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)由古代以農(nóng)業(yè)為主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)向現(xiàn)代工業(yè)會(huì)發(fā)展的歷史過(guò)程。長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)千

30、年的，以小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)占主導(dǎo)地位的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)，給中國(guó)文化的發(fā)展打下了深刻的印記。在中國(guó)的古代社會(huì)，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)是以農(nóng)耕為主要生產(chǎn)方式，以家庭為基本單位的自然經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)。.v長(zhǎng)江流域文化v長(zhǎng)江沿岸分布著110多座大中城市，其中著名古城、工商城和風(fēng)景名城有上海、南通、揚(yáng)州、鎮(zhèn)江、南京、蕪湖、銅陵、安慶、瀘州、宜賓等。v長(zhǎng)江流域代表性的區(qū)域文化主要有巴蜀文化、荊楚文化和吳越文化，分居長(zhǎng)江上、中、下游。.v（1）巴蜀文化v巴蜀文化是以今四川、重慶兩地為主要范圍的區(qū)域文化。3000多年前重慶即為巴國(guó)首府，2400多年前，成都就是蜀國(guó)王都，加上四川歷來(lái)以“蜀”相稱，因此，我們把成長(zhǎng)發(fā)育于四川盆地 Sichuan b

31、asin的區(qū)域文化被稱之為巴蜀文化。.v（2）荊楚文化v荊楚文化以江漢平原為中心，主要包括湖南、湖北兩省。三國(guó)古戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)遺跡ruins 遍布全區(qū)。這里也是中國(guó)近代革命的熱土。v楚國(guó)介于夷夏之間，因而文化也帶有長(zhǎng)江流域文化與黃河流域文化的中和類(lèi)型。人民以蛇龍為圖騰totem。.v（3）吳越文化v吳越文化地處長(zhǎng)江下游，東臨大海，北接齊魯，南連閩粵，西鄰荊楚，是一個(gè)地勢(shì)平坦，河湖遍布，氣候溫潤(rùn)，適于稻作的地區(qū)。自然資源豐富，人文氣氛濃郁，古文化遺址眾多。v吳越文化的得名，固與吳、越建國(guó)有關(guān)，吳、越先后成為“春秋五霸”之一。公元222年被秦王朝統(tǒng)一。.v黃河流域文化v黃河及其支流沿岸的咸陽(yáng)、西安、洛陽(yáng)、開(kāi)

32、封，是顯赫一時(shí)的歷史古都，蘭州、銀川、包頭、呼和浩特、濟(jì)南等城市，既有大量風(fēng)光勝跡，又聚集現(xiàn)代都市風(fēng)情。v黃河流域是中華文明的發(fā)祥地，是我國(guó)古代政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的中心，關(guān)中文化、中原文化、齊魯文化和燕趙文化是黃河區(qū)域文化的典型代表。.v 關(guān)中指中國(guó)陜西秦嶺北麓渭河沖積平原alluvia plain，平均海拔elevation約500米，又稱關(guān)中盆地，其北部為陜北黃土高原，向南則是陜南山地、秦巴山脈，為陜西的工、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)，人口密集地區(qū)，富庶之地，號(hào)稱八百里秦川。v關(guān)中及漢中盆地自古是我國(guó)文明的發(fā)祥地，留下了炎帝、黃帝活動(dòng)的足跡。周、秦、漢、唐等歷代王朝在此定都。v秦漢以來(lái)，關(guān)中一直是全國(guó)的政治、

33、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心，從而使古樸穩(wěn)健的關(guān)中文化具有弘大的大文化氣象，帶有隆盛威嚴(yán)、儀態(tài)萬(wàn)方Distinguished air of elegance and coquetry 的帝都royal capital文化的濃厚色彩。 .v（2）中原文化v狹義的中原指的是函谷關(guān)以東，齊魯以西，太行山以南，江漢以北的黃河中下游地區(qū)。這里是我國(guó)的心腹地帶，是東、西、南、北交匯與交流的中心與結(jié)合部。大禹治水及其子啟建立的夏，就是以中原地區(qū)為中心。從黃帝到戰(zhàn)國(guó)，中原作為正統(tǒng)王朝所在地及全國(guó)的中心，一直被視為中邦、中土、中國(guó)。在歷史上，中原是諸侯逐鹿的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，是霸主會(huì)盟之地，又是歷代農(nóng)民起義和農(nóng)民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)活動(dòng)的中心。v中原地

34、區(qū)的古都，有安陽(yáng)、洛陽(yáng)、開(kāi)封、許昌，這就使中原的文化以洛陽(yáng)白馬寺為中心的佛教文化，以中岳廟為中心的道教文化v我國(guó)古代的傳說(shuō)人物，大多出現(xiàn)在中原的舞臺(tái)上。伏羲、女?huà)z、神農(nóng)、黃帝，都在這里留下許多動(dòng)人的故事。李斯的小篆，吳道子的繪畫(huà)，張擇端的清明上河圖，龍門(mén)的石窟造象，岳飛的滿江紅，中原的唐三彩和汝瓷、鈞瓷為中原文化中的亮點(diǎn)。.v（3）齊魯文化v齊魯文化是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的核心和主干，是華夏主體文化的代表，以農(nóng)業(yè)文明為主。v齊魯文化范圍主要在今山東省。從空間上細(xì)分，齊魯文化由齊文化和魯文化構(gòu)成，二者既有區(qū)別，又有聯(lián)系，具有某些共同特征。.v（4）燕趙文化v本區(qū)南連齊魯文化區(qū)和中原文化區(qū)，北接蒙古文化區(qū)和松遼文化區(qū)。這里是 “北京人”Beijing Ape Man的故鄉(xiāng)。稍后的“山頂洞cave people”人也生活在這里。v北方的少數(shù)民族文化，外來(lái)的佛教文化，也對(duì)燕趙文化產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。在儒學(xué)方面，漢代這里出現(xiàn)了董仲舒這樣的大儒學(xué)家和經(jīng)學(xué)家。在科學(xué)技術(shù)方面，這里出現(xiàn)名醫(yī)扁鵲、數(shù)學(xué)家祖沖之。地理學(xué)家酈道元是河北深縣人，所撰水經(jīng)注是一部全國(guó)河流的地理名著。元戲劇家關(guān)漢卿，更代表了元雜劇的Drama of the Yuan dynasty的最高水平。清代文學(xué)家曹雪芹，更寫(xiě)出了紅樓夢(mèng)這一名著。著名的永樂(lè)大典和四庫(kù)全書(shū)等曠世巨編，都出現(xiàn)在