機(jī)械專業(yè)英語(章躍版)課后英漢翻譯

1、 第一章：應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變1. That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、時(shí)間和力運(yùn)動(dòng)乘力是科學(xué)分析法的一個(gè)分歧，被稱作力學(xué)，力學(xué)由兩大部分組成，靜力學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)。2. For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the

2、oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推軸承上的作用力過大的話，會(huì)擠出油膜，引起金屬和金屬之間的相互接觸，軸承將過熱而迅速失效。3. Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直觀

3、概念包括力的作用點(diǎn)、大小、方向，這些被稱為力的三要素。4. All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物體既可以是彈性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就產(chǎn)

4、生變形。當(dāng)變形很小的時(shí)候它們被假設(shè)成剛體，也就是不產(chǎn)生變形。5. The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming.剛體假設(shè)不能應(yīng)用于內(nèi)應(yīng)力和內(nèi)應(yīng)變的分析，所以在實(shí)際力的分析時(shí)，要考慮物體的形變。6. If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, th

5、e particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.如果作用在質(zhì)點(diǎn)上所有的力是平衡的，質(zhì)點(diǎn)將會(huì)保持靜止或做做勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。第2章 ：材料的強(qiáng)度與塑性1.A tensile test consists of slowly pulling a sample of material with a tensile load until it breaks. The ends of tensile specimens are usually enla

6、rged to provide extra area for grip-ping and to avoid having the sample break where it is being gripped.拉伸試驗(yàn)包括慢慢加載拉伸載荷直到斷裂。拉伸試件兩端加粗為了提供裝夾區(qū)域和避免試件斷裂。2. The usual manner of conducting the test is to deform the specimen at a constant speed. For example, in the universal testing machines, the motion betw

7、een the fixed and moving crossheads can be controlled at a constant speed. 通常進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)的方法就是使試件以恒定速度發(fā)生變形。例如，在萬能拉伸試驗(yàn)機(jī)上，固定端和移動(dòng)的十字滑塊之間的變形是以恒定速度進(jìn)行的。3. The load that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain

8、 the stress in the specimen at any time during the test.隨著實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)行，用來產(chǎn)生位移的載荷是隨位移的變化而變化。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，載荷F除以橫截面積A可以得到任意時(shí)刻點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力。4. However actual measurement of L is preferable where this is feasible. Stress and strain based on the initial (undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering stress and strain

9、.然而，在可行的位置上L的實(shí)際測量是更可取的，基于原始尺寸Ai和Li的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變稱為工程應(yīng)力和工程應(yīng)變。5. Ductile and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. The compression test is conducted on short cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates.塑性和脆性材料在壓縮試驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)的特性是不相同的。壓縮試驗(yàn)是把短圓柱形試件放在兩平行平板之間進(jìn)行的。6.The compression test

10、 diagram for these materials retains the qualitative features of the tension test diagram. The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle of a brittle material is determined in the same way as in tension.材料壓縮試驗(yàn)圖保持了拉伸試驗(yàn)圖性能上的特征。脆性材料的最大壓縮強(qiáng)度與最大拉伸強(qiáng)度得到的方法相同。第7章 ：砂型鑄造1.The first stage in the production of

11、sand casting must be the design and manufacture of a suitable pattern. Casting pattern has to be made larger than the finished casting size to allow for the shrinkage that takes place during solidification and cooling.在型砂鑄造生產(chǎn)中，第一階段是必須設(shè)計(jì)和制造合適的模型，考慮到鑄件在凝固和冷卻期間產(chǎn)生的收縮鑄件模型的尺寸要比鑄件的尺寸大。2.If a hollow casting

12、 is to be made the pattern will include extension pieces so that spaces to accept the sand core are molded into the sand. These additional spaces in the mold are termed core prints.如果鑄造空心鑄件時(shí)模型上包含伸長桿便于在砂中放置砂芯的空間稱為型芯座。3.Sand molds for the production of small and medium-sized castings are made in a mol

13、ding box. The mold is made in two or more parts in order that the pattern may be removed.中小型尺寸的鑄件砂型是在一個(gè)砂箱中制造，砂型由兩部分或更多部分組成，以利于模型的順利取出。4.This process of filling and ramming may be done by hand but mold production is automated in a large foundry with the mold boxes moving along a conveyor, firstly to

14、be filled with sand from hoppers and then to pass under mechanical hammers for ramming.填充和夯實(shí)的過程可以手工完成，但在大型鑄造中砂型的制造是自動(dòng)完成的，砂箱隨著傳送帶移動(dòng)，首先被料斗中的砂子填滿，然后通過機(jī)械錘時(shí)被打?qū)崱?.The risers should coincide with the highest points of the mold cavity so that the displaced air can readily escape from the mold. The sizes of

15、risers should be such that the metal in them does not freeze too rapidly.冒口應(yīng)該與型腔的最高點(diǎn)相連接，使得進(jìn)入的空氣可以容易的從模型中溢出，冒口的尺寸應(yīng)該足夠大使模型中金屬不會(huì)太快凝固。6.When the metal that has been poured into a sand mold has fully solidified, the mold is broken and the casting is removed. The casting still has the runner and risers at

16、tached to it and there will be sand adhering to portions of the surface.當(dāng)熔的金屬被傾倒到砂型內(nèi)并充分凝固以后，砂型將被打破取出鑄件，鑄件上依然帶有橫澆口和冒口并且依然有砂子粘在表面。第9章 電弧焊1.arc welding in one form or another is the most widely used form of welding .the electrical supply is low voltage but high amperage and may be either alternating or

17、 direct .電弧焊在一種或另一種形式是應(yīng)用最廣泛的焊接形式。電力供應(yīng)是低電壓，但是大電流，并且可以是交流或直流。2. the earliest forms of arc welding used carbon electrodes.but nowadays the arc is struck between a metal electrode and work -piece .the electrode may either be of tungsten or be a consumable metal electrode that melts ,acting as a source o

18、f filler metal .3. 電弧焊接的最早的形式使用碳電極，但現(xiàn)在的電弧觸發(fā)一個(gè)金屬電極與工件之間，電極可以是鎢或可熔化，作為填充金屬供源的消耗性金屬電極。an alternating-current arc is broken and re-established at each half cycle and this leads to arc instability although the use of arc-established agents in the flux coating of electrode wires can overcome this problem

19、. 交流電弧被打破并且重新建立在每個(gè)半周期，這導(dǎo)致電弧不穩(wěn)定雖然在電極布線焊劑涂層使用電弧建立劑可以克服這個(gè)問題。4. uncoated welding rods can be used for arc wilding .but it is more usual to use flux-coated electrodes .when steels are welded using uncoated electrodes,oxides and nitrides can form and remain in the weld with a consequent loss of toughness

20、. 未涂覆的焊條可以用于電弧野生植物。但更通常使用的焊劑涂覆的電極。當(dāng)鋼在使用未涂覆的電極焊接，氧化物和氮化物能夠形成并保持在焊縫韌性因此而喪失。5. flux-coated electrodes are widely used .the composition of the coatings is complex and a variety of different coatings are used to cater for different types of welding application .焊劑涂覆的電極被廣泛使用。涂層的組成是復(fù)雜和各種不同的涂料是用于配合不同類型的焊接應(yīng)用

21、。6. in this case the electron flow is from electrode to work-piece .A concentrated arc issues from the electrode tip and heating of the work-piece is largely confined to the very small ares beneath the electrode .在這種情況下電子流動(dòng)是從電極到工件，從電極頭和工件的加熱濃縮的弧的問題在很大程度上僅限于電極下方的非常小頃。第十章：鋼1.In simple terms, a plain c

22、arbon steel may be said to be an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 1.7% carbon. In practice, however, these steels rarely contain more than 1.4% carbon and other elements are also present, either as deliberate additions (e. g. manganese) or as impurities (e. g. sulphur and phosphorus).簡單

23、來說，普通碳素鋼也被稱為含碳量少于1.7%的合金鋼。然而事實(shí)上，這些鋼材中很少有含碳量多于1.4%，同時(shí)也含有其它元素，例如一些額外添加物（如錳）或者雜志（如硫和磷）。2.In the manufacture of this material, complete deoxidation is not carried out and it is made as rimming steel. It is produced as hot and cold worded sheet, strip, rod, wire and tube, and is available in the hot-work

24、ed or process annealed condition.在材料的生產(chǎn)加工中，不能實(shí)現(xiàn)脫氧還原反應(yīng)的鋼被稱為沸騰鋼。它被用來生產(chǎn)熱處理或冷處理的薄片、帶、棒、電線、和管，并且它適用熱軋和退火的情況下。3.The strength and hardness of these steel is low, but a hard surface can be obtained by carbursing in order to combine a wear-resistant surface with tough core properties.鋼的強(qiáng)度和硬度低，可以通過滲碳的方法獲得表面硬化

25、以達(dá)到表面耐寒內(nèi)部韌性較好的特性。4.As the carbon content is raised above 0.2%, the strength increases into the range required for constructional purposes, but the ductility decreases. The fabrication qualities (working and welding characteristics) of this material are very good.一旦鋼中含碳量上升超過0.2%，結(jié)構(gòu)上的強(qiáng)度會(huì)發(fā)生巨大變化，但是其延展性會(huì)

26、下降。材料的制造質(zhì)量（承載和焊接特性）非常好。5.Medium carbon steels are often quenched-hardened and fully tempered to give good strength with maximum toughness, which are the properties required of components such as shafts, gears and connecting rods.中碳鋼常被淬火硬化和高溫回火處理以便給予良好的溫度和最大的韌性，這些是軸、齒輪和連桿所要求的能力特性。6.High carbon steels

27、 are quench hardened and lightly tempered to give high hardness with only limited toughness. Material in this classification is mainly used for making fairly small, relatively inexpensive cutting tools so that the group as a whole is known as carbon tool steel.高碳鋼常被淬火硬化和低溫回火處理以便給予高硬度和一定韌性。此類材料主要被用于生

28、產(chǎn)相當(dāng)小、可靠地、廉價(jià)的切削工具，者這就是碳素工具鋼。第11章 ：金屬熱加工1. The principal kinds of heat-treatment used in practice .which differently affect the structure and properties ,and which are assigned to meet the requirements made to the semifabricated materials (castings forgings ,rolled stock ,etc.)and finished articles :a

29、re (1)annealing ;(2)normalizing ;(3)hardening and (4)tempering .所用的主要種類熱處理的做法，以不同方式影響結(jié)構(gòu)和性能，并分配給滿足于半加工材料制成的要求（鑄件鍛件，軋材等）和必要的類型：是（1）退火（2）正火，（3）淬火和（4）回火。2. Normalizing raises the strength and hardness of medium and high-carbon steels by 10 to 15 percent as compared to annealed steel.正火引起較退火的鋼的強(qiáng)度和中等和高碳鋼硬

30、度由10至15。3. Martensite is very hard and brittle ,having a much higher tensile strength than the steel with a pearlite microstructure .馬氏體是非常硬且脆的，具有高得多的抗張強(qiáng)度比鋼具有珠光體組織。4. Tempering,or drawing ,is a process of reheating a steel part that has been previously hardened to transform hard martensite into soft

31、er structure .the higher the tempering temperature used ,the softer and tougher the piece becomes .回火，或圖中，是再加熱先前已硬化改造硬馬氏體成較軟的結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼部件的工藝?；鼗饻囟戎惺褂玫妮^高，較軟及更嚴(yán)格的片而成。5. For low carbon steels ,normalizing enables a better surface finish to be obtained in machining and raise the production capacity .對(duì)于低碳鋼，正火使得

32、能夠在加工得到更好的表面光潔度，并提高生產(chǎn)能力。6. In commercial tempering the temperature range of 250-425 is usually avoided because of an unexplained embrittlement ,or loss of ductility ,that often occurs with steels tempered in this range .在商業(yè)回火250-425的溫度范圍通常是可以避免的，因?yàn)橐环N原因不明的脆化，或延展性的損失，經(jīng)常發(fā)生回火鋼在此范圍內(nèi)。第二十章：數(shù)控技術(shù)1. Numerical

33、 control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. 數(shù)字控制手段控制的機(jī)床和其他制造業(yè)通過系統(tǒng)的使用做,書面象征性

34、指示。 而於操作機(jī)床、NC技術(shù)員寫一個(gè)程序問題業(yè)務(wù)指示機(jī)工具。2. Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was develop in the early 1950 with funding provided by the U.S.Air Force. 象許多先進(jìn)技術(shù)，數(shù)控出生在馬薩諸塞的實(shí)驗(yàn)室技術(shù)Institude。 數(shù)控的概念在早期1950年被開發(fā)了與資助由美國空軍提

35、供。3. This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for N/C that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration,and specify the necessary motion

36、s. 這個(gè)問題在1959年導(dǎo)致了發(fā)展刀具控制程序自動(dòng)編制系統(tǒng)中(APT) 語言。 這是使用聲明相似的N/C的一種特別編程語言 對(duì)定義部分幾何的英文，描述切割工具配置，并且指定必要的行動(dòng)。4.N/C machines tool elements consist of dimensioning systems,control systems,servomechanisms and open- or closed-loop systems.數(shù)控機(jī)床元素有尺寸體系、控制系統(tǒng)、伺服結(jié)構(gòu)和開環(huán)或閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)組成。 5. Continuous-path machines are more expensive t

37、han point-to-point system and generally require a computer to aid programming when machining complex contours. 連續(xù)路徑機(jī)器都高于點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng),一般要求計(jì)算機(jī)援助方案在加工復(fù)雜輪廓。6. N/C increase flexibility. Engineering changes in production parts are less costly and more rapid, since changes with N/C are quickly accomplished by cha

38、nging a tape rather than building new jigs and fixtures. N/C增加靈活性。工程生產(chǎn)部分變化較少價(jià)格 昂貴，而且由于 N/C 的變化快速通過更改更快磁帶而不建立新的夾具和固定裝置。第二十一章：機(jī)器人1.Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunction. It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various single-purpose machines used in modern manufacturing firms.注意本定義包含了可重編程和多功能的特點(diǎn)。就是這兩點(diǎn)把現(xiàn)代制造企業(yè)中的真正工業(yè)機(jī)器