綠色壁壘英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、appendix：green barriers from the standpoint of sustainable development abstract: green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (ntb). this paper points out that green barriers evolved from sustainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative advan

2、tage. the best way to surmount green barriers for chinese enterprises is to implement circular production processes and clean production techniques. key words: green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis. 1. introduction since the opening up an

3、d economic reform of china, its foreign trade volume has risen continuously from us$20.6 billion in 1978 to us$1,422 billion in 2005. the sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of gdp is 65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imports is 29.6% in 2006 in china (the national bureau of s

4、tatistics of china, 2006). exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: labor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing exports and resource intensive including rubber and metal products accounting for 20%. this export pattern depletes resources

5、 and causes high emissions and high pollution, a serious environmental problem in china (gu, 2005). in addition,besides agricultural products, the exportation of mechanical and electrical products is facing increasing technical barriers such as noise, pollution, safety standards, energy saving, and

6、recycling requirements. every year,about us$8 billion of export products are affected by foreign green labeling and trademarks and us$24 billion of products are indirectly influenced since packing methods do not satisfy the environmental protection standard of developed countries. therefore, how to

7、treat and cope with green barriers is imperative for china s foreign trade. 2. green barriers while there are no accurate and clear definitions in international treaties or agreements, agreen barrier is a new term to mean the application of strict technical standards and regulations in international

8、 trade (dong, 2003). besides a green environmental label, green barriers also include environmental surtaxes, market access requirements, green technology standards, green packaging, green sanitary measures and green subsidiaries (leng, 2005). normally, a green barrier is regarded as an environmenta

9、l barrier implemented by developed countries, who, on the grounds of protection of animal or plant life, establish strict and compulsory measures to restrict certain imported products (gao, 2004). according to some authors, green barriers are a type of protectionism, unfair to developing countries a

10、nd restricting their economic development (tang and tan, 2004). in fact, the evolution and practice of green barriers conforms to sustainable global economic development along the lines of true comparative advantage. developed countries realized sooner the facts concerning environmental externalitie

11、s and their damage to humans and the environment.some developed countries set up technological standards on the environment and natural resources, requiring that both the end products and all the production processes (r&d, producing, packing, transporting, consuming and recycling) conform to env

12、ironmental protection requirements. hence, green barriers have appeared on the international trade stage.if green barriers are defined as unfair and discriminatory measures relating to trade as some chinese scholars think, a resisting and rejecting attitude will persist. this will ignore the positiv

13、e effects of green barriers on protecting the environment as well as the health of human beings, animals and plants. unless arbitrary or unjustifiable environmental trade methods hinder international trade, a rational attitude and analysis should be adopted. 3. a rational analysis of green barriers

14、green barriers are the outcome of economic development (feng, 2004). mass production and development of technology bring about two results. one is the positive effect on economy, increasing income and living standards; the other is the huge, sometimes irreversible negative influence on natural resou

15、rces and the environment. many examples can be seen worldwide:desert encroachment, deforestation, water shortages, acid rain, biodiversity reduction; in short, air, land and sea pollution in general. while enjoying the increased welfare caused by high economic growth, the world is suffering serious

16、environmental deterioration (na, 2000). our common future(wced, 1987) put forward the idea of sustainable development in 1987, calling for a common endeavor that human beings should protect the environment and the health of people, animals and plants. the wced defined sustainable development as deve

17、lopment which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. in 1994, the iisd proposed the winnipeg principles as a means for reconciling international trade and development so as to achieve sustainable development (iisd, 1994). these

18、principles constitute a starting point to integrate trade, the environment and development. the central idea in considering internalizing the environment through international cooperation is regulation in international trade. economic growth arising from trade liberalization is the necessary conditi

19、on for sustainable development, but trade liberalization without sufficient environment regulation will induce environmental degradation (wang, 2005). therefore, based on sustainable development theory and compatibility with comparative advantage (see theappendix), green barriers have a positive and

20、 rational effect. 3.1. an international environmental management system incorporating rational green barriers first of all, the wto/gatt is not against environmental measures related to trade adopted by its member countries. article xx (b) and (g) allow wto members to adopt and enforce measures if t

21、hese are either necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, or if the measures relate to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources. however, such measures should not represent a disguised restriction on international trade nor be discriminatory in application. this article ha

22、s been regarded as the general principle for dealing with environmental disputes under the wto. in addition, environmental exceptions can be found in many wto agreements like the agreement on agriculture, the agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures, trade related intellectual property rig

23、hts (trips) and others . these regulations imply that countries have the right to establish protection of human, animal or plant life or the environment, subject to the requirement that the protection does not constitute arbitrary discrimination or unwarranted restriction on trade. therefore, a gree

24、n barrier as an environmental measure related to trade, has been widely accepted, at least in principle, by wto members. furthermore, the iso promulgated iso 14000 in 1996 in order to maintain global ecological balance and to harmonize environmental protection and economic development. iso 14000 inc

25、ludes environmental management standards, environmental auditing, environmental labeling, and environmental impact assessments. it aims at establishing an environmental management system , promoting its implementation through environment assessment and auditing to improve the global environment. iso

26、 14000 has an active effect on reducing resource depletion and abating pollution emission. the european union has applied iso14000, requesting that all imported goods meet its environment standards covering materials, production, marketing, consumption and disposal. if iso14000 can be adopted univer

27、sally, it will diminish arbitrary trade barriers and promote the development of world trade along the lines of true comparative advantage. an international unified system to regulate the environment issue is necessary in order to achieve global sustainable development. 3.2. the positive externality

28、of green barriers the positive externality of green barriers is not only embodied in environmental and technological effects, but also in aligning world production according to true comparative advantage. the existence of green barriers requires the internalization of the environment cost into the p

29、rocess of production. the products must be friendly to the environment and should not damage the environment in production, transit or disposal. these requirements make traded goods comply with environmental regulations and standards so as to protect the ecological environment of importing andexport

30、ing countries, as well as to create more resources for environmental investment. protecting the environment in one country will have a positive impact on its neighbors and the global environment; hence acting as a positive global externality. the emergence of green barriers reflects the demand for t

31、he coordinated development of the environment and the direction of development of human society . the implementation of green barriers also accelerates the strength of environmental and green consumption awareness. stringent environmental standards and market access requirements in developed countri

32、es will spur developing countries to learn advanced technologies and improve production levels while providing for environmental protection. these green barriers will bring about a positive externality of technology spillover if their implementation has an active influence on the greening of world p

33、roduction. 3.3. the stimulating effect of green barriers the porter hypothesis, proposed by michael porter of harvard university , puts forward the debate on the relationship between environmental regulation and competitiveness. according to the porter hypothesis, strict environmental regulations ca

34、n induce efficiency and encourage innovations that improve competitiveness. this is because strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of clean technologies and environmental improvements. in this way, the innovative effect can induce production processes and products to

35、 be more efficient and clean. the social cost savings that can be achieved by innovation are sufficient to cover both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs . as a result, appropriate and stringent environmental regulation will lead to improvements in so

36、cial welfare as well as the private net benefits of firms operating under such regulations . the concept of green barriers integrates principles and theories of environmental science, management, and ecology. applied to the processes of producing, storage, using, marketing and recycling, rational gr

37、een barriers are conducive to structuring a complete and environment-friendly management system. except for those which violate the non-discriminatory principles of the wto, green barriers have a stimulating effect on environmental r&d, technology innovation, clean production and green marketing

38、. in the case of frivolous barriers, they only protect environmentally unfriendly production in the home country . 4. the circular economy and green barriers green barriers can restrict some trade activities which negatively affect natural resources, the environment, human health or life. developed

39、countries have established a green fence to imported goods. for china, the fundamental way to surmount green barriers is to transform traditional production and development modes; that is to say to carry out a circular production process (cp) which is based on the principle of efficient utilization

40、of resources and protecting the environment.since industrialization, economic development has been characterized by high exploitation of resources and high emissions. the traditional producing and economic method, from production, consumption to waste disposal, is the process of from cradle to grave

41、 . the circular economy , on the other hand, is a nearly closed-loop system , provided that residual waste not recycled is disposed of in a green manner. the theme of a circular economy is the exchange of materials where one facilitys waste, including energy, water and materials as well as informati

42、on is another facilitys input . ce promotes reducing and reusing of waste from cradle to cradle. in terms of reconciling economic development and environmental improvement, cp is a green production mode. the basic principle of implementing ce is reducing, reusing and recycling. reducing refers to re

43、ducing the materials entering production and consumption. reusing means prolonging the durability of products and services,while recycling can reduce disposal needs. based on ecological rules, the cp mode reasonably utilizes natural and environmental resources in an industry chain among various ente

44、rprises and industries similar to a natural ecology chain. it promotes the optimum use of resources, recycling of material and eliminating environment deterioration. second, cp production is especially helpful for chinese enterprises attempting to surmount green barriers. technology spillover encour

45、ages enterprises to improve green production and optimize the social exporting pattern. the social benefit of cp will reduce environmental damage. at the same time, it will narrow the gap of environmental technology standards, upgrading the ability to cope with green barriers . third, ce implementat

46、ion can rebound to increasing eco-efficiency, forming sustainable comparative advantage and casting off comparative cost traps. due to the increasing scarcity of resources and decreasing environment quality, developing countries are not environmentally factor abundant. the export advantages of these

47、 countries, including china, are based on cheap natural resources and lax environmental policies and standards. however, this advantage is unsustainable and will finally lose out with the integration of the environment into the international trade regime. the internalization of environmental cost co

48、ntributes to reducing the excessive depletion of resources for export. it will protect chinese export enterprises from the censure of eco-dumping. the sooner the implementation of cp, the larger are export benefits to be gained.sustainable comparative advantage based on environmental costs being int

49、ernalized can eliminate the negative environment externality of production and reflect the social value of ecological production.5. conclusion under the current circumstances of globalization, world trade and the economy are tending towards green production and environmental protection.the green bar

50、riers faced by chinas exports are a signal to chinas foreign trade development. it is desirable to realize that environmental standards and green barriers are not intentionally aimed at undermining chinas exports due to most-favored nation treatment, but are required for the world environment and fo

51、r human health and safety . therefore, it would be in vain to complain, criticize or resist green barriers. the effective means and ways to overcome barriers and seek true comparative advantage are to introduce the circular economy concept, carrying out clean production. the internalization of envir

52、onment cost can make chinas exports comply with international environmental standards and lead to sustainable, true comparative advantage and growth. 附錄：從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度看綠色壁壘摘要：綠色壁壘是一種非關(guān)稅壁壘。本文指出綠色壁壘源于可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論與環(huán)境保護(hù)，但與真正的比較優(yōu)勢是兼容的。中國企業(yè)克服綠色壁壘最好的方式是實施循環(huán)生產(chǎn)工藝和清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。關(guān)鍵詞： 綠色壁壘；可持續(xù)發(fā)展；生態(tài)環(huán)境；循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)；生命周期分析1 引言自從中國實行改革開放和經(jīng)

53、濟(jì)改革以來，其對外貿(mào)易額已經(jīng)連續(xù)上漲，由1978年 206億美元升至 2005年的 14220 億美元。2006年中國進(jìn)口的貿(mào)易額加上出口的貿(mào)易額占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的65.8%，其中，出口的份額占36.2%，進(jìn)口的份額占 29.6%（中國國家統(tǒng)計局， 2006） 。我國的出口主要集中在勞動密集型和資源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)：勞動密集型產(chǎn)品占總出口制造業(yè)的40% ，包括橡膠和金屬制品在內(nèi)的資源密集型產(chǎn)品占20% 。這種出口模式消耗資源，并導(dǎo)致高排放、高污染，這在中國是一個嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。此外，除了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品， 機電產(chǎn)品的出口也面臨越來越大的技術(shù)障礙，如噪音、污染、安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、節(jié)能和回收要求。由于包裝方法不符合發(fā)達(dá)國

54、家的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，每年大約80 億美元的出口產(chǎn)品受到國外綠色標(biāo)簽和商標(biāo)的影響， 240 億美元的產(chǎn)品間接受到影響。因此，如何看待和應(yīng)對綠色壁壘是中國對外貿(mào)易的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。2 綠色壁壘雖然在國際條約或協(xié)定中沒有準(zhǔn)確和清晰的定義，“綠色壁壘”作為一個新的術(shù)語是指嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范在國際貿(mào)易中的應(yīng)用。除了綠色環(huán)境標(biāo)簽， 綠色壁壘還包括環(huán)境附加稅、 市場準(zhǔn)入要求、 綠色技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、 綠色包裝、綠色衛(wèi)生措施和綠色子公司。通常，綠色屏障被視為發(fā)達(dá)國家實施的一種環(huán)境壁壘，他們?yōu)榱吮Ｗo(hù)動物或植物的生命而建立嚴(yán)格的強制措施來限制某些進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品。一些作者認(rèn)為， 綠色壁壘是一種保護(hù)主義， 它對發(fā)展中國家是不公平的， 限

55、制了發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。事實上，綠色壁壘的演變和實踐符合全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展與真實的比較優(yōu)勢。發(fā)達(dá)國家更快地意識到了外部環(huán)境和外部環(huán)境對人類和環(huán)境的損害這一事實。一些發(fā)達(dá)國家在環(huán)境和自然資源方面建立了技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，要求最終產(chǎn)品和所有生產(chǎn)過程（研發(fā)，生產(chǎn)，包裝，運輸，消費和回收）符合環(huán)境保護(hù)要求。因此，綠色壁壘已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在國際貿(mào)易的舞臺。如果像一些中國學(xué)者認(rèn)為的那樣， 綠色壁壘被定義為一種與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的不公平的和歧視性的措施， 那么，抵制和拒絕的態(tài)度將會會堅持下去。這將忽視綠色壁壘對保護(hù)環(huán)境以及人類、 動物、植物健康的積極影響。 除非任意的或不合理的環(huán)境貿(mào)易方法阻礙國際貿(mào)易，否則應(yīng)該采用理性的態(tài)度和分

56、析方法。3 綠色壁壘的理性分析綠色壁壘是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的結(jié)果。 大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展帶來兩個結(jié)果，一個是對經(jīng)濟(jì)的積極影響： 收入和生活水平的增加； 另一個是對自然資源和環(huán)境的巨大的、有時不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的負(fù)面影響。許多例子可以在世界范圍內(nèi)看到：沙漠化、森林砍伐、水資源短缺、酸雨、生物多樣性減少；總之是普遍的空氣、土地和海洋污染。在享受經(jīng)濟(jì)的高增長而帶來的福利增加的同時，世界正遭受嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境惡化。 “我們共同的未來”委員會在1987提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的思想，呼吁共同努力，人類應(yīng)該保護(hù)環(huán)境和人、動物、植物的健康。委員會將可持續(xù)發(fā)展定義為，既滿足當(dāng)代人的需求又不損害子孫后代滿足其需要的能力。1994，國際可持續(xù)

57、發(fā)展機構(gòu)建議把此原則作為協(xié)調(diào)國際貿(mào)易和發(fā)展的一種手段以達(dá)到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目的。這些原則構(gòu)成了整合貿(mào)易、 環(huán)境和發(fā)展的起點。 通過國際合作而考慮內(nèi)部環(huán)境的中心思想是對國際貿(mào)易的調(diào)節(jié)。由于貿(mào)易自由化而帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必要條件， 但沒有足夠的環(huán)境管制的貿(mào)易自由化會引起環(huán)境退化。因此，基于可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論和兼容性比較優(yōu)勢，綠色壁壘會產(chǎn)生積極的、理性的影響。3.1 包含理性綠色壁壘的國際環(huán)境管理系統(tǒng)首先， 世貿(mào)組織 / 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定不反對其成員國采取的與貿(mào)易相關(guān)的環(huán)境措施。如果這些措施對保護(hù)人類、 動物或植物的生命或健康是必要的，或者如果措施涉及可能用竭的自然資源的保護(hù)，那么第二十條允許世貿(mào)組織成

58、員采取并執(zhí)行措施。然而，這些措施不應(yīng)是對國際貿(mào)易的變相限制或歧視性的應(yīng)用。這一原則已被視為在世貿(mào)組織下處理環(huán)境糾紛的一般原則。此外，環(huán)境例外可以在許多世貿(mào)組織協(xié)議中被發(fā)現(xiàn)， 例如農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議、 補貼與反補貼措施協(xié)定、 與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)等。這些規(guī)定意味著國家有權(quán)制定對人類、動物、植物或環(huán)境的保護(hù)， 前提是要求保護(hù)不構(gòu)成任意歧視或不必要的貿(mào)易限制。因此，綠色壁壘作為涉及貿(mào)易的環(huán)境措施，至少在原則上，已被世貿(mào)組織成員廣泛接受。此外，為了維護(hù)全球生態(tài)平衡和協(xié)調(diào)環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織在1996頒布了 iso14000。iso14000包括環(huán)境管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、環(huán)境審計、環(huán)境標(biāo)志、環(huán)境影響評估。 它的目的是建立環(huán)境管理系統(tǒng)，通過環(huán)境評估和審計促進(jìn)其實施以改善全球環(huán)境。 iso14000在減少資源消耗、降低污染排放方面有著積極的影響。歐洲聯(lián)盟已