獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)與懸垂分詞

1、獨(dú)立主格一、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的含義和實(shí)質(zhì)“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”（absolute construction）又叫“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，是帶有自己主語的非謂語動(dòng)詞分句和無動(dòng)詞分句。由于在語法上有自己的邏輯主語，結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此傳統(tǒng)語法叫做“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。其實(shí)，所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”并非真正獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬分句，與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起，共同表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，通常在句中起狀語分句的作用。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可放于句首、句尾，用逗號(hào)和主句隔開。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是句子的主語。但有時(shí)非謂語動(dòng)詞帶有自己的主語，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主語不發(fā)生關(guān)系，我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute C

2、onstruction）。其實(shí)，所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”也并非真正獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬的結(jié)構(gòu)。一、 非謂語動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動(dòng)詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會(huì)成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner

3、 or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學(xué)校。（los

4、t 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A 不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在“邏輯主語+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個(gè)從句或并列分句來表達(dá)。1動(dòng)詞不定式用主動(dòng)的形式在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他

5、母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會(huì)嗎？ sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.對(duì)不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時(shí)間。（Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can&#

6、39;t afford any time.）The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。 （The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will

7、 look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致。Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the d

8、esk, he began to read a magazine.在課桌旁坐好后，他開始看雜志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）1 表示時(shí)間的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)備好后，老師開始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.

9、 每個(gè)人坐好后，主席開始開會(huì)。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句after everyone was seated）2 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句As many eyes wer

10、e watching him）必背：含有being的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是國慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all wen

11、t home.3 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 時(shí)間允許的話，我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句If my health allows）4 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The students are walking in the school happily, eac

12、h wearing a card in front of his chest.學(xué)生們快樂地在學(xué)校里走著，每個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）C-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”與邏輯主語+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式

13、的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡(jiǎn)單英語寫的，英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。（ = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.）The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。（ = As the

14、ir living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.）He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。 (= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.) The task completed, he had two months' leav

15、e. 任務(wù)完成以后，他休了兩個(gè)月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比較：動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞-ing形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已

16、經(jīng)處理好了， 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動(dòng)詞-ed形式settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的）二、 無動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)“邏輯主語+being+其他”是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的“邏輯主語+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，being往往可以被省去，這種省去being的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱之為無動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。A邏輯

17、主語+名詞Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了這次競(jìng)賽，年紀(jì)最小的是個(gè)12歲的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之間省去了being）注意：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices ar

18、e closed. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谌眨修k公室都關(guān)門。B邏輯主語+形容詞He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地轉(zhuǎn)向我。（his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴張得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之間省去了being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.C邏輯主語+副詞School over, w

19、e all went home. 放學(xué)了，我們都回家了。（school和over之間省去了being） = School was over, and we all went home.He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在課桌旁，沒穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之間省去了being）= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D邏輯主語+介詞短語He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背對(duì)著我們。 = H

20、e was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老師面帶微笑走了進(jìn)來。= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in

21、his hand.提示：在“邏輯主語+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里，如果名詞用單數(shù)，可以不用冠詞，同時(shí)介詞短語里的限定詞也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音樂老師站在門口,手里拿著一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）三、 with/without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞with/without +賓語+賓語的補(bǔ)足語可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。A with+名詞代詞+形

22、容詞He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing，t

23、he old man felt unhappy. 由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study. 父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。B with+名詞代詞+副詞Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的燈都打開時(shí)，我們的學(xué)?？瓷先ジ?。 = Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking

24、, with his father ahead. 父親在前，小孩在后走著。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C with+名詞代詞+介詞短語He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen

25、 in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train sta

26、rted. 信號(hào)發(fā)出了，火車開始起動(dòng)了。= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。= I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.E with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。= Th

27、e man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁沒人注意的時(shí)候，從窗口溜走了。= When no one was notici

28、ng, he slipped through the window.F with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動(dòng)。=The kid feels excited a

29、s there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。（without不能省略）四、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當(dāng)原因狀語、時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。在形式上，“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。A作狀語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從

30、句或并列分句。1表示時(shí)間Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降臨，我們?cè)谝患倚÷灭^住了下來。（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。 （= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed

31、bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決，新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。 （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-el

32、ected president is having a hard time.）There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜沒有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3表示條件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將

33、舉行每年一次的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果從各方面考慮，你的計(jì)劃似乎更實(shí)際些。（= If everyth

34、ing is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：表示時(shí)間、原因、條件的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞?！菊`】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下課了，學(xué)生都離開了教室。【誤】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon

35、appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出來了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。4表示伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. 那個(gè)奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his ba

36、ck. 殺人犯被帶了進(jìn)來，手被捆在背后。（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B作定語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。He is the person with a l

37、ot of questions to be settled. (with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the student) 他就是有許多問題要解決的那個(gè)人。= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾bottle) 你可以使用一個(gè)頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He wa

38、s walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。 (without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the road ) = He was walking along the road that didnt have any street lights on its both sides.提示：在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個(gè)句子改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的情況。需要提示的是，不是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。If you stand on the top of the mount

39、ain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔細(xì)檢查試卷的話，有些錯(cuò)誤是可以避免的。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）二、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式和功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為兩部分：一部分是名詞或代詞，起邏輯主語的作用；另一部分是非謂語動(dòng)詞分句（現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式）或無動(dòng)詞分句（名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語），表示前面名詞或代詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?；拘问绞牵好~普通格/代詞主格

40、+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語，with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。1 名詞/代詞+ 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)等。例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.注：“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”中的being或 having been 有時(shí)可以省去，這樣就成了無動(dòng)詞分句或過去分詞分句。2 名詞/代詞+過去分詞過去

41、分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作或所處的一種狀態(tài)。例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldnt see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.后面兩個(gè)句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，這兩個(gè)句子就又變成了現(xiàn)在分詞分句。3 名詞/代詞+不定式不定式表示的是將來的動(dòng)作。例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary t

42、o provide the food.These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名詞/代詞+名詞名詞一般做前面名詞或代詞的同位語。例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapo

43、n.5 名詞/代詞+形容詞短語形容詞（短語）說明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，原因等。例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.這兩個(gè)句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就變成了現(xiàn)在分詞分句。6 名詞/代詞+副詞副詞說明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。例 The meeting over, we all went home.Nobody in, he left a messag

44、e on the board. He sat at the table, head down. 7. 名詞/代詞+介詞短語 介詞短語說明伴隨前面名詞或代詞的方式或者狀態(tài)。 例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm. The hunter entered the forest， gun in handNobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.8 with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu), 也可以認(rèn)為是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around he

45、r arms.The teacher came in with several students following behind.With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.With the work done, he went out to eat.He left the office with the lights on.Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.三、 學(xué)習(xí)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)注意的一些問題1 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中分句和主句的主語不一致從以上例子

46、我們可以看出，含有獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，前后主語是不一致的，這也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語分句作狀語的最重要區(qū)別。例 (1) Hearing the news, he was very excited.(2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.在這兩個(gè)句子里，第一個(gè)句子，前后的主語是一致的，都是he, 也就是說動(dòng)詞hear的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是主語he , 因此它是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語表示原因的句子；而第二個(gè)句子，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，有兩個(gè)主語，第一個(gè)是動(dòng)詞come 的邏輯主語winter, 而第二個(gè)主語是句子真正的主語it，非謂語動(dòng)詞coming 和it 之間沒

47、有任何關(guān)系，因此它是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。2 在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞是用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞一般來說如果邏輯主語和動(dòng)詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞。如：Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中，time 和 permit 之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 “時(shí)間允許”，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞。 如果邏輯主語和動(dòng)詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且有被動(dòng)的意思，用過去分詞。如：“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中，time 和give 之間的關(guān)系是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，有被動(dòng)的意思-“如果被給更多時(shí)間”，因此用過去分詞。3 獨(dú)立主格

48、結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是一個(gè)句子，而是相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句,可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式和伴隨情況等。例 Work done, John went home.相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語從句：When the work has been done, John went home.例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句：Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.4 完成時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的時(shí)間發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作時(shí)間之前，常用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)

49、having done， 根據(jù)情況確定是用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)。例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.His wallet having been stolen, he didnt know what to do next.非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是句子的主語。但有時(shí)非謂語動(dòng)詞帶有自己的主語，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主語不發(fā)生關(guān)系，我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Construction）。其實(shí)，所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”也并非真正獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬的結(jié)構(gòu)。懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)一般來講，分詞或分詞短語在句子中充當(dāng)狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語與句子主語一致，如：

50、Opening the drawer he took out a revolver其中opening的邏輯主語是句子主語he。當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，則應(yīng)將分詞的邏輯主語補(bǔ)出來，如：George yawning，the conversation dropped這種分詞結(jié)構(gòu)被稱作獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。但有時(shí)我們遇到這種情況：分詞的主語既不與句子主語一致，分詞本身又非獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：Going up the hill，the statue of Lincoln struck my eye在登上山的當(dāng)兒，林肯的雕像十分引我注目。Tired but happy，the bus whisked

51、us home我們雖然疲乏，但很高興，公共汽車飛快地把我們送到了家。這種分詞在語法上被稱作垂懸分詞（dangling participle），也叫無依著分詞。垂懸分詞從起源上來說，是語言的錯(cuò)誤使用（performance error），即將分詞的主語與句子的主語錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)系，從而產(chǎn)生垂懸分詞，所以有人又叫它錯(cuò)關(guān)聯(lián)分詞（misrelated participle）。垂懸分詞通常出現(xiàn)在句子開頭或接近開頭的位置，與句子中的其它成分不產(chǎn)生必要的句法關(guān)系，特別是它與句子主語無邏輯關(guān)系。鑒于這種特點(diǎn)，垂懸分詞別名為：獨(dú)立分詞（absolute participle）或孤立分詞（isolated partici

52、ple）。垂懸分詞多數(shù)為現(xiàn)在分詞，少數(shù)為過去分詞。本文將從使用場(chǎng)合和情況對(duì)垂懸分詞進(jìn)行分類、歸納和總結(jié)。1當(dāng)分詞主語是不定人稱時(shí)，如：When dining in the restaurant，a jacket and tie are required2當(dāng)分詞的主語是表示時(shí)間、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象等的無人稱代詞it時(shí)，如：Being Christmas，the government offices were closed3當(dāng)分詞的暗含主語是句子的整體時(shí)，如：The siren sounded，indicating that the air-raid was overUnknown to his cl

53、osest advisers，he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary4在正式科技文章中，分詞前常常帶有連詞，其主語通常與I，we，you等同，如： When installing a boiler，the floor space which is available is very importantWhen treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language development，the therapy consists，in part，of

54、discussions of the patients' problems with patients and teachers，with subsequent language teaching carried out by them5垂懸分詞最常見于方式分離狀語（style disjunct），表明說話人對(duì)所說的話的方式、條件以及說話人的態(tài)度或看法，這種用法可細(xì)分為以下幾種情況：a說話者用垂懸分詞引出話題，如：talking of，getting back to，coming to等，意思為“談到，關(guān)于，回到”等，請(qǐng)看例句：Getting back to our story，the

55、 princess was killedComing to this question，I say nob.垂懸分詞表明說話者的說話方式，如：putting it mildly，frankly speaking，generally speaking，roughly speaking，broadly speaking，biologically speaking等，請(qǐng)看例句：Putting it mildly，you have caused us some inconvenienceGenerally speaking，dogs are more faithful to men than cats

56、c有些垂懸分詞或詞組表明說話的依據(jù)或視角，如：judging from，according to，considering，viewing it from，seeing，例如：Judging from his expression，he is in a bad moodAccording to Barthes，the author had diedConsidering the low price，the car is worth buyingd有些垂懸分詞或詞組還為說話者所說內(nèi)容的成立提供條件，如：providing（that）， provided（that），supposing，given，

57、意思為“if或 with”，wanting和failing意思為“without”。例如： Provided that a film entertains，few people care about its other meritsGiven prudence and patience，anybody can achieve somethingSupposing this to be true，he is certainly the murderere表示轉(zhuǎn)折性的垂懸分詞或詞組有：admitting that，allowed that，allowing for，considering（that），assuming that，seeing that，granting that，granted that，notwithstanding，請(qǐng)看例句： Allowing for（Considering）the deficiencies，the show is a successGranted（Granting）that you are right， you should not get angryAdmitting（Assuming Allowing）that he is drunk，that is no excusef有些垂懸分詞或詞組還可以表明說話者所說內(nèi)容有無例外情況，如：bar