尹詞性與句子成分課件

1、尹詞性與句子成分詞性和句子成分詞性和句子成分 2011年年9月月尹詞性與句子成分 十大詞類：十大詞類：根據(jù)英語單詞所表達(dá)的含義以及在句子中的作用，把英語單詞分為10個(gè)類別，即：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞、冠詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。根據(jù)部分詞類具有的共同特征，又將十大詞類分為兩大部分，即：實(shí)詞和虛詞實(shí)詞和虛詞實(shí)詞實(shí)詞：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞。：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞。特征：具有完整的詞義；能夠在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分。具有完整的詞義；能夠在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分。虛詞：虛詞：冠詞、介詞、連詞、感

2、嘆詞。冠詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。 特征：沒有完整的意思；不能夠在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分，沒有完整的意思；不能夠在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分，必須和實(shí)詞搭配，才能充當(dāng)句子成分必須和實(shí)詞搭配，才能充當(dāng)句子成分。預(yù)備知識(shí)點(diǎn)一：詞類概述尹詞性與句子成分詞類詞類英語名英語名稱稱作用作用例詞例詞名詞名詞n. 代詞代詞pron. 數(shù)詞數(shù)詞num.副詞副詞adv. 形容詞形容詞adj. 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞v. 冠詞冠詞art. 介詞介詞prep. 連詞連詞conj. 感嘆感嘆詞詞interj. 尹詞性與句子成分詞類詞類英語名英語名稱稱作用作用例詞例詞名詞名詞n.表示人或事物的名稱表示人或事物的名稱man, dog, tre

3、e, book代詞代詞pron.代替名詞或數(shù)詞代替名詞或數(shù)詞 you, that, some, a few數(shù)詞數(shù)詞num.表示數(shù)量或順序表示數(shù)量或順序one, two, first副詞副詞adv.修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞very, quickly, often, here形容詞形容詞adj.修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征red, beautiful, young, 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞v.表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)walk, run, study, be冠詞冠詞art.用在名詞前，起修飾或限定作用用在名詞前，起修飾或限定作用a, an, the 介詞介詞

4、prep.用在名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞前用在名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞前 表示和句中其它詞的關(guān)系表示和句中其它詞的關(guān)系in, on, at, behind, from連詞連詞conj.用來連接詞與詞或句與句用來連接詞與詞或句與句and, but, if, or感嘆感嘆詞詞interj.表示說話時(shí)的感情或口氣表示說話時(shí)的感情或口氣oh, , ouch, um，尹詞性與句子成分冠詞冠詞(article)用法用法 不定冠詞不定冠詞 a 和和an : 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表泛指用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表泛指 定冠詞定冠詞 the : 特指上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或物特指上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或物 指談話雙方都熟悉的人或物指談話雙方都

5、熟悉的人或物 用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前: the world ; the earth 用在形容詞前表一類：用在形容詞前表一類： the old ; the young1.用在最高級或序數(shù)詞前：用在最高級或序數(shù)詞前：the first man to come 試比較試比較 She likes the man of no little humor. She likes a man of no little humor.尹詞性與句子成分小試牛刀小試牛刀 It is generally accepted that _ boy must learn to stand up a

6、nd fight like _ man.1.It was _ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across _ night sky.aaathe尹詞性與句子成分連詞連詞 （conjunction):連接詞與詞或句與句連接詞與詞或句與句Eg. 1.- Did Edward feel sad _you told him that he had failed the interview?- No, he didnt look surprised _ even asked me to have a drink.2. Find wa

7、ys to praise your children often, _ youll find they will open their hearts to you.whenandand尹詞性與句子成分Revision 合成法合成法 warm-hearted man-made snow-covered first-class well-received1. newly-founded2.派生法派生法misunderstandimpolitediscoverenablepoliticianannouncementhorriblehomelesstightenbroaden尹詞性與句子成分實(shí) 詞名稱

8、英語名稱用途例詞句法作用名詞 n.（noun）表示人或事物的名稱boy, book, table, man主、表、賓、補(bǔ)、定、同代詞pron.（pronoun）代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞I, you, it, we, their主、表、補(bǔ)、定、同數(shù)詞num.（numeral）表示數(shù)量和順序one, two, third, twenty, fifth主、表、賓、定、同副詞adv.（adverb）修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞here, very, often, weekly表、狀形容詞adj（adjective）修飾名詞，表示人、物的特征red, long, old, good表、定、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 v.（v

9、erb）表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)work, live， spend ，visit謂語尹詞性與句子成分一、句子成分概述：組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語的句子最多由組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語的句子最多由八個(gè)句子成分八個(gè)句子成分組成，即組成，即主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語以及同位語。狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語以及同位語。注：主語和謂語是句子的主體部分主語和謂語是句子的主體部分（在英文中一般的句（在英文中一般的句子必須有主語和謂語）。子必須有主語和謂語）。尹詞性與句子成分 主語：主語：subject 謂語：謂語：predicate 賓語：賓語： o

10、bject 表語：表語：predicative 定語：定語： attributive 賓語補(bǔ)足語：賓語補(bǔ)足語：object complement 狀語：狀語： adverbial 同位語：同位語：appositive尹詞性與句子成分 1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 3. To swim in th

11、e river is a great pleasure. 4. Smoking does harm to the health. 5. The rich should help the poor. 6. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.7. It is necessary to master a foreign language.主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。主語可由主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名

12、詞化的形容詞和主語從句化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。等表示。 尹詞性與句子成分 1. He practices running every morning. 2. You may keep the book for two weeks. 3. He has caught a bad cold. 4. We are students. 謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。語之后。 由由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形、或、

13、或系動(dòng)詞加表語系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成構(gòu)成 。尹詞性與句子成分 1. They went to see an exhibition yesterday. 2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5. He pretended not to see me. 6. I enjoy listening to popu

14、lar music. 7. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 8. Lend me your dictionary, please. 9. They elected him their monitor. 賓語：賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對象或承受者，一般位于及賓語表示動(dòng)作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。 尹詞性與句子成分1. His father named him Dong Ming.2. They painted their boat white.3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustnt

15、 force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room. 6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. 賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)

16、詞某些及物動(dòng)詞（如（如make等等)+賓語賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。充當(dāng)。 尹詞性與句子成分1. GuiLin is a beautiful city.2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.3. There are thirty women teachers in our school.4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.5. O

17、ur monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.7. He is reading an article about how to learn English. 定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由定語可由形容詞、分詞、名詞、代詞、不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞、形容詞、分詞、名詞、代詞、不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語介詞短語以下等成分表示以下等成分表示 。 His尹詞性與句子成

18、分 1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty one? 6. His job is to teach English. 7. His hobby is playing football. 8. The machine must be out of order. 9. Time is up. The class is over. 10.The t

19、ruth is that he has never been abroad.表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem等）之后。表語一般由等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句副詞及表語從句表示。表示。 尹詞性與句子成分1. Light travels most quickly.2. He has lived in the city fo

20、r ten years.3. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.4. He is in the room making a model plane.5. Wait a minute.6. Once you begin, you must continue. 狀語：狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎蓜?dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎筛痹~副詞及副詞性詞組、介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、及副詞性詞組、介

21、詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、名詞、狀語從句名詞、狀語從句表示。表示。 尹詞性與句子成分 狀語種類如下：狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.She came in with a dictionar

22、y in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（ She works very hard though she is old.（時(shí)間狀語）（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（條件狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（方式狀語）（方式狀語）（伴隨狀語）（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（目的狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（讓步狀語）尹詞性與句子成分 同位語（同位語（appositive）：同位

23、語是在名詞或代同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明加以說明的成分。的成分。如：如： We students should study hard. We all are students. The news that we won the first excited us. 尹詞性與句子成分（二）練習(xí)說出下列劃線部分單詞或詞組在句子說出下列劃線部分單詞或詞組在句子中各充當(dāng)什么成分中各充當(dāng)什么成分 I dont like the picture on the wall. My brother hasnt done his homework. It is a

24、 great pleasure to talk with you . He broke a piece of glass. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 主主謂語謂語賓語賓語定語定語主語主語謂語謂語謂語謂語謂語謂語主主主主主主定語定語賓語賓語賓語賓語狀語狀語定語定語賓語賓語表語表語尹詞性與句子成分 分析句子成分（定狀補(bǔ)同位）：分析句子成分（定狀補(bǔ)同位）： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his sea

25、t is called Tom. 3 I shall go there if it doesnt rain 4 Once you begin, you must continue 5 We found everything in the lab in good order. 6 His favorite sport, playing volleyball, takes most of his spare time.定語定語時(shí)間狀語時(shí)間狀語定語從句定語從句條件狀語從句條件狀語從句條件狀語從句條件狀語從句賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語定語定語定語定語同位語同位語尹詞性與句子成分1 When to have

26、an English test has not been decided. 2 He has caught a bad cold. 3 The truth is that he has never been abroad. 4 The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.5 We will soon make our city what your city is now. 6 China is a developing country; America is a developed country. 7 She came

27、in with a dictionary in her hand.主語主語(subject)謂語謂語(predicate)表語表語(predicative)賓語賓語object賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語object complement定語定語attributive狀語狀語adverbial尹詞性與句子成分（一）句子成分的特點(diǎn)和功能成成 特點(diǎn)和功能特點(diǎn)和功能 例句例句定定語語狀狀語語修飾限定名詞或代詞，修飾限定名詞或代詞，說明該名詞或代詞的狀說明該名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量等。態(tài)、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量等。用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞等的，表示事情發(fā)和副詞等的，表示事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因

28、、生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、程度等等結(jié)果、程度等等2. 修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，位置在該修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，位置在該動(dòng)詞前后均可；修飾形容動(dòng)詞前后均可；修飾形容詞或副詞，要放在它們之詞或副詞，要放在它們之前前1.The little boy needs a blue pen.(形容詞形容詞)2.Two boys need two pens. （數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）3.His name is Tom（所有格）（所有格）4.The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）5.The boy sitting under the tree is Tom. （

29、分詞短語）（分詞短語）6.The boy who is sitting there is Tom.（定（定語從句）語從句） He runs quickly. 他跑地很快他跑地很快。 She is very beautiful. 她非常漂亮。她非常漂亮。 I will go there tomorrow. 我明天去那兒。我明天去那兒。He works in this factory.尹詞性與句子成分（一）句子成分的特點(diǎn)和功能句子句子成分成分 特點(diǎn)和功能特點(diǎn)和功能 例句例句主語主語謂語謂語賓語賓語表語表語1.1.是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首一般位于句首。2.2.常用

30、名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)常用名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)或動(dòng)名詞）、代詞、數(shù)詞和主語從句充當(dāng)?；騽?dòng)名詞）、代詞、數(shù)詞和主語從句充當(dāng)。 They are students. The sun rises in the east. 太陽在東方升起。太陽在東方升起。 To see is to believe. 眼見為實(shí)。眼見為實(shí)。1. 說明主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征，說明主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征，一般放一般放 在主語的后面在主語的后面2. 常用動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組充當(dāng)常用動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組充當(dāng) We study English. He is asleep. You may go now.1. 是動(dòng)作行為的

31、對象或承受者是動(dòng)作行為的對象或承受者,放在及物動(dòng)放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后詞或介詞之后2. 常用名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動(dòng)詞不定常用名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)或動(dòng)名詞）、代詞和數(shù)詞充當(dāng)時(shí)或動(dòng)名詞）、代詞和數(shù)詞充當(dāng) I like China. We study English. I play with him. 位于位于系動(dòng)詞（如系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后等）之后,表示主語的性質(zhì)、表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。狀態(tài)和特征。 They are students. He is asleep. 他睡著了。他睡著了。 To see is

32、 to believe. 尹詞性與句子成分尹詞性與句子成分 英語五種基本句型列式如下：英語五種基本句型列式如下： 句型一：句型一： + （主謂）（主謂） 句型二：句型二： + + （主謂賓）（主謂賓） 句型三：句型三： + + （主系表）（主系表） 句型四：句型四： + +IO +（主謂間賓直賓）主謂間賓直賓） 句型五：句型五： + + +（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）尹詞性與句子成分 1.They work hard. 主主 + 謂謂 2.The flower is dead. 主主 + 系系 + 表表 3.Plants need water. 主主 + 謂謂 + 賓賓 4.He gives me some seeds. 主主 + 謂謂 + 間賓間賓 + 直賓直賓 5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主主 + 謂謂 + 賓賓 + 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ) 6.Many animals live in trees. 主主 +