微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理 ch

1、Questions for review1. What happens to consumer and producer surplus when the sale of a good is taxed? How does the change in consumer and producer surplus compare to the tax revenue? Explain.當(dāng)對(duì)一種物品征稅時(shí)，消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者剩余都會(huì)減少。我們可以用稅收前后的總福利來(lái)比較生產(chǎn)者剩余和消費(fèi)者剩余變動(dòng)與稅收收入，看稅收前的福利與稅收后的福利誰(shuí)大誰(shuí)小。稅收前的福利=生產(chǎn)者剩余+消費(fèi)者剩余，稅收后的福利=生產(chǎn)者剩

2、余+消費(fèi)者剩余+稅收收入。稅收前的福利大于稅收后的福利，說(shuō)明生產(chǎn)者剩余和消費(fèi)者剩余的減少大于稅收收入。反之，則小于。2. Draw a supply-and-demand diagram with a tax on the sale of the good. Show the deadweight loss. Show the tax revenue.如圖8-1所示，對(duì)一種物品征稅減少了消費(fèi)者剩余（面積B+E表示減少量）和生產(chǎn)者剩余（面積C+F表示減少量）。生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者剩余的減少大于稅收收入（用面積B+C表示），稅收引起了無(wú)謂損失（用面積E+F表示）。3. How do the elasti

3、cities of supply and demand affect the deadweight loss of a tax? Why do they have this effect?供給與需求曲線的彈性越大，稅收的無(wú)謂損失越大；供給與需求曲線的彈性越小，稅收的無(wú)謂損失越小。因?yàn)楣┙o和需求彈性衡量買(mǎi)者和賣(mài)者對(duì)價(jià)格變動(dòng)的反應(yīng)程度，決定了稅收扭曲會(huì)使市場(chǎng)結(jié)果有多大變動(dòng)。4. What happens to the deadweight loss and tax revenue when a tax is increased?當(dāng)稅收增加時(shí)，無(wú)謂損失增加，并且無(wú)謂損失的增加要快于稅收規(guī)模的增加。稅

4、收增加時(shí)，稅收收入先增加，然后隨著稅收規(guī)模越來(lái)越大，市場(chǎng)收縮非常之大，以至于稅收收入開(kāi)始減少。Problems and applications1. Evaluate the following two statements. Do you agree? Why or why not?a. “If the government taxes land, wealthy landowners will pass the tax on to their poorer renters.”b. “If the government taxes apartment buildings, wealthy l

5、andlords will pass the tax on to their poorer renters.”Answer:a. 同意。因?yàn)榈钁魧?duì)土地的需求基本是無(wú)彈性的，而稅收總是市場(chǎng)中彈性較小的一方承擔(dān)的多。所以，地主可以把稅收轉(zhuǎn)嫁給貧窮的佃戶。b. 部分同意。在短期內(nèi)，對(duì)于公寓樓的需求基本是缺乏彈性的，因?yàn)閷ふ倚伦√幮枰欢〞r(shí)間。此時(shí)，房東會(huì)通過(guò)提高房租或減少對(duì)房屋的維修投入將稅收轉(zhuǎn)嫁給房客。但是，對(duì)公寓樓的需求在長(zhǎng)期中是較富有彈性的，房客可以去選擇更廉價(jià)的住處。因此，房東和房客將分擔(dān)這項(xiàng)稅收。2. Evaluate the following two statements. Do yo

6、u agree? Why or why not?a. “A tax that has no deadweight loss cannot raise any revenue for the government.”b. “A tax that raises no revenue for the government cannot have any deadweight loss.”Answer:a. 不同意。有些稅收不會(huì)產(chǎn)生無(wú)謂損失，只會(huì)增加政府收入。例如庇古稅，它是用于糾正負(fù)外部性的稅收。征收庇古稅使資源配置接近于社會(huì)最優(yōu)，既增加了政府收入，又提高了經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。b. 不同意。除極個(gè)別情況外，稅

7、收都會(huì)引起市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的縮小，造成無(wú)謂損失。如果政府對(duì)某種物品的銷售額全額征稅，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)的需求和供給就會(huì)變成零，此時(shí)政府沒(méi)有稅收收入，但卻帶來(lái)極大的無(wú)謂損失，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)的買(mǎi)者和賣(mài)者無(wú)法進(jìn)行互利的貿(mào)易了。3. After economics class one day, your friend suggests that taxing food would be a good way to raise revenue because the demand for food is quite inelastic. In what sense is taxing food a “good” way to

8、raise revenue? In what sense is it not a “good” way to raise revenue?從理論上說(shuō)，對(duì)食物征稅是增加稅收的“好”方法。首先，食物的需求是完全無(wú)彈性的，人必須吃飽肚子，食物買(mǎi)者承擔(dān)了全部稅負(fù)。其次，稅收的無(wú)謂損失取決于供給和需求的彈性。食物的需求完全無(wú)彈性，食物稅不會(huì)改變市場(chǎng)配置，沒(méi)有無(wú)謂損失。政府的稅收收入等于消費(fèi)者的損失。但從實(shí)際中看，為了使食物稅沒(méi)有扭曲經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)，必須是對(duì)沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)加工的、最基本最原始的食物征稅。但是食物各種各樣，它們的價(jià)值取決于其營(yíng)養(yǎng)、口感、衛(wèi)生狀況、精細(xì)程度等等。因此，食物的需求實(shí)際上是有彈性的。對(duì)食物征稅

9、，會(huì)使消費(fèi)者傾向于選擇粗劣的、低廉的食物。扭曲了對(duì)市場(chǎng)的激勵(lì)，有無(wú)謂損失的存在。4. Most states tax the purchase of new cars. Suppose that New Jersey currently requires car dealers to pay the state $100 for each car sold, and plans to increase the tax to $150 per car next year.a. Illustrate the effect of this tax increase on the quantity o

10、f cars sold in New Jersey, the price paid by consumers, and the price received by producers.b. Create a table that shows the levels of consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue, and total surplus both before and after the tax increase.c. What is the change in government revenue? Is it p

11、ositive or negative?d. What is the change in deadweight loss? Is it positive or negative?e. Give one reason why the demand for cars in New Jersey might be fairly elastic. Does this make the additional tax more or less likely to increase government revenue? How might states try to reduce the elastici

12、ty of demand?Answer:a. 這種稅收使新澤西汽車銷售量下降，消費(fèi)品支付的價(jià)格上升，生產(chǎn)者得到的價(jià)格下降。b. 表8-1 稅收增加前后的福利變動(dòng)表100美元稅收時(shí)150美元稅收時(shí)變動(dòng)消費(fèi)者剩余A+B+CA(B+C)生產(chǎn)者剩余J+K+LL(J+K)政府收入D+E+G+HB+D+G+JB+J-E-H總剩余A+B+C+D+E+G+H+J+K+LA+B+D+G+J+L(C+E+H+K)c. 政府收入變動(dòng)，是正是負(fù)還需要考察這種稅收規(guī)模使新澤西州的汽車市場(chǎng)處在拉伐曲線的哪一邊。如果150美元/輛的稅使市場(chǎng)處在拉伐曲線不利的一邊，則政府收入變動(dòng)為負(fù)；如果150美元/輛的稅收下，市場(chǎng)仍處在拉

13、伐曲線有利的一邊，則政府收入變動(dòng)為正。d. 無(wú)謂損失增加。稅收增加會(huì)使市場(chǎng)規(guī)模進(jìn)一步減小，產(chǎn)生更大的無(wú)謂損失。e. 我設(shè)想，新澤西因?yàn)槭杖胨捷^低，使汽車需求相當(dāng)富有彈性。在這種情況下，價(jià)格上升就會(huì)有許多人退出市場(chǎng)，市場(chǎng)規(guī)模隨稅收的增加而收縮的很快，無(wú)謂損失太大，稅收收入負(fù)增長(zhǎng)。該州應(yīng)增加對(duì)居民購(gòu)買(mǎi)汽車的補(bǔ)貼，使需求彈性減小。5. This chapter analyzed the welfare effects of a tax on a good. Consider now the opposite policy. Suppose that the government subsidize

14、s a good: For each unit of the good sold, the government pays $2 to the buyer. How does the subsidy affect consumer surplus, producer surplus, tax revenue, and total surplus? Does a subsidy lead to a deadweight loss? Explain.政府向買(mǎi)者支付的補(bǔ)貼使消費(fèi)者剩余增加，生產(chǎn)者剩余不變，因?yàn)檠a(bǔ)貼降低了買(mǎi)者的價(jià)格，消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)意愿會(huì)增加，市場(chǎng)銷量增加，從而政府稅收收入增加，總剩余增加。

15、補(bǔ)貼也會(huì)引起無(wú)謂損失。因?yàn)楫?dāng)補(bǔ)貼的對(duì)象是消費(fèi)者不是生產(chǎn)者時(shí)，這種產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模會(huì)超出最優(yōu)規(guī)模，使更多的資源集中用于生產(chǎn)這種物品，造成資源的無(wú)效配置。6. Suppose that a market is described by the following supply and demand equations: QS=2P QD=300-Pa. Solve for the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity.b. Suppose that a tax of T is placed on buyers, so the new deman

16、d equation is QD=300-(P+T)Solve for the new equilibrium. What happens to the price received by sellers, the price paid by buyers, and the quantity sold?c. Tax revenue is T×Q. Use your answer to part (b) to solve for tax revenue as a function of T. Graph this relationship for T between 0 and 300

17、.d. The deadweight loss of a tax is the area of the triangle between the supply and demand curves. Recalling that the area of a triangle is 1/2×base×height, solve for deadweight loss as a function of T between 0 and 300.e. The government now levies a tax on this good of $200 per unit. Is this a good policy? W