地理信息科學專業(yè)英語

1、地理信息科學專業(yè)英語仿射波段制圖學剪切數(shù)字化儀數(shù)字線劃圖每英寸點數(shù)邊緣匹配赤道等積大地水準面地理空間全球定位系統(tǒng)棲息地接口項目緯度圖例經(jīng)度中值子午線專業(yè)術語英譯漢 affine band cartography clip digitizer DLG dpi edgematching equator equiarea geoid geospatial GPS Habitat Interface Item Latitude legend longitude median meridianmetadata neatline Object-Based parcel photogrammetry pre

2、cipitation range raster resample resolution RMS元數(shù)據(jù)圖廓線基于對象的宗地攝影測量降水量范圍柵格重采樣分辨率均方根掃描儀選址拓撲統(tǒng)一地理編碼拓撲數(shù)組通用橫軸墨卡托投影矢量scanner siting TIGER topology tuple UTM vector專業(yè)術語漢譯英保護區(qū)比例尺標準差標準圖幅單精度protected areaScale barStandard deviationStandard picture frameSingle precision地理空間數(shù)據(jù)Geospatial data點緩沖區(qū)Point buffer動態(tài)分段Dyn

3、amic segmentation度量標準Metrics多項式變換Polynomial transformation高程基準Elevation base跟蹤算法Tracking algorithm規(guī)則格網(wǎng)Rules grid過渡帶Transition zone基于位置服務Based on location service畸形線Malformation line幾何變換解析幾何空間要素Geometrie transformationInspection chartAnalytic geometrySpace element平面坐標系統(tǒng)Planar coordinate system曲流河Mean

4、dering river人口普查地段Census Lot上四分位數(shù)The upper quartile矢量數(shù)據(jù)模型Vector data model數(shù)據(jù)可視化data visualization數(shù)據(jù)探查Data exploration雙精度水文要素泰森多邊型 統(tǒng)一建模語言 投影坐標系統(tǒng)Double precisionHydrological elementsTyson PolygonsUnified Modeling LanguageProjection coordinate system線緩沖區(qū)遙感數(shù)據(jù)用材林 暈渲法 指北針 屬性表Line bufferRemote sensing data

5、Timber forestHalo rendering methodCompassProperty sheet最短路徑分析 最小二乘法Shortest path analysisLeast squares method翻譯例子如下。1 .A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.L地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)是用于捕捉，存儲，查詢，分析和顯示地理

6、參考數(shù) 據(jù)的計算機系統(tǒng)。2 .A newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.2.新數(shù)字化地圖與數(shù)字化或掃描中使用的源地圖具有相同的測量單位。如果 手動數(shù)字化，地圖以英寸為單位進行測量，與數(shù)字化表格相同。3.Although ideal for discrete feature

7、s with well defined location and 9shapes9 the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.3.對于具有明確位置和形狀的離散特征，盡管理想，矢量數(shù)據(jù)模型不能很好 地處理在空間連續(xù)變化的空間現(xiàn)象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蝕。4.But the migration from the georelational

8、 to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.4.從基礎數(shù)據(jù)到基于對象的數(shù)據(jù)模型的遷移應該相對容易，因為將空間要素 視為對象是直觀的。5.New GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files

9、with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.5 .可以從各種數(shù)據(jù)源創(chuàng)建新的GIS數(shù)據(jù)。它們包括衛(wèi)星圖像，現(xiàn)場數(shù)據(jù)，街 道地址，帶有x和y坐標的文本文件以及紙質(zhì)地圖。6 .Proj ection converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.6.投影將數(shù)據(jù)集從地理坐標轉(zhuǎn)換為投影坐標，再投影從一種類型的

10、投影坐標 轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種類型。7.Spatial data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.7.空間數(shù)據(jù)編輯是指在數(shù)字圖層中添加，刪除和修改特征的過程。空間數(shù)據(jù) 編輯的主要部分是刪除數(shù)字化錯誤。8.The georelational data model stores spatial and attribute

11、 data separately in a split system:spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.8.地理數(shù)據(jù)模型將空間數(shù)據(jù)和屬性數(shù)據(jù)分別存儲在分割系統(tǒng)中：圖形文件中 的空間數(shù)據(jù)和關系數(shù)據(jù)庫中的屬性數(shù)據(jù)。用英文回答下列問題，練習每章后面的問答題。例子如下：1. Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.1. Two important types of field data t

12、hat can be used in a GIS project are survey data and global positioning systme (GPS) data.2. . Describe three variations in buffering.3. The buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or theright side of the line feature, instead of both sides B

13、uffer zones may remain intact so that each bufferzoneis separate from others, or dissolved so that there are no overlapped areas between buffer zones.4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector datamodel.5. The main advantage of the raster data model is having

14、 fixed cell locations, which make it easier for datamanipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvant age is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features 6. Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.4. Location errors such as missing pol

15、ygons or distorted lines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatial features, whereas topological errors such as dangling lins and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistenci s between spatial features.5 Explain the difference between thegeorelational data model and the object-basedda

16、ta model.5> The object-based data model differs from the georelational data model in two aspects. First, the object-based data mod el stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatial features in a single system rather than a split system.Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial f

17、eature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and m ethods.6. Explain the importance of map projection.7. A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First, a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection a

18、llows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.8. How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?9. Because an analysis m

19、ask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of no data, it can save time and effort for raster data operations.10. . Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.8. Buffering , overlay , distance measurement, spatial stati sties and map manipulation 9. Name the three

20、 types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.10. A point has 0 dimension and has only the property of location. A line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has the properties of area (size) and perimeter.11. Name two examples e

21、ach for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.12. Examples of integer rasters are land use and soil types. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.13. The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?11.A split syste

22、m stores spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.14. The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case?12.The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map, which showing visible and not