英語(yǔ)句子構(gòu)成

1、英語(yǔ)句子與漢語(yǔ)句子一樣，都是由單詞按照一定的規(guī)則所組成的。不同的詞類(lèi)在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同詞類(lèi)在句中可充當(dāng)哪些成分，才能正確分析、理解句子的含義，并能準(zhǔn)確地遣詞造句，逐漸達(dá)到流利地說(shuō)出地道的英語(yǔ)。 【問(wèn)】什么是句子成分？英語(yǔ)句子包含哪些成分？【問(wèn)】什么是句子成分？英語(yǔ)句子包含哪些成分？【答】組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等?！締?wèn)】各成分在句中的作用如何？分別由哪些詞及短語(yǔ)充【問(wèn)】各成分在句中的作用如何？分別由哪些詞及短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)？當(dāng)？ 【答】1.主語(yǔ)：是句子要說(shuō)明或描述的人或事物，是句子的主體，一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不

2、定式或動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng)。如：The car is running fast.(名詞)We are students.(代詞)One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(數(shù)詞)Its bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)Eating too much is bad for your health.(動(dòng)名詞)【注意】若不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式短語(yǔ))放在句后。2.謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也是句子的主體部分，一般由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。動(dòng)詞分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，連系動(dòng)詞與表

3、語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與省略to的不定式構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)，助動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞原形共同構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)部分。句子的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)表現(xiàn)出來(lái) ：He works in a factory.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)I felt cold.(系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ))How can I get to the station？(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)Do you speak English？(助動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)They are working in a field.(助動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)【注意】謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)與數(shù)方面要保持一致。3.賓語(yǔ)：是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者。及物動(dòng)詞必須跟賓語(yǔ).及物動(dòng)詞:直接接賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.不及物動(dòng)詞:不能直接帶賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.

4、 賓語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句構(gòu)成.He is doing his homework.(名詞)They did nothing this morning.(代詞)She wants to go home.(不定式)We enjoy playing football.(動(dòng)名詞)【注意】有的動(dòng)詞可接雙賓語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)指人，直接賓語(yǔ)指物。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：He bought me a book.Pass me the ball，will you？(間賓直賓)直接賓語(yǔ)（物）一般放在間接賓語(yǔ)（人）之后，但若把直接賓語(yǔ)（物

5、）放在前面，則要在間接賓語(yǔ)（人）前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~如to或 for等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直賓間賓)Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直賓間賓)有的動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，而不能用動(dòng)名詞。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：I hope to see you again.有的動(dòng)詞一般只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，而不用不定式。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep (on

6、)等。如：Do you mind my opening the window？有的動(dòng)詞后接不定式與動(dòng)名詞含義不同。a) forget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forget doing表示“已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒(méi)來(lái))I forgot returning the book to him.(書(shū)已還給他了)b) stop to do(不定式為狀語(yǔ))表示“停下原來(lái)的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下來(lái)與他談話(huà)。)The

7、 students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老師進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)學(xué)生們停止談話(huà)。)4. 定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞(即在漢語(yǔ)里的的)1). 形容詞作定語(yǔ)(一般放在被修飾語(yǔ)之前,修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在后面) They have a clever son. I have something important to tell you.2). 名詞作定語(yǔ): Is it a color film?名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式, 如:school bus,ticket office, paper flowers但也有例外,如: sports meeting, cl

8、othes shopman 和 woman作定語(yǔ)，前后單復(fù)數(shù)一致,如: a woman doctor, women doctors , a man teacher, men teachers3). 代詞作定語(yǔ): This song is better than that one.4). 數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ): There are only thirty students in our class.帶有數(shù)字的復(fù)合形容詞.當(dāng)復(fù)合形容詞用連字號(hào)連接時(shí),其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5). 副詞作定語(yǔ)(放在被修飾詞之后):Do you kno

9、w the young man over there?6). 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)(放在被修飾詞之后):The students in our class like swimming.5 狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞,有的修飾全句, 用以說(shuō)明地點(diǎn), 時(shí)間, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 結(jié)果, 條件, 讓步等如：Thank you very much.(副詞)I get up at five in the morning.(介詞短語(yǔ))He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短語(yǔ))We were having breakfast w

10、hen the telephone rang.(從句)【注意】enough作狀語(yǔ)只能放在被修飾詞之后。如：He is old enough to go to school. 狀語(yǔ)的位置狀語(yǔ)的位置1）. 在一般情況下,用于句末。We like our school very much.2）.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ),可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3). 表頻度的副詞通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never,用于行為動(dòng)詞前,be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后

11、I usually get up early.He is often late.sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末only 在句中的位置比較靈活, 但位置不同, 意義也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾時(shí)的順序1). 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)在前, 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在后. We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2). 較小單位的狀語(yǔ)在前,由小到大 Mr. Li lives at 88 Chon

12、gwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3). 一個(gè)句子有幾個(gè)不同種類(lèi)的副詞作狀語(yǔ), 其順序大都是: 程度副詞,方式副詞, 地點(diǎn)副詞, 時(shí)間副詞She sang very well at the meeting last night.時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也可以位于句首, 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.6.表語(yǔ)：系動(dòng)詞后面跟表語(yǔ)，用于說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征或感受，一般由名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞等充當(dāng)。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有：be，

13、look，get，sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái))，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(嘗起來(lái))等。如：They are workers.(名詞)Two and three is five.(數(shù)詞)The story is very interesting.(形容詞)M y job(工作)is teaching English.(動(dòng)名詞)She is at home.(介詞短語(yǔ))I feel terrible.(形容詞)The dish tastes delicious.(形容詞)7.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓

14、語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補(bǔ)”一般由不定式短語(yǔ)、分詞、名詞、形容詞等充當(dāng)。如：We elected him monitor.(名詞)I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容詞)The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短語(yǔ))He is going to have his hair cut.(過(guò)去分詞)They saw a bird flying in the sky.(現(xiàn)在分詞)(一). 指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 Th

15、e teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二). 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture

16、 D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon. Did the twins have porridge for th

17、eir breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. intereste

18、d C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)（10分，10分鐘） My brother hasnt done his homework.A B C D People all over the world speak English. A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D How many new words did you learn last class? A B

19、 C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how A B C Dabout you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. A B C D They made him monitor of the class.A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school

20、. A B C D They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.A B C D(四) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) (5分，5分鐘) The old man was feeling very tired. A B C D Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D Soon They all became interested in the subject. A B C D She was the first to learn about it.

21、A B C D(五) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) (6分，6分鐘) They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D What is your given name?A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep. A B C D I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!A B C D(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) (6分，6分鐘) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the A B Creading-room. D He ask