初識定語從句完整版

1、初識定語從句一、了解定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語1. 定語從句：修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面，相當(dāng)于形容詞在句中作定語。2. 先行詞：被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。3. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有 that ， which， who, whom whose，as 等；關(guān)系畐U詞有 where，when，why 等。He is the man who I want to see.他就是我想見的人。先行詞關(guān)系詞定語從句二、掌握關(guān)系代詞及其作用最常用的關(guān)系代詞是 who, whom, whose, that , whic

2、h和as。關(guān)系代詞同時起了兩個作 用。它們可以像別的代詞一樣，可以代表一個名詞，在定語從句中用作主語或賓語，同時， 它們又起到了連詞的作用，把主句和從句連接起來。1. who指人，在定語從句中一般做主語。如：Do you know the man who is speaking to your father? 你認(rèn)識和你爸爸講話的那個人嗎？(定語從句修飾先行詞 the man , who在定語從句中作is speaking的主語)This is the stra nger who helped us yesterday.這是昨天幫助我們的那個陌生人。She is the girl who wo

3、rks hard at maths.她就是那個努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的女孩。2. whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。在口語或非正式文體中，whom可以省略。如：He is the ma n (whom) we just talked about.他就是我們剛才談?wù)摰哪莻€人。The boy (whom) we met in the street yesterday is my classmate.我們昨天在大街上遇到的那個男孩是我的同學(xué)。3. whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在定語從句中作定語修飾它后面的名詞。如：This is the girl whose father is a policema n

4、.這就是那個爸爸是警察的女孩。They live in a house whose wi ndows face south.他們住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。4. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。作賓語時可以省略。如：Physics is a subject which is very difficult to learn.物理是一門很難學(xué)的科目。(在定語從句中做主語，不能省略)Apples are the fruit (which) she likes best.蘋果是她最喜歡的水果。5. that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。指人時，相當(dāng)于who或whom指物時，

5、相當(dāng)于 which。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。如：He is the man that lives n ext door.他就是住在隔壁的那個人。We like programs that are very in terest ing.我們喜歡有趣的節(jié)目。She is the woman(that ) we saw in the bookshop.她是我們在書店見到的那名婦女。5. that指人時，相當(dāng)于 who或者whom指物時，相當(dāng)于 which。在定語從句中作主語或者 賓語。如：The number of the people that/who cometo visit the c

6、ity each year rises one million. 來這個城市參觀的人數(shù)每年增長一百萬。Where is the man that/whom I saw this morni ng?今天早晨我看見的那個人在哪里？三、掌握關(guān)系副詞及其作用關(guān)系副詞有when、where、why,他們在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，既在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語，又起 連接作用。1. When指時間，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語。如：I still remember the day whe n I first came to Dalia n.我仍然記得第一次來大連那天的情景。He told me the date whe n

7、he joi ned the party.他告訴了我他入黨的時間。They stayed with me for three weeks whe n they dra nk all the wi ne I had.他們和我一起住了三個星期，在那三周里，把我所有的葡萄酒都喝光了。2. where指地點、在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語。如:這就是我們小時候住的房子。杭州是個有一個美麗的湖泊的城我知道他開會遲到的原因。你知道他拒絕應(yīng)邀的原因嗎?This is the house where we lived whe n we were young.這就是我長大的那個村莊。This is the villa

8、ge where I grew up.Han gzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.市。3. why指原因，在定語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語。如：I know the reason why he was late for the meeting.Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation?That is the reason why I ' ve changed so much.那就是我變化這么快的原因。四、學(xué)習(xí)定語從句應(yīng)該注意的問題1. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用如果先行詞是

9、表示時間或地點的名詞，不能就一律斷定要用關(guān)系副詞when或where，務(wù)必要看引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分，如果作狀語，用關(guān)系副詞，如做主語或賓語要用關(guān)系代詞。當(dāng)reason做先行詞時，也需注意其引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分，不能斷定一概用why來引導(dǎo)。如：I ' ll never forget the time when we worked together.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們一起工作的時光。 （work是不及物動詞，when在定語從句中作狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞。）I ' ll never forget the time （which/that） we spent together.我

10、將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們一起渡過的時光。spend是及物動詞，which/that 在定語從句中作賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞，也可以省略。）This is the factory where he worked before.這是他以前工作過的工廠。（ work 是不及物動詞，where在定語從句中作狀語。）This is the factory which/that he visited before.這是他以前參觀過的工廠。（visit是及物動詞，which/that在從句中作賓語，亦可省略。）The reason why I was abse nt yesterday was that I was i

11、ll.我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。定語從句中缺狀語，表示原因，故用關(guān)系副詞why）The reas on that he expla ined for his being late was that he had missed the earlybus.他所解釋的遲到的原因是他誤了頭班汽車。（explain是及物動詞，that在從句中作其賓語）再看一個例題：（1）This is the factoryI visited last year.（2） This is the factoryI worked last year.（3） This is the factoryproduces all

12、kinds of TV sets.A. where B. which C. whom D. whose以上三個句子只有細(xì)微的差別，但答案卻不同：（1）和（3）選B. which。（ 2）選A. where。做這種題時，要看先行詞與定語從句中謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系；（1）中是動賓關(guān)系，即I visitedthe factory ，因此選 which。（ 2）中factory 應(yīng)在定語從句中作地點狀語，即：I workedin the factory ，因此選where。（ 3）中是作定語從句中的主語，不作地點狀語，因此選which。2. 限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況1）當(dāng)先行詞是 anyt

13、hing, everything, nothing （something 除夕卜）,few, all, none, little,some 等代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時。如：Have you taken dow n everythi ng that Mr. Li has said?你把李先生說的話都記下來了嗎？There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.在他看來世界上似乎沒有不可能的是。All that ca n b

14、e done has bee n don e.所有能做的事情都做了。2）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾。如：The first place that they visited in Lon don was the Big Be n.他們在倫敦參觀的第一個地方就是“大本鐘”。3）當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。如：I thi nk the film Assembly is the best film that I have see n.我認(rèn)為電影集結(jié)號是我看過的最好的電影。4 ）當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時。如：This is the very dictio nary that I

15、 want to buy.這就是我想買的那本辭典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he own ed.房子失火以后，那輛舊汽車就是他唯一的財產(chǎn)。5）當(dāng)先行詞前面有 who, which等疑問代詞時。如：Who is the man that is sta ndi ng there?站在那兒那個人是誰？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件 T 恤適合我穿？6）當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動物或者物體時。如：Can you remember the scie nti

16、st and his theory that we have lear ned?你還記得我們學(xué)到的那個科學(xué)家及他的理論嗎？3. 區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句 1）定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補(bǔ)充說明的關(guān)系。如:剛起飛的飛機(jī)是去倫敦的。（定語The pla ne that has just take n off is for London.從句）The fact that he has been dead is clear.他已經(jīng)死亡的事實是清楚的。（同位語從句）2）定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分，有時可以省略；同位whe n

17、, where, how, why,語從句主要由that引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由whether, what 等詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)成分。如:我們現(xiàn)在The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.面臨的問題是怎樣籌集那么多錢。（定語從句）The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.怎樣籌集錢的問題很難解決。（同位語從句）3）同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子，而定語從句不可以。如:Th

18、e fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)這事實是眾所周知的。（同位語從句）The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.這個事實就是地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。3.關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于”介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如:There are occasi ons whe n (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。

19、Beiji ng is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reas on why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?4. that代替關(guān)系副詞that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代 when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如：他父親在他出生那His father died the year （that / whe n / in which） he was

20、 born.年逝世了。He is unlikelyto find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。五、考點鏈接1. 考查thatDo you still remember the chicke n farmwe visited three mon ths ago?A. where B. when C. that D. what （2005北京春）【解析】G從句中visited是及物動詞，而且沒有賓語，要用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。2. 考查 who, whom和 whos

21、e1）Womenhav ing heart disease tha n thosedonA. who; 不填 B.不填；who C. who; who D.【解析】C第一空定語從句缺少主語，必須用 語，不能省略。drink more tha n two cups of coffee a day have a greater cha nee of't.不填表；不填（2006北京卷）who,不能省略；第二空也是關(guān)系代詞作主2） Look out! Don ' t get too close to the houseroof is under repair.A. whose B. w

22、hich C. of which D. what（ 2006 福建卷）【解析】A從句中缺少的是roof的定語，在定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作定語用whose，whose可以修飾人，也可以修飾物。3. 考查 when, where 禾口 when1） Where did you get to know her?It was on the farmwe worked.（ 2007 山東卷）A. that B. there C. which D. where【解析】D work是不及物動詞，不需要賓語，所以用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。2. In an hour, we can travel to places

23、would have take n our an cestors days to reach.A. where B. when C. which D. what （2006上海卷）【解析】G句中先行詞“ places ”盡管表地點，但關(guān)系詞在從句作主語，必須用關(guān)系代詞。3. Any way , that evening ,I will tell you about later, I en ded up stay ingat Rachel ' s place .A. when B. where C. what D. which （2004浙江卷）【解析】D。此句是非限制性的定語從句，盡管

24、that evening表時間，但在從句中作介詞about的賓語，只能用關(guān)系代詞which。4. Is this the reason at the meeting for his carelessnessin his work? (2002上海春季)A. he expla ined B. what he expla ined C. how he expla ined D. why he expla ined【解析】A。先行詞the reason盡管表示"原因"，但在從句中作explained的賓語，這又是個限定性的定語從句，作賓語時可用 that或which引導(dǎo)定語從句還

25、可省略。鞏固練習(xí)一、用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：I. 1 still remember the ni ghtI first came to the house.2. We are lear ning En glish, a Ian guageis used in many places in the world.3. I will n ever forget the daysI spe nt with your family.4. Tell me the reas onthe America n lady left.5. Do you still remember the placewe visite

26、d last week?6. Do you still remember the placewe found the lost child?7. The housesta nds on the top of the hill was built last mon th.8. He is the only pers onsaw the accide nt yesterday.9. Who is the stude ntwas late for school today?10. He lives in the roomwin dow faces to the south.II. The man a

27、ger walked toward the gatethe workers are waiti ng.12. Autu mn is the time of a yearfarmers get in their crops. 13. Alle n is thegirlI think will succeed in the test.14. Those are the shoesI lost last week.15. Her parents wouldn' t let him marry anyonefamily was poor.二、用定語從句合并句子1. The man is in

28、the n ext room.He brought our text books here yesterday.2. The writing-brush is mine.He has take n it away.3. That ' s the child.We were look ing at his draw ing just now.4. He didn ' t finish his homework.The reason is that he didn' t feel well yesterday.5. That was an un forgettable mo

29、rning.Premier Zhou went to our school (at) that morning.6. One morning an elepha nt was led dow n the road.Six bli nd men stood on the road beggi ng.三、請找出下列各句中的錯誤并加以改正。1. This is the factory where we visited last week.2. This is the watch for which Tom is look ing.3. The pers on to who you spoke is

30、a stude nt of Grade Two.4. The house in that we live is very small.5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for pla nts to grow.6. I ' ve read all the books which I borrowed from the library.7. This is the best film which I have ever see n.8. My father and Mr. Smith talked a

31、bout things and pers ons who they remembered in the coun try.9. Everythi ng which we saw was of great in terest.10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.11. The reason which he didn ' t go to school is that he was ill.12. Those who wants to go with me put up your han ds.13. The bo

32、y, his mother died last year, studies very hard.14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.Evening.15. We ' re going to visit the school where your brother works there.16. He is the only one of the students who have been invitedto the English17. That is the way which they work.18. Those ha

33、ve questi ons can ask the teachers for advice.19. Who is the man who has white hairs?20. I will n ever forget the days which we had a good time together at the sea.四、漢譯英1. 這就是上周丟失自行車的學(xué)生。2. 我有幾個父母在南京工作的同學(xué)。3. 我們最喜歡的那個導(dǎo)演是Spielberg。4. 二十年前我們住的那幢樓已經(jīng)被拆除了。5. 二十年前我們建的那幢樓已經(jīng)不能用了。五、單項填空1. This is the bagmy mot

34、her bought yesterday.A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. The manlives n ext to us is my En glish teacher.A. whom B. which C. who D. /3. The girlyou saw in the street is Mary.A. that B. whose C. which D. as4. Is this the factorya lot of stude nts visited yesterday?A. the one B. which C. who D. whom5. Is

35、 this factorya lot of stude nts visited yesterday?A. the one B. that C. which D. /6. The only Ianguageis easy to learn is the mother tongue.A. which B. that C. / D. it7. The girl han ded everyth ingshe had picked up in the street to the police.A. which B. in which C. that D. all8. clea ns the blackb

36、oard should be praised.A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The stude nts who9. Please show me the bookyou bought yesterday.A. which B. whom C. whose D. this10. This is the best bookI have bee n look ing for all this year.A. who B. whom C. which D. /11. This is the only article of these thatwritten by h

37、im.A. was B. were C. is D. are12. The manwas here just now is a doctor.A. whom B. who C. / D. he13. The boyhas two lovely dogs.A. who live n ext door B. which lives n ext doorC. whom lives n ext door D. that lives n ext door14. Thosemade no mistakes in today' s exercises please raise your hands.

38、A. which B. whom C. that D. who15. The farmwe stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday.A. when B. where C. that D. at that16. He is the most careful boyI know.A. what B. which C. as D. /17. This is the schoolMr. Smith once taught.A. in that B. whe n C. where D. there18. Have you visited the

39、housethe famous scie ntist was born?A. where B. in that C. that D. which19. The womanis talki ng to my mother is a friend of hers.A. whose B. who C. whom D. which20. Please pass me the diet ionarycover is red.A. whose B. its C. which D. which of21. October 1,1949 is the daywe' II never forget.A.

40、 when B. that C. where D. in which22. October 1,1949 was the daythe People' s Republic of China was founded.A. which B. whe n C. where D. i n which23. I still remember the sitting-room mymother and I used to sit in the evening.A. what B. which C. that D. where24. The wash ing machinelast Wedn esday works well.A. I bought B.I bought it C. which I buy D. that I bought it25. The lecture spoke of some writers and no velswere known to us all.A. which B. that C. who D. what答案：一、1. when 2. that/which 3. that/which 4. why 5. that/which 6. where 7. that/which8. who 9. that 10. w