土木工程英語建筑初級(jí)水平UnitCareersincivilengineering

1、unit 1 careers in civil engineeringas we know ， engineering is a profession ， which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor ， before they can

2、start on their careers in the university ， mathematics ， physics ， and chemistry are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum ， particularly in the first two or three years mathematics ， of course， is very important in civil engineering ， so it is greatly stressed today ， math

3、ematics includes courses in statistics ， which deals with gathering ， classifying ， and using numerical data ， or pieces of information an important part of statistical mathematics is probability. which deals with what may happen when there are different factors that can change the results of a prob

4、lem before the construction of a bridge is begun ， for example ， a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to control in the design of the bridge factors such as water pressure on the foundations ， the effects of different wind forces ， and many other factors m

5、ust be considered in an engineering program the problem of designing a structure to withstand the forces of gravity ， wind ， and earthquakes is usually addressed through another series of courses beginning with algebra and trigonometry(usually covered in high school)and physics ， most schools requir

6、e at least one course in calculus and descriptive geometry before the introduction of engineering statics(a development of the study of vector forces ， from elementary physics) there may be an additional course on structural materials ， particularly in engineering oriented programs the actual struct

7、ure courses may be done in various sequences by reference to the type of structural element(beam ， column ， etc ) ， or the structural material itself(timber ， steel， reinforced concrete ， prestressed concrete) each material has different characteristics and requires separate considerations， but the

8、ultimate objective in the engineering sense is to determine the most efficient(economical)system that can be coordinated with the design solution obviously ， the design affects the structural system and vice versa today most final structural calculations are done by specialists a mastery is not esse

9、ntial for the architect ， but an understanding is again ， the emphasis in this area will vary widely from program to program because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems ， computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula computers， of course ， can

10、 solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can but computers are useless unlessthey are given clear and accurate instructions and information in other words ， a good programin spite of the importance of technical subjects in the engineering curricu

11、lum ， a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts we have already discussed the relationship between engineering and society it is ， therefore ， sufficient to say again that the work done by an engineer affects society in many different and imp

12、ortant ways that he or she should understand an engineer also needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive an engineer doing research work will need to be able to write up his or her findings for publications the last two years of an engineering progra

13、m include subjects within the student s field of specialization for the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer ， the specialized courses may deal with such subjects as soil mechanics ， or hydraulics in today s s ociety ， people who have technical training are ， of course ， in demand you

14、ng engineers may choose to go into environmental engineering ， for example they may choose construction firms that specialize in highway work they may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deal with water resources indeed， choices are many and varied when the young engineer has fin

15、ally started real practice ， the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied he or she will probably work with a team of engineers at the beginning thus， on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his orher ability to translatetheory into practice the civil engine

16、er may work in research， design ， construction supervision ， maintenance， or even in management each of these areas involves different duties and different uses of the enginee r s knowledgeand experience new wordscareer n 生涯， 經(jīng)歷 ； 職業(yè) engineering n 工程，工程學(xué)； profession n 專業(yè) ， 職業(yè) graduate n 大學(xué) 畢業(yè) 生lawye

17、r n 律 師 curriculum n 課 程(curricula p1 )particularly ad 尤其，特 別 stress n v 應(yīng) 力，強(qiáng)調(diào)statistics n 統(tǒng)計(jì) ， 統(tǒng)計(jì) 學(xué)classify v 分類numerical a 數(shù)字的datum n 數(shù)據(jù)， 資 料(data p1 )statistical a 統(tǒng)計(jì) 的design n v 設(shè)計(jì)program n v 程序， 計(jì)劃algebra n 代數(shù)trigonometry n 三角calculus n 微 積 分geometry n 幾何statics n靜力學(xué)vector n 向量timber n 木材；木料co

18、ncrete n 混凝土prestress v. 給預(yù) 加應(yīng)力預(yù)應(yīng) 力coordinate v 使配合，使合作n. 坐標(biāo)emphasis n.強(qiáng)調(diào),重點(diǎn)accuracy n 準(zhǔn)確性，準(zhǔn)確度unless conj 除非accurate a 準(zhǔn)確的current a 目前的。 現(xiàn)行的trend n 傾 向， 趨勢social a 社會(huì)的sufficient a 充分的persuasive a 有 說 服力的finding n 研究 結(jié)果， 發(fā)現(xiàn)publication n 刊物，出版specialization n 專業(yè) 化，技 術(shù)規(guī) 范hydraulics n 水力學(xué)environmental a

19、 環(huán)境的firm n 公司prefer v 更喜 歡agency n 部 門 ，機(jī)構(gòu)acquire v 獲得demonstrate v 論證 ，演示supervision n 監(jiān) 督；管理maintenance n 養(yǎng)護(hù) ， 維 修useful expressionssimilar to 與相似的start on 開 始，從事descriptive geometry 畫法幾何（學(xué)）engineering oriented programs 偏重工程技術(shù) 的（教學(xué) ）計(jì) 劃in various sequences 以各 種 各 樣 的 順 序by reference to 參考separate

20、considerations 分 別 考 慮 ；分別 研究vice versa 反之也是 這樣human being 人write up 寫成go into 深入研究，參加specialize in 專門 從事translate into轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?，翻譯為notes1 .today ， mathematics includes courses in statistics ， which deals with gathering ， classifying ， and using numerical data ， or pieces of information 目前，數(shù)學(xué)還 包括 統(tǒng)計(jì) 學(xué) 課 程

21、，它 涉 及數(shù)據(jù)和各 種 信息的收集、分類 和使用beginning with algebra and trigonometry（usually covered in high school）and physics ， most schools require at least one course in calculus and descriptive geometry before the introduction of engineering statics（a development of the study of vector forces ， from elementary phy

22、sics） 多數(shù)學(xué)校從代數(shù)、三角（通常在中學(xué) 開設(shè) ）和物理開 始，要求在開設(shè) 工程靜力學(xué)（在初等物理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上深入研究向量力）之前，至少要開設(shè) 一門微分學(xué)和畫法幾何 課。2 . each material has different characteristics and requires separate considerations ， but the ultimate objective in the engineering sense is to determine the most efficient（economical）system that can be coordinate

23、d with the design solution 每一種材料都有不同的特性，需要分別進(jìn) 行研究。但就工程而言，最終 目的是要確定符合設(shè)計(jì) 要求的最佳（最 經(jīng)濟(jì) ）方案。3.it is ， therefore ， sufficient to say again that the work done by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should understand 因此，只需再 說 一遍就 夠 了，即一個(gè)工程師應(yīng)該 懂得，他或她所做的工作以各 種 不同的重要方式影響著社會(huì)。4.thus， on the-job training can be ac