馬清河灌區(qū)灌溉特別篇

1、 馬清河灌區(qū)灌溉系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計 學(xué) 校： 揚(yáng)州大學(xué) 專 業(yè)：水利水電工程 班 級： 1204班 姓 名： 杜云皓 指導(dǎo)老師： 蔡守華 目錄1 基本資料1 1.1 概況1 1.2 氣象1 1.3 種植計劃及灌溉經(jīng)驗3 1.4 灌區(qū)開發(fā)的必要性和可行性52 早稻及棉花的灌溉制度計算6 2.1早稻的灌溉制度計算6 2.2棉花的灌溉制度計算103灌水率計算174 灌排渠系及渠系建筑物規(guī)劃布置21 4.1 水源與取水口選擇21 4.2 各級渠道與排水溝布置21 4.3 渠系建筑物布置215 水位推算24 5.1 初擬各級渠道比降24 5.2 選擇地面控制點24 5.3 推算典型支渠渠首設(shè)計水位24 5.4

2、 推算干渠設(shè)計水位25 5.5 確定引水方式256 計算渠道設(shè)計流量26 6.1 確定工作制度26 6.2 計算典型支渠設(shè)計流量267 渠道橫斷面設(shè)計30 7.1 干渠各斷面設(shè)計30 7.2 支渠斷面設(shè)計31 7.3 斗渠斷面設(shè)計32 7.4 農(nóng)渠斷面設(shè)計338 干、支渠水位銜接校核359 繪制干渠縱橫斷面圖361 基本資料1.1 概況灌區(qū)位于界榮山以南，馬清河以北，總面積（20m等高線以下的）約12萬畝。氣候溫和，無霜期長，適宜于農(nóng)作物生長。年平均氣溫16.5，多年平均蒸發(fā)量1065mm，多年平均降水量1112mm，馬清河灌區(qū)地形圖見附圖1。灌區(qū)人口總數(shù)約8萬，勞動力1.9萬。申溪以西屬興隆

3、鄉(xiāng)，以東屬大勝鄉(xiāng)。根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)劃，界榮山上以林、牧、副業(yè)為主，馬頭山以林為主，20m 等高線以下則以大田作物為主，種植稻、麥、棉、豆等作物。灌區(qū)上游土質(zhì)屬中壤，下游龍尾河一帶屬輕砂壤土。地下水埋深一般為45m，土壤及地下水的pH值屬中性，無鹽堿化威脅。界榮山、龍尾山等屬土質(zhì)丘陵，表土屬中粘壤土，地表56m以下為巖層，申溪及吳家溝等溝溪均有巖石露頭，馬頭山陳村以南至馬清河邊巖石遍布地表。吳家溝等溝溪縱坡較大，下切較深，一般為78m，上游寬5060m，下游寬7090m，遇暴雨時易暴發(fā)洪水，近年來已在各溝、溪上游修建多處小型水庫，山洪已基本得到控制，對灌區(qū)無威脅。馬清河灌區(qū)為馬清河流域規(guī)劃的組成部分。

4、根據(jù)規(guī)劃要求，已在興隆峪上游20km處建大型水庫一座，壩頂高程50.2m，正常水位43.0m，興利庫容1.2×108m3，總庫容2.3×108m3。馬清河灌區(qū)擬在該水庫下游斷面處修建攔河壩式取水樞紐，引取水庫水發(fā)電尾水進(jìn)行灌溉。斷面處河底高程30m，砂、卵石覆蓋層厚2.5m，下為基巖，河道比降1/100，河底寬82m，河面寬120m。水庫所供之水水質(zhì)良好，含沙量極微，水量亦能完全滿足灌區(qū)用水要求。1.2 氣象根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貧庀笳举Y料，設(shè)計的中等干旱年（相當(dāng)于1972年）411月水面蒸發(fā)量（80cm口徑蒸發(fā)皿）及降水量見表1-1及表1-2。表1-1 設(shè)計年c蒸發(fā)量統(tǒng)計月 份4567

5、蒸發(fā)量（mm）97.5118.0143.7174.9月 份891011蒸發(fā)量（mm）196.5144.7101.175.6表1-2 設(shè)計年降水量統(tǒng)計日月 份4567891017.64.6212.717.418.533.41.97.3492.055.31.210.864.87.92.878.628.582.5919.1103.6112.52.1121.96.4137.52.31412.11.91.91510.0166.04.13.532.81724.5181.3191.6204.312.611.5211.818.5222.110.649.22.53.6231.410.74.52435.47.42

6、56.2261.5271.1281.53.729307.7313.6月計72.9108.5107.339.825.037.3103.51.3 種植計劃及灌溉經(jīng)驗灌區(qū)以種植水稻為主，兼有少量旱作物，各種作物種植比例見表1-3。表1-3 作物種植比例作物旱稻中稻雙季晚稻棉花種植比例（%）50305020根據(jù)該地區(qū)灌溉試驗站觀測資料，土壤空隙率為48%（占土體的%），田間持水率為88%（占空隙%）。設(shè)計年（1972）早稻全生育期需水系數(shù)=1.0，泡田定額為70m3/畝；棉花計劃產(chǎn)量120kg，需水系數(shù)k=2.67m3/kg，土壤適宜含水率上限為88%，下限為61.6%（占空隙%），播前灌計劃濕潤層深

7、為0.4m，播前計劃濕潤層平均含水率65.3%（占空隙%），播種時計劃濕潤層土壤實際儲水量為102m3/畝。早稻及棉花的基本觀測數(shù)據(jù)如表1-4及表1-5所示；中稻及晚稻的豐產(chǎn)灌溉制度計算見表1-6。表1-4早稻試驗基本數(shù)據(jù)生育階段復(fù)苗分蘗前分蘗后孕穗抽穗乳熟黃熟全生育期起止日期(日/月)25/44/55/514/515/51/62/616/617/630/61/711/712/720/725/420/7天數(shù)101018151411987模比系數(shù)(%)78182521138100田間允許水層深(mm)10-30-5010-40-8020-50-9020-50-10020-50-9010-40-5

8、0濕潤滲透強(qiáng)度(mm/d)1.31.31.31.31.31.31.3表1-5 棉花試驗基本數(shù)據(jù)生育 階 段幼苗期現(xiàn)蕾期開花結(jié)鈴期吐絮期全生育期起止日期(日/月)21/416/617/628/729/726/827/86/1121/46/11模比系數(shù)(%下水補(bǔ)給量占作物需水量的(%)10202225計劃濕潤層深(m)0.40.50.50.60.60.70.7表1-6 中稻、雙季晚稻設(shè)計年豐產(chǎn)灌溉制度中稻雙季晚稻灌水次序灌水時間（日/月）灌水定額（m3/畝）灌水次序灌水時間（日/月）灌水定額（m3/畝）1（泡田）7/5751（泡田）19/770226/525227/715

9、34/62531/825410/62547/820520/630512/82562/730623/83078/730727/830814/730831/830922/73096/9301029/7251012/9301110/8201119/9301230/920灌溉定額 345（m3/畝）灌溉定額 355（m3/畝）1.4 灌區(qū)開發(fā)的必要性和可行性 1.灌區(qū)開發(fā)的必要性分析 (1)從作物需水要求來說，該灌區(qū)灌溉面積近12萬畝，地形相對平坦，適宜農(nóng)作物的成長，其種植的作物包括有早稻、中稻、雙季稻和棉花，都是相對來說耗水的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，種植比例為50:30:50:20。多年平均蒸發(fā)量和降雨量基本持平

10、，現(xiàn)有的自然條件不能滿足作物的需水要求。(2)就目前的灌溉與排水條件來說，在灌區(qū)有兩條河流，但都是流量比較小的河流且分布不均勻，無法滿足整個灌區(qū)的灌水要求，因此修建灌溉系統(tǒng)十分必要。 2.灌區(qū)開發(fā)的可行性分析就灌區(qū)開發(fā)的有利條件來說，該灌區(qū)位于河流沖擊所形成的平原帶， 其正南方有馬清河通過，而在馬清河上游有一興利庫容1.2×1380m,總庫容2.3×1380m的水庫，取水水源方便、水質(zhì)良好，符合灌溉的基本條件。其次引取 水庫水發(fā)電則利用尾水進(jìn)行灌溉，既考慮了資源充分利用，又兼顧經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。綜上所述，該地域修建灌溉系統(tǒng)，實際上必要，技術(shù)上可行，同時能實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會效益、生態(tài)

11、效益的統(tǒng)一。2 早稻及棉花的灌溉制度計算2.1早稻的灌溉制度計算由已知的氣象資料可知，在早稻的全生育期的蒸發(fā)量為:所以可得各生育階段的需水量，繼而可得出逐日耗水量,計算結(jié)果如表2-1。表2-1 逐日耗水量計算表 生育期 復(fù)苗 分蘗前 分蘗后 孕穗 抽穗 乳熟 黃熟 全生育期起止日月25/44/55/514/515/51/62/616/617/630/61/711/712/720/725/420/7天 數(shù)101018151411987模比系數(shù) 78182521138100階段需水量(mm)27.5831.5270.9398.5282.7551.2331.52394.06階段滲漏量(mm)1313

12、23.419.518.214.311.7113.1階段耗水量(mm)40.5844.5294.33118.02100.9565.5343.22507.16逐日耗水量(mm)4.064.455.247.877.215.964.8注：稻田滲漏量為1mm/d當(dāng)淹灌水層減去逐日耗水量，加上逐日降雨量后若小于最小田間允許最小水層深度則設(shè)計灌水，當(dāng)大于最大田間允許水層深度則設(shè)計排水。水量平衡方程：早稻生育期灌溉制度計算結(jié)果見表2-2。表2-2 早稻生育期灌溉制度計算表 日期生育期設(shè)計淹灌水層逐日耗水量 逐日降雨淹灌水層變化灌水量排水量月日4242025復(fù)苗期10-30-504.0615.942611.88

13、2727.8220281.525.262921.23017.145113.08229.022033.428.364226.35分蘗期10-40-804.451.223.0567.926.5728.550.55846.1941.651037.2112.535.25126.437.21332.751428.315分蘗末20-50-905.2448.062516648.821724.568.081862.841957.62052.362147.122210.652.482310.757.942452.72547.462642.22271.138.08283.736.542931.33026.0631

14、45.82256140.5862 孕穗20-50-1007.8717.450.1131.944.14436.27528.4620.53747.6635839.79931.921024.051146.18301238.311330.44141.924.471546.6301638.7317抽穗20-50-907.2131.521824.311947.1302039.892132.682249.274.672367.462435.4905.652582.79261.577.082769.872862.662955.453048.2471 乳熟10-40-505.9642.28236.32330.3

15、6424.4518.44612.48736.5230830.56924.61018.641112.6812 黃熟 濕潤4.87.88133.081415103.48164.12.7817181920463.97217.32455.65校核：與7月11日淹灌水層基本相符?？傻迷绲旧谠O(shè)計灌溉制度，見表2-3。表2-3 早稻灌溉制度表灌水次數(shù)灌水日期灌水定額mmm³/畝14月27日2013.3 25月2日2013.3 35月15日2516.7 45月31日2516.7 56月7日3523.3 66月11日3020.0 76月15日3020.0 86月19日3020.0 97月5日352

16、3.3 107月10日3020.0 2.2棉花的灌溉制度計算棉花全生育期的需水量為：即其各生育階段的需水量為：各生育階段地下水補(bǔ)給量為：由于計劃濕潤層增加而增加的水量：計劃濕潤層的最大、最小蓄水量：計劃濕潤層深度H(m)：有效降雨量，用降雨入滲系數(shù)法求?。旱倪x取按表2-4計：表2-4 取值表 次降雨量 5mm 550mm 50mm01.00.80.70.8棉花灌溉制度表見表2-5。表2-5 棉花灌溉定額計算表日期生育階段計劃濕潤層深WmaxWminPP0WtKeWms4/20幼苗期0.400 112.696 78.887 4.30102.000 4/210.400 112.696 78.887

17、 1.800.000 0.101 1.012 101.089 4/220.402 113.191 79.233 2.100.420 0.101 1.012 100.599 4/230.404 113.685 79.579 1.400.420 0.101 1.012 100.108 4/240.405 114.179 79.925 00.420 0.101 1.012 99.618 4/250.407 114.673 80.271 00.420 0.101 1.012 99.128 4/260.409 115.168 80.617 00.420 0.101 1.012 98.637 4/270.

18、411 115.662 80.963 00.420 0.101 1.012 98.147 4/280.412 116.156 81.309 1.500.420 0.101 1.012 97.656 4/290.414 116.651 81.655 00.420 0.101 1.012 97.166 4/300.416 117.145 82.001 00.420 0.101 1.012 96.675 5/10.418 117.639 82.347 00.420 0.101 1.012 96.185 5/20.419 118.133 82.693 00.420 0.101 1.012 95.694

19、 5/30.421 118.628 83.039 3.400.420 0.101 1.012 95.204 5/40.423 119.122 83.385 200.420 0.101 1.012 94.713 5/50.425 119.616 83.731 1.200.420 0.101 1.012 94.223 5/60.426 120.111 84.077 7.94.740.420 0.101 1.012 98.472 5/70.428 120.605 84.423 28.517.10.420 0.101 1.012 115.082 5/80.430 121.099 84.769 00.4

20、20 0.101 1.012 114.592 5/90.432 121.593 85.115 00.420 0.101 1.012 114.101 5/100.433 122.088 85.461 00.420 0.101 1.012 113.611 5/110.435 122.582 85.807 2.500.420 0.101 1.012 113.120 5/120.437 123.076 86.153 6.43.840.420 0.101 1.012 116.470 5/130.439 123.571 86.499 00.420 0.101 1.012 115.979 5/140.440

21、 124.065 86.845 00.420 0.101 1.012 115.489 5/150.442 124.559 87.191 00.420 0.101 1.012 114.998 5/160.444 125.053 87.537 63.60.420 0.101 1.012 118.108 5/170.446 125.548 87.883 24.514.70.420 0.101 1.012 125.548 6.770 5/180.447 126.042 88.229 00.420 0.101 1.012 125.057 5/190.449 126.536 88.575 00.420 0

22、.101 1.012 124.567 5/200.451 127.031 88.921 00.420 0.101 1.012 124.076 5/210.453 127.525 89.267 00.420 0.101 1.012 123.586 5/220.454 128.019 89.613 10.66.360.420 0.101 1.012 128.019 1.436 5/230.456 128.513 89.959 10.76.420.420 0.101 1.012 128.513 5.435 5/240.458 129.008 90.305 00.420 0.101 1.012 128

23、.023 5/250.460 129.502 90.651 00.420 0.101 1.012 127.532 5/260.461 129.996 90.997 00.420 0.101 1.012 127.042 5/270.463 130.490 91.343 1.100.420 0.101 1.012 126.551 5/280.465 130.985 91.689 3.700.420 0.101 1.012 126.061 5/290.467 131.479 92.035 00.420 0.101 1.012 125.571 5/300.468 131.973 92.381 00.4

24、20 0.101 1.012 125.080 5/310.470 132.468 92.727 00.420 0.101 1.012 124.590 6/10.472 132.962 93.073 00.420 0.101 1.012 124.099 6/20.474 133.456 93.419 17.410.440.420 0.101 1.012 133.456 0.593 6/30.475 133.950 93.765 1.900.420 0.101 1.012 132.966 6/40.477 134.445 94.111 00.420 0.101 1.012 132.475 6/50

25、.479 134.939 94.457 00.420 0.101 1.012 131.985 6/60.481 135.433 94.803 00.420 0.101 1.012 131.494 6/70.482 135.928 95.149 00.420 0.101 1.012 131.004 6/80.484 136.422 95.495 00.420 0.101 1.012 130.513 6/90.486 136.916 95.841 00.420 0.101 1.012 130.023 6/100.488 137.410 96.187 00.420 0.101 1.012 129.5

26、32 6/110.489 137.905 96.533 00.420 0.101 1.012 129.042 6/120.491 138.399 96.879 00.420 0.101 1.012 128.552 6/130.493 138.893 97.225 00.420 0.101 1.012 128.061 6/140.495 139.388 97.571 1.900.420 0.101 1.012 127.571 6/150.496 139.882 97.917 00.420 0.101 1.012 127.080 6/160.498 140.376 98.263 00.420 0.

27、101 1.012 126.590 6/17現(xiàn)蕾期0.500 140.870 98.609 00.420 0.458 2.289 125.179 6/180.502 141.541 99.079 00.570 0.458 2.289 123.918 6/190.505 142.212 99.548 00.570 0.458 2.289 122.658 6/200.507 142.883 100.018 00.570 0.458 2.289 121.397 6/210.510 143.554 100.488 00.570 0.458 2.289 120.137 6/220.512 144.224

28、 100.957 49.229.520.570 0.458 2.289 144.225 4.171 6/230.514 144.895 101.427 00.570 0.458 2.289 142.964 6/240.517 145.566 101.896 35.421.240.570 0.458 2.289 145.566 17.377 6/250.519 146.237 102.366 00.570 0.458 2.289 144.305 6/260.521 146.908 102.835 1.500.570 0.458 2.289 143.045 6/270.524 147.579 10

29、3.305 00.570 0.458 2.289 141.784 6/280.526 148.249 103.775 00.570 0.458 2.289 140.524 6/290.529 148.920 104.244 00.570 0.458 2.289 139.263 6/300.531 149.591 104.714 00.570 0.458 2.289 138.002 7/10.533 150.262 105.183 00.570 0.458 2.289 136.742 7/20.536 150.933 105.653 00.570 0.458 2.289 135.481 7/30

30、.538 151.603 106.122 00.570 0.458 2.289 134.221 7/40.540 152.274 106.592 00.570 0.458 2.289 132.960 7/50.543 152.945 107.062 00.570 0.458 2.289 131.699 7/60.545 153.616 107.531 00.570 0.458 2.289 130.439 7/70.548 154.287 108.001 00.570 0.458 2.289 129.178 7/80.550 154.957 108.470 00.570 0.458 2.289

31、127.918 7/90.552 155.628 108.940 00.570 0.458 2.289 126.657 7/100.555 156.299 109.409 00.570 0.458 2.289 125.396 7/110.557 156.970 109.879 00.570 0.458 2.289 124.136 7/120.560 157.641 110.348 00.570 0.458 2.289 122.875 7/130.562 158.311 110.818 00.570 0.458 2.289 121.615 7/140.564 158.982 111.288 00

32、.570 0.458 2.289 120.354 7/150.567 159.653 111.757 1060.570 0.458 2.289 125.093 7/160.569 160.324 112.227 4.100.570 0.458 2.289 123.833 7/170.571 160.995 112.696 00.570 0.458 2.289 122.572 7/180.574 161.666 113.166 00.570 0.458 2.289 121.311 7/190.576 162.336 113.635 00.570 0.458 2.289 120.051 7/200

33、.579 163.007 114.105 00.570 0.458 2.289 118.790 7/210.581 163.678 114.575 00.570 0.458 2.289 117.530 7/220.583 164.349 115.044 2.500.570 0.458 2.289 116.269 7/230.586 165.020 115.514 4.500.570 0.458 2.289 160.008 45 7/240.588 165.690 115.983 7.44.440.570 0.458 2.289 163.188 7/250.590 166.361 116.453

34、 00.570 0.458 2.289 161.927 7/260.593 167.032 116.922 00.570 0.458 2.289 160.667 7/270.595 167.703 117.392 00.570 0.458 2.289 159.406 7/280.598 168.374 117.862 00.570 0.458 2.289 158.145 7/29開花結(jié)鈴期0.600 169.044 118.331 00.570 0.583 2.651 156.647 7/300.603 170.016 119.011 7.74.620.826 0.583 2.651 160.

35、025 7/310.607 170.988 119.691 3.600.826 0.583 2.651 158.783 8/10.610 171.959 120.371 00.826 0.583 2.651 157.541 8/20.614 172.931 121.051 00.826 0.583 2.651 156.298 8/30.617 173.902 121.731 00.826 0.583 2.651 155.056 8/40.621 174.874 122.412 00.826 0.583 2.651 153.814 8/50.624 175.845 123.092 10.86.4

36、80.826 0.583 2.651 159.052 8/60.628 176.817 123.772 00.826 0.583 2.651 157.809 8/70.631 177.788 124.452 00.826 0.583 2.651 156.567 8/80.634 178.760 125.132 00.826 0.583 2.651 155.325 8/90.638 179.731 125.812 00.826 0.583 2.651 154.082 8/100.641 180.703 126.492 00.826 0.583 2.651 152.840 8/110.645 18

37、1.674 127.172 00.826 0.583 2.651 151.598 8/120.648 182.646 127.852 00.826 0.583 2.651 150.356 8/130.652 183.617 128.532 00.826 0.583 2.651 149.113 8/140.655 184.589 129.212 00.826 0.583 2.651 147.871 8/150.659 185.560 129.892 00.826 0.583 2.651 146.629 8/160.662 186.532 130.572 00.826 0.583 2.651 14

38、5.387 8/170.666 187.503 131.252 00.826 0.583 2.651 144.144 8/180.669 188.475 131.932 00.826 0.583 2.651 142.902 8/190.672 189.446 132.612 1.600.826 0.583 2.651 141.660 8/200.676 190.418 133.293 12.67.560.826 0.583 2.651 147.977 8/210.679 191.389 133.973 00.826 0.583 2.651 146.735 8/220.683 192.361 1

39、34.653 00.826 0.583 2.651 145.493 8/230.686 193.332 135.333 00.826 0.583 2.651 144.251 8/240.690 194.304 136.013 00.826 0.583 2.651 143.008 8/250.693 195.276 136.693 00.826 0.583 2.651 141.766 8/260.697 196.247 137.373 00.826 0.583 2.651 140.524 8/27吐絮期0.700 197.219 138.053 00.826 0.312 1.246 140.415 8/280.700 197.219 138.053 00.000 0.312 1.246 139.481 8/290.700 197.219 138.053 00.000 0.312 1.246 138.546 8/300.700 197.219 138.053 00.000 0.312 1.246 192.612 55 8/310.700 197.219 138.053 00.000 0.312 1.246 191.677 9/10.700 197.219 138.053 00.000 0.312 1.246 190.743 9/20.700 197.219 13