international trade 國貿(mào)知識點(diǎn)

1、Contents of a contract1 quality of the goods貨物品質(zhì)2 specification規(guī)格Composition成分content容量、含量purity純度strength強(qiáng)度size尺寸3 quantity of the goods 貨物數(shù)量4 mode of packing 包裝種類5 terms of price 價(jià)格條款6 mode of shipment 運(yùn)輸方式7 insurance 保險(xiǎn)8 mode of payment 付款方式9 inspection 檢驗(yàn)條款10 arbitration 仲裁條款11 force majeure 不可抗

2、力12 claim 異議索賠 Description of goods貨描Quantity of goods specification quality of the goodsChapter1 international tradeComparative cost比較成本 opportunity cost機(jī)會成本Trade protectionism Barrier 貿(mào)易壁壘tariff barrier 關(guān)稅壁壘 protection tariff保護(hù)關(guān)稅保護(hù)關(guān)稅是為保護(hù)本國工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，保護(hù)國內(nèi)市場，對進(jìn)出口商品征收高額的進(jìn)口稅。 revenue tariff 財(cái)政關(guān)稅It is desig

3、ned to raise money for the government.財(cái)政關(guān)稅亦稱收入關(guān)稅，是保護(hù)關(guān)稅的一種由政府發(fā)起的以財(cái)政收入為目的而征收的關(guān)稅。 non-tariff barrier 非關(guān)稅壁壘Import surtax進(jìn)口附加稅countervailing duty反補(bǔ)貼稅 anti-dumping duty反傾銷稅 variable levy 可變稅Types of tariff:Specific duty從量稅 Definition:Which are levied at the rate of so much per unit,pound,kilo or gallon.ad

4、 valorem duty從價(jià)稅 mixed or compound duty復(fù)合稅Alternative duty選擇稅Non-tariff barriers:Quota 配額制 Definition:Which is a quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value.import license 進(jìn)口許可證Definition:Which is an official permission of an import that is forbidden with

5、out a license. voluntary export restraints 自動出口限制 Foreign exchange control 外匯管制 state monopoly of import and export國家壟斷專營 government procurement policy 政府采購業(yè)務(wù) advanced deposit 進(jìn)口押金制 technical standards 進(jìn)口技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) health &sanitary regulations 保健與衛(wèi)生條例 packaging and labeling regulations 包裝與標(biāo)簽規(guī)定 minimum

6、 price 進(jìn)口最低價(jià)Chapter 2 terms of deliveryTerms of delivery1 measuring unit 計(jì)量單位 eg: ton, meter, kilometer2 unit price 單位價(jià)格eg: how much, price or rate3 category of currency 計(jì)價(jià)貨幣eg: RMB, Euro,USD4 trade term 價(jià)格術(shù)語eg: FOB, CIF,CFR Cost port Insurance of Freight destination USD 600 per M/T CIF New York 3.c

7、ategory 2.unit 1.measuring 4.trade termOf currency price unitGroup FFCA Free Carrier(.named place)=貨交承運(yùn)人（.指定地點(diǎn)）FAS Free Along Ship(.named port of shipment)=裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨（.指定裝運(yùn)港）FOB Free on Board(.named port of shipment)=裝運(yùn)港船上交貨（.指定裝運(yùn)港）The limitation of FOBThe obligation that who should bear the cost of lo

8、ading the Ship is not clear.Derived FOB1 FOB liner terms(FOB 班輪條件)（under liner practice, the ship owner or buyer）2 FOB Under Tackle(FOB 吊鉤下交貨) （the seller should deliver the goods within reach of ships tacklethe buyer is responsible for lifting the goods onto the ship.）3 FOB Stowed (FOB 理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi))（the s

9、eller）4 FOB Trimmed (FOB 平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi))（the seller）5 FOB Free in （船方不負(fù)責(zé)裝船）（the seller）Group CDerived CFR, CIF CFR1 CFR liner Terms(CFR 班輪條件)（under liner practice, the ship owner or the seller）2 CFR landed (CFR 卸至碼頭)（the seller, which may involve Lighterage and Wharfage：refers to a group of wharves, and a wh

10、arf refers to a landing place or pier where ships can tie up in order to be loaded or unloaded.）3 CFR FO(船方不負(fù)責(zé)裝卸)（the seller）4 CFR Ex Ships Hold (CFR 艙底交接）（the buyer）CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight(.named Port of destination)=成本，保險(xiǎn)加運(yùn)費(fèi)（指定目的港）Commission傭金 port of destination 目的港 port of shipment運(yùn)輸港Exp

11、ort procedure出口清關(guān)transport document運(yùn)輸單據(jù)insurance document 保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)CPT Carriage Paid To(.named place of destination)=運(yùn)費(fèi)付至（.指定目的地)（CPT術(shù)語適用于各種運(yùn)輸方式，特別是多式聯(lián)運(yùn)multimodal transport）CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To(.named place of destination)=運(yùn)費(fèi)，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至（.指定目的地）Group DDAF Delivered At Frontier (.named place)=即邊境交

12、貨（.指定地點(diǎn)）（采用DAF術(shù)語成交，雙方要在兩國邊境確定一個(gè)交貨地點(diǎn)，并在DAF術(shù)語后面加以說明。）DES Delivered Ex Ship(.named port of destination)=船上交貨（.指定目的港）（DES通常稱作目的港船上交貨，在DES后注明目的港的名稱。和CIF相比，賣方不僅要承擔(dān)正常的運(yùn)費(fèi)，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，還要負(fù)擔(dān)如轉(zhuǎn)船，繞航等產(chǎn)生的額外費(fèi)用，因此在交貨地點(diǎn)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分界限，責(zé)任和費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)等問題上與CIF都有區(qū)別。）DEQ Delivered Ex Quay(.named port of destination)=碼頭交貨（.指定目的港)（該術(shù)語后面要加注雙方約定的目

13、的港的名稱）DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid(.named place of destination)=未完稅交貨(.指定 目的地)（賣方交貨地點(diǎn)在進(jìn)口國內(nèi)，術(shù)語之后注地點(diǎn)）DDP Delivered Duty paid(.named place of destination)=完稅后交貨（.指定目的地）（和DDU屬于同一類型的術(shù)語，區(qū)別是：辦理貨物進(jìn)口手續(xù)的責(zé)任和費(fèi)用，包括進(jìn)口稅由賣方承擔(dān)。）Chapter 3 cargo packaging,stowage and markingTypes of packagingouter packaging 外包裝（transport

14、 packaging） inner packaging 內(nèi)包裝 (sale)balebagsbarrel/drumbox/caseglass containercartoncrate/skeleton caseTypes of markshipping marks運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志 information marks indicative marks指示標(biāo)志Chapter 4 transport Shipper(發(fā)貨人) under FOB - buyer（托運(yùn)人） under Group C-seller Charter party (contract) The ship-owner Parcel p

15、ost 快遞 container集裝箱 multi-modal transport 多式聯(lián)運(yùn) 1 tramps 不定期船Or Shipping by Chartering 租船運(yùn)輸It can be broken into voyage charter and time charter.voyage charter定程租船（指按航次租用船舶）1 under a charter party, the ship owner provides a specific ship for a particular cargo for an only single voyage from one or mo

16、re loading port to one or more discharging parts.voyage charter定程租船2 in order to finish the job quickly, collect more business, and earn more money under voyage charter, laytime(裝卸時(shí)間) or laydays（裝卸時(shí)間）, demurrage（滯期費(fèi)）, and dispatch（速遣費(fèi)） terms must be emphasized by the ship owner in the charter party(

17、contract).voyage charter定程租船How to calculate laytime or laydays, demurrage, and dispatch?There are three ways:running or consecutive days（按連續(xù)工作日算）working days（按正常工作日算）weather working days（按好天氣工作日算）Time charter 定期租船2 Fright Rates for liner（班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)）Liner freight rates is made up of basic freight rates an

18、d surcharges or adjustment factors.Basic freight rates is collected in the following ways:weight ton 按重量噸計(jì)收，即按貨物的毛計(jì)收。在運(yùn)價(jià)表中用“W”表示。measurement ton 按尺碼噸計(jì)收，即按貨物的體積計(jì)收。在運(yùn)價(jià)表中用“M”表示。Ad Valorem按從價(jià)運(yùn)費(fèi)計(jì)收，通常按FOB貨價(jià)的百分比計(jì)收，在運(yùn)價(jià)表中用“A.V.”表示。W/M or Ad Val 是船公司在重量噸，尺碼噸和從價(jià)費(fèi)三者中最高的一種計(jì)收。Open rate議價(jià)l Port congestion surcharg

19、e港口擁塞附加費(fèi)l Alteration of destination surcharge 變更卸貨港附加費(fèi)l Deviation surcharge 繞航附加費(fèi)l Heavy lift additional超重附加費(fèi)l Over-length additional;and 超長附加費(fèi)l Hold and tank(船艙) cleaning charge for liquid cargo 洗艙附加費(fèi)4 bill of lading 提單it can be divided into two kinds according to whether the goods to be shipped on

20、 board or not.On Board B/L 已裝船提單Received for Shipment B/L 備用提單it can be divided into two kinds to see if the cargoes received on board in a good condition or not.Clean B/L 清潔提單Unclean or Dirty B/L 不清潔提單it can be divided into three kinds to see if it can be negotiable or not.Straight B/L 記名提單Blank or

21、 Bearer B/L 不記名提單Order B/L 指示提單 To order 憑指定 To order of 憑指定Consignment note 鐵路運(yùn)輸貨運(yùn)單Air waybill 空運(yùn)提單Parcel receipt 郵政收據(jù)Ante-dated B/L 倒簽提單 Advanced B/L 預(yù)期提單Stale B/L 過期提單 Order B/L 指示提單 clause of shipmenttime of shipmentIf a contract concludes under Group C and Group F basis, the time of shipment ca

22、n be interpreted as time of delivery(交貨期)shipment at special time span 規(guī)定在某段時(shí)間內(nèi)裝運(yùn)Eg: shipment during January 1998(限1998年1月裝運(yùn))shipment some days after receiving L/C在收到信用證后若干天內(nèi)裝運(yùn)Eg: shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C(限收到信用證后30天內(nèi)裝運(yùn))port of shipment (裝貨港)and port of destination（卸貨港）if a contra

23、ct concludes under Group C or F basis, port of shipment is a essential factor in the Contract. if a contract concludes under Group D basis, there is no need for the buyers to focus on port of shipment in the contract negotiation, so the both sides of the contract just focus on port of destination.A:

24、 to specify one place as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Port of shipment: ShanghaiB: to specify a domain as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Port of shipment: EMP(European main port)advice of shipment裝運(yùn)通知partial shipment and transshipment分批裝運(yùn)和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)more or less clause溢短裝條款variation

25、 range(%)數(shù)量機(jī)動范圍the option on More or Less溢短裝選擇權(quán)how to evaluate the Excessive Part溢短裝部分作價(jià)辦法RO/RO Vessel 滾裝船 A refrigerated ship冷藏船 A timber ship 木材船An OBO Carrier 礦石，散貨，石油多用途船 LASH 載駁船A general or packed cargo vessel 多種用途雜貨船 A container vessel 集裝箱船Chapter 5 Foreign Exchange Rate &Contract Formati

26、on- offer and acceptanceForeign exchange rate匯率If you compare foreign currency to goods, foreign exchange rate would be the price for selling or buying the foreign currencyQuotation 外匯牌價(jià)Foreign exchange rate can be demonstrated in four ways:Direct quotation 直接標(biāo)價(jià)法 1USD=6.67RMBIndirect Quotation 間接標(biāo)價(jià)法

27、 1RBP=1.6USDUSD quotation 美元標(biāo)價(jià)法Method of measuring other countries currency on the basis of one unit of USD.是指以一定單位的美元為基準(zhǔn)折合若干其他國家貨幣的標(biāo)價(jià)法。Cross quotation 交叉標(biāo)價(jià)法How can it be transferred from direct quotation to indirect quotation?World market 100RMB=14.66USDDirect quotation 1USD=6.82RMB(RMB÷USD)In

28、direct quotation 1RMB=0.14USD(USD÷RMB)In initial stage of contract negotiation, either through correspondent exchange or face Offer 發(fā)盤 definite offer 實(shí)盤 Indefinite offer 虛盤 Counter-offer還盤 Acceptance接受Chapter 6 payment terms instrument of payments Methods ofpayments 1.1 definition of Bill of Ex

29、change, Draft匯票匯票是指一個(gè)人向另一個(gè)人簽發(fā)的，要求見票時(shí)或在將來的固定時(shí)間或可以確定的時(shí)間，對某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金額的無條件的書面支付命令。It involves three parties in draft business transaction.drawer seller, drawer buyer, payee bank on The real payee payer behalf of him1.3 different types of draftit can be broken into Bankers Draft(銀行匯票) and the Comme

30、rcial Draft(商業(yè)匯票) by different drawer.it can be broken into Clean Bill(光票) and Documentary Bill(跟單匯票) by whether being presented with shipping, commercial and customs document or not.it can be broken into Sight Draft(即期匯票) and Time Bill or Usance Bill(遠(yuǎn)期匯票) by different time arrangement, and the arr

31、angement can be stipulated in the following ways.at xx days after sight 見票后xx天付款at xx days after date 出票后xx天付款at xx days after date of Bill of Lading 投單簽發(fā)后xx天付款at fixed date 指定日期付款I(lǐng)ssuance 出票 presentation 提示 acceptance 承兌 payment 付款Dishonored bills and protests拒付2.1definition for promissory not本票是指一

32、個(gè)人向另一個(gè)人簽發(fā)的，保證見票時(shí)或定期在可以確定的將來時(shí)間，對某人或其制定人或出票人支付一定金額的無條件的書面承諾。Commercial invoice商業(yè)發(fā)票 bill of lading物主權(quán)Insurance policy 保單 artificate of inspection 貨檢證明cash in advance 預(yù)付貨款Cash with order訂貨付現(xiàn) cash payment before shipment 運(yùn)前付款Remittance 匯付telegraphic transfer (TT)=電匯 bankers demand draft (DD)=票匯 mail tran

33、sfer 信匯Collection Clean collection documentary collectionD/P documents against payment付款交單D/P at sight 即期付款交單D/P after sight遠(yuǎn)期付款交單D/A documentary against acceptance承兌交單Documentary Letter of Credit信用證2.2 difference between bill of exchange and promissory notespromissory notes is a kind of promises; b

34、ill of exchange is kind of orderthere are two parties involved in promissory notes, they are the drawer and the payee, there are three parties involved in bill of exchangethe drawer of promissory notes is the payer, no procedure of acceptance, the procedure of usance bill has to through presentation

35、 and acceptance.the drawer of promissory notes id the debtor, the drawer of bill of exchange is the missory notes can only be drown one copy, bill of exchange can be drawn a set.Methods of payment-L/CPayment against documents見單付款general procedure of transaction L/C: The buyer step the se

36、ller Applicants申請人 Beneficiary受益人 Issuing bank開證行 advising bank通知行 Paying bank付款行 negotiating bank議付行 In a business transaction, L/C can be broken into several types with different functions:it can be broken into Documentary Credit跟單信用證and Clean Credit 光票信用證 by whether it can be presented with shipp

37、ing, commercial and customs document or not.it can be broken into Irrevocable Letter of Credit 不可撤銷信用證 and Revocable Letter of Credit 可撤銷信用證by whether it can be amended or canceled or not.it can be broken into Confirmed Credit 保兌信用證 and Unconfirmed Credit不保兌信用證 by whether it has banks confirmation o

38、r not.Methods of payment1 cash in advance 預(yù)付貨款2 letter of credit 信用證3 collection 托收4 open account 記賬貿(mào)易Chapter 7 ocean marine cargo insuranceThe Insurer (insurance companycoverage) Insurance Broker ( middle man) Insured / Assured （company involving foreign trade) Claimant Types of risks1) perils of t

39、he sea natural calamities自然災(zāi)害tsunami, earthquake,heavy weather 海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn) Fortuitous accidents 海上事故collision,sinking of vessel2）extraneous risks general extraneous risks 一般外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) theft pilferage &non-delivery risk 偷竊，提貨，不到險(xiǎn) fresh water and/or rain damage risks 淡水雨林險(xiǎn) shortage risks 短量險(xiǎn) leakage risks

40、 滲漏險(xiǎn) clash and breakage risks 碰損，玷污險(xiǎn) intermixture and contamination risks 混雜，玷污險(xiǎn) taint of order risks 串味險(xiǎn) sweat and heating risks 受潮，受熱險(xiǎn) hook damage risks 鉤損險(xiǎn) breakage of packing risks 包裝破損險(xiǎn) rust risks 銹損險(xiǎn) Special extraneous risks 特殊外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) failure to delivery risks 交貨不到險(xiǎn) risks of war 戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn) risks of stri

41、ke 罷工險(xiǎn) import duty risks 進(jìn)口關(guān)稅險(xiǎn) on deck risks 艙面險(xiǎn) refection risks 拒收險(xiǎn) aflatoxin risks 黃曲霉素險(xiǎn)Marine losses1) total loss 全損 actual total loss 實(shí)際全損 Constructive total loss 推定全損 2）partial loss部分損失 general average 共同海損 Particular average 單獨(dú)海損ICC Institute Cargo Clause英國協(xié)會貨物保險(xiǎn)條款 PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clau

42、ses 中國人民保險(xiǎn)公司 海洋運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)FPA 平安險(xiǎn)（free from particular average）1) Only Actual or Constructive Total Loss is recoverable from the insurer resulting from natural calamities.2) Total Loss or Partial Loss is recoverable from the insurer as a result of sea accidents. (stranding, striking a reef, etc.)3) total l

43、oss or partial loss is recoverable in averting the goods during transshipment.4) It covers the cost from the insured who take action to minimize a loss recoverable under the Policy.發(fā)生承保責(zé)任內(nèi)的危險(xiǎn)、被保險(xiǎn)人對貨物采取搶救的費(fèi)用；以及卸貨引起的損失；在避難港存艙等所產(chǎn)生的特殊費(fèi)用。5） It also covers general average and salvage Charges.共同海損的犧牲、分?jǐn)偤途戎?/p>

44、費(fèi)用。 WPA 水漬險(xiǎn) (with particular average) WPA= FPA + Particular AverageAll risks一切險(xiǎn)All risks = WPA + General Additional CoverageChapter 8 Inspection, Force Majeure & Private Dispute Resolution 1 Inspection：It refers to the performance of the relevant local authorities checking and appraising the goo

45、ds going out of, or coming into a country.2. Why is the inspection needed in business transaction?It involves the following factors:1) In transit, it is quite often the case that export and import cargoes are subject to damage or shortage because of rough handing in loading or unloading, or transpor

46、ting them for a long distance.2) The quality of the goods received by the buyer may not comply with that in the sales contract.3) The goods may be carrying certain virus or bacteria, or having other problems.3. Where is the inspection carried out in business transaction? It is often carried out at p

47、ort of entry, frontier, border stations and international airports.4.What kind of performance should be included in the inspection?Besides usual checking, It also involves plant or animal quarantine , drug inspection and other controls5. What is the difference between inspection and quarantine?Quara

48、ntine refers to a period of time, during which a vehicle, a person, or material suspected of carrying a infectious disease is detained at a port of entry under enforced isolation to prevent the disease from entering the country.Inspection refers to an act of examining, checking, and inspecting relev

49、ant goods going out of, or coming into a Country.6.What are the arrangements of time and place for the inspection? 1) Shipping Quality and Quantity 離岸品質(zhì)，離岸重量 2) Landed Quality / Quantity 到岸品質(zhì)、到岸質(zhì)量.3) Inspection at the port of shipment and Re-inspection at the port of destination 出口國檢驗(yàn)、進(jìn)口國復(fù)檢 7. What

50、kind of agency perform the inspection? 1) state inspection agencies FDA (Food and Drug Administration） 美國食品與藥物管理局2) private inspection companies. Underwriter's Laboratory of the U.S 美國保險(xiǎn)公司檢驗(yàn)室 Lloyds surveyor of the UK 英國勞埃徳檢驗(yàn)行 International Wool Secretariat 國際羊毛秘書處 8. What kind of Certificates a

51、re issued after the inspection:1）Inspection Certificate of Quantity 數(shù)量檢驗(yàn)證書2）Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量檢驗(yàn)證書3）Inspection Certificate of Quality 品質(zhì)檢驗(yàn)證書4) Veterinary Inspection Certificate 獸醫(yī)檢驗(yàn)證書5) Sanitary Inspection Certificate. 衛(wèi)生檢驗(yàn)證書 6)Disinfection Inspection certificate 消毒檢驗(yàn)證書7)Inspection Certificate on Tank/ Hold 驗(yàn)艙檢驗(yàn)證書8)Inspection Certificate on Damaged Cargo驗(yàn)殘檢驗(yàn)證書 9)Inspection Certificate of Health健康檢驗(yàn)證書Chapter 9 DocumentationPre-forma i