HOWTOGROWOLD羅素

1、實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)HOW TO GROW OLDBy Bertrand Russell羅素( 1872-1970 ),是一個(gè)活了 99歲的哲學(xué)家.然而,他最大的魅 力卻不是哲學(xué),而是文學(xué).曾經(jīng)獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)一一文學(xué)中最高獎(jiǎng) 項(xiàng)的他,用自己的樸實(shí)優(yōu)美的語(yǔ)言為你講述怎樣才能度過(guò)一個(gè)成功的 晚年.1. In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject. My first advice wou

2、ld be to choose your ancestors carefully. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over e

3、ighty. Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off.2. A great grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all he

4、r descendants. My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow, devoted herself to文檔大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)woman s higher education. She was one of the founders of Girton College, and worked hard at opening the medical pr

5、ofession to women. She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. Good gracious , she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each

6、time I parted from one of them, I should have a di smal existence! “ Madresnaturale, he replied. But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe. After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m. in re

7、ading popular science. I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old. This, I think, is proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistica

8、l fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of you future.3. As regards health I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the

9、 ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I文檔大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)like doing are mostly wholesome.4. Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days,

10、 or in sadness about friends who are dead. One s thoughts must be directed to the future and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy: one s own past is gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one s emotionsused to be more vivid than they

11、are, and one s mind keener. If thisis true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.5. The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you c

12、ontinue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one sinterest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emo

13、tional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.6. I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have文檔大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activi

14、ties. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an

15、essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with you children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as

16、 making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.7. Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiabl

17、y feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it so at least it

18、 seems to me is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the文檔大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river small at first, narrowly contained within its banks,

19、and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in

20、 this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and

21、content in the thought that what was possible has been done.大聰明和小聰明都是羅素的特色.讀懂了羅素,您就讀懂了英語(yǔ); 讀懂了羅素,您就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)原來(lái)英語(yǔ)是那么的優(yōu)美！如何變老看題目,似乎我要討論的是如何變老的問(wèn)題,其實(shí)不然.我要談 的恰恰是如何防止變老.活到我現(xiàn)在的年齡,這個(gè)問(wèn)題也顯得日漸重 要起來(lái).我的第一條建議是慎重選擇祖先.雖然我的父母壽命都不算很長(zhǎng),但只要參看一下我的其他長(zhǎng)輩就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)我在這一方面還是比擬文檔大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成功的.我的外祖父確實(shí)是英年早逝,去世時(shí)只有六十七歲,但其他 三位祖輩人無(wú)一沒(méi)有超越八十歲的年齡. 向上追溯,再

22、遠(yuǎn)的長(zhǎng)輩中未 有長(zhǎng)壽的,我只發(fā)現(xiàn)一位,而致使那位老人去世的疾病在當(dāng)今時(shí)代是 少之又少,名叫 砍頭.我的一位曾祖母曾與歷史學(xué)家吉本相識(shí),她 活到了九十二歲,而且直到生命的最后一天仍然在子孫中保存著家長(zhǎng) 的威嚴(yán).我的外祖母一生育有九個(gè)子女,另有一個(gè)幼年夭折,流產(chǎn)也 有屢次.外祖父去世后,外祖母把全部精力都投入到了女子高等教育 的進(jìn)步上.她是劍橋大學(xué)格騰女子學(xué)院的創(chuàng)始人之一, 一直致力于在 醫(yī)藥行業(yè)為女性開(kāi)辟一片天地.她過(guò)去常向我們講過(guò)一件在意大利遇 到的事情.當(dāng)時(shí)她看到一位神情憂(yōu)傷的老先生,就上前詢(xún)問(wèn)原因.老 先生說(shuō)他剛剛送走了他的兩個(gè)孫子.哎呀,她說(shuō),我有七十二個(gè)孫 子孫女,要是他們每次離開(kāi)我都

23、傷心,那我的生活該是多么凄慘！ 您 真是一位不尋常的母親！ 老人用意大利語(yǔ)說(shuō).作為七十二人當(dāng)中的 一員,我十分欣賞她的秘訣.八十歲以后,外祖母難以入眠,就養(yǎng)成 了午夜到凌晨三點(diǎn)閱讀科普讀物的習(xí)慣. 我相信這么一來(lái)她就無(wú)暇顧 及自己已入歲暮了.在我看來(lái),這正是外祖母永葆青春的秘訣.如果你尚有活力投入到你那些廣泛而濃厚的興趣和活動(dòng)中,你就沒(méi)有理由擔(dān)憂(yōu)你對(duì)的年齡,那只不過(guò)是統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字罷了,更沒(méi)有理由擔(dān)憂(yōu)你的 未來(lái)短暫.在健康方面我沒(méi)有什么可以借鑒的經(jīng)驗(yàn),由于我沒(méi)有多少得病的 經(jīng)歷.我想吃就吃,想喝就喝,想睡就睡.我從來(lái)沒(méi)有刻意做過(guò)任何 有益健康的事情,不過(guò)事實(shí)上我喜歡做的事情大都有益身心.文檔大全實(shí)用

24、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)心理方面,當(dāng)謹(jǐn)防兩種危險(xiǎn).其一是過(guò)度沉浸于過(guò)去.生活在無(wú) 盡的追憶中,生活在對(duì)美好的往昔的悵然假設(shè)失中, 或生活在對(duì)已逝友 人的哀思中,都毫無(wú)用處.人們應(yīng)該寄思于未來(lái),致力于尚有可為之 事.這并不總是件容易的事.往昔的分量會(huì)逐漸增加.人們很容易認(rèn) 為過(guò)去的情感比現(xiàn)在更動(dòng)人,過(guò)去的頭腦也比現(xiàn)在更敏銳.倘假設(shè)事實(shí) 如此,就應(yīng)該忘記；如果忘記了,事實(shí)或不再真實(shí)了.還要謹(jǐn)防另一種危險(xiǎn)：對(duì)年輕人過(guò)分依戀,奢望能從他們的青春 中汲取活力.子女成年后都希望有自己的生活,如果你對(duì)他們還保存 著與他們成年之前一樣的關(guān)愛(ài),否那么你將會(huì)成為他們的一種負(fù)擔(dān),除 非你的子女對(duì)此異常冷漠.我并不是說(shuō)不該對(duì)他們繼續(xù)關(guān)愛(ài)他們, 但 這種關(guān)愛(ài)應(yīng)當(dāng)存于心底,或力所能及提供些物質(zhì)幫助,但不能過(guò)度用 情.在動(dòng)物世界中,幼崽能夠自理后,父母對(duì)它們的態(tài)度就會(huì)變得冷 漠；但人類(lèi)嬰幼期較長(zhǎng),這種情感很難淡化.如果我們能對(duì)人之外事情產(chǎn)生濃厚的興趣,并進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)幕顒?dòng), 老年時(shí)光將十分美好.正是在這方面,豐富的閱歷可以找到用武之地； 也正是通過(guò)這種方式,閱歷所凝結(jié)出的智慧能夠得到運(yùn)用, 而不顯得 盛氣凌人.告訴成年的子女不要犯錯(cuò)是沒(méi)有任何用處的, 由于其一他 們不會(huì)聽(tīng)從；其二,錯(cuò)誤本身就是教育的一個(gè)重要組成局部.但如果 你是一個(gè)對(duì)其它事物提不起興趣的人, 你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一旦停止對(duì)子女,以 及他們子女的關(guān)心,生