主謂一致——就近原則

1、實(shí)用文檔主謂一致一一就近原那么.就近原那么短語(yǔ)一代表詞匯：there be句型Neither nor 二Either orNotbutWhetherorNot onlybut also【就遠(yuǎn)原那么短語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面主語(yǔ)一致一代表詞匯：as well as;together/alon with;Father than;bxceptbesidesbut;Including;in addition to;apart from例如：|He rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classrodm.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔主謂一致現(xiàn)象

2、.有一類連接詞,其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與連接詞前一局部的主語(yǔ)保持一致.此類連接詞有with, along with,together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except (but), including 等. 例如：Tracy, like many girls, loves dancing.特蕾西像很多女孩一樣,喜歡跳舞.All the students, including Tom, are leaving.所有的學(xué)生,包括湯姆都走了.No one except (but) me knows about this news.除了我沒有人

3、知道這個(gè)消息.就近原那么現(xiàn)象.還有另一類連接詞,句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與靠近的主語(yǔ)保持一致.此類連接詞有 or, either. or, neither.nor, notonly. but also 等.例如：Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我者 B 沒錯(cuò).Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.不僅是學(xué)生,就連老師也期盼一個(gè)假期.1 .There be 句型 There is a book and some pencils on the desk.=There are some pe

4、ncils and a book on the desk.2 .neither.nor. Neither you nor he is right.= Neither he nor you are right.3 .either.or. Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.= Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday.4 .not only.but also. Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home ev

5、ery Sunday.=Not only Anns parents but also she stays at home every Sunday.百度詞條：就近原那么也稱鄰近原那么就近一致原那么(Proximity),即：謂語(yǔ)與靠近的名詞、代詞(有時(shí)不一定是主語(yǔ))在 人稱、 數(shù)上一致.I.在正式文體中：1 .由下歹1J詞語(yǔ)連接的并歹1J主語(yǔ)：or; either ；n(oir; neither ,whether o r not -but; not only but also等.e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me .他的行

6、為或言談都與我無(wú)關(guān). Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯(cuò).Not you but your father is to blame .不是你,而是你父親該受責(zé)備.Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯(cuò)了,他也錯(cuò)了.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔2 .在倒裝句中：謂語(yǔ)可與后面第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致.e.g.In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people .在遠(yuǎn)處, 能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的 呼喊聲. There is are a pen an

7、d some books on the desk 桌上有支鋼筆和幾本書.II.非正式文體中：有時(shí)依就近一致原那么,但也可依意義一致原那么或嚴(yán)格地依語(yǔ)法一致原那么.e.g.Neither she nor I were there 意義一致我和他當(dāng)時(shí)都不在那兒.非正式Neither she nor I was there .就近一致譯文同上句正式但是,如果依 就近一致原那么而與其他兩項(xiàng)原那么相矛盾時(shí),那么常常認(rèn)為是不太合符標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的.e.g.No one except his own supporters agrees with him . 僅他自 己的支持者同意他的意見.依 就近和意義一致的原那么；

8、但語(yǔ)法上,“No one才是主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)要改成“agrees/寫作中一般要依 語(yǔ)法一致原那么.主謂一致分為兩大類：就近一致原那么和意義一致原那么.就近一致原那么指的是,以靠近謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的,作主語(yǔ)的名詞作為人稱和數(shù)的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn).意義一致原那么指的是,必須分析主語(yǔ)屬于單數(shù)或是復(fù)數(shù),可數(shù)或是不可數(shù),然后才能決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)的形式.就近一致原那么1連詞 not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.butNot only the students but also the teacher is enjoying the film.不僅學(xué)生而且老師

9、都在津津樂(lè)道地看著電影.Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.同學(xué)們和老師對(duì)此都一無(wú)所知.Neither he nor they are wholly right.他和他們,誰(shuí)都不是完全對(duì)的.Either he or I am right.或者他對(duì),或者我對(duì).就近一致原那么2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔副詞 here/ thereHere comes the bus.瞧,公共汽車來(lái)了.Here is a pencil-box for you.這兒有一個(gè)鉛筆盒要給你.Here are my replies to your q

10、uestions.這些是我針對(duì)你的問(wèn)題的答復(fù).There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates.盤子里有一個(gè)蘋果,兩條香蕉和一些桔子.主謂一致：andand的兩邊分別是不同的可數(shù)名詞.John and Mary are my friends.約翰和瑪麗都是我的朋友.and的兩邊分別是不同的不可數(shù)名詞.Both rice and wheat are grown in China.中國(guó)有種水稻也有種小麥.and的兩邊的單詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的概念.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔Fish and chips is_a popular supper

11、 here.炸魚土豆片在這里是一種很受歡送的晚餐.魚和土豆片作為整體_The poet and writer has come.那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.同一個(gè)人既是詩(shī)人又是作家主謂一致指的是句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上必須保持一致,句子的主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù),那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).1 .主謂一致的三個(gè)原那么.英語(yǔ)中的主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原那么：意義一致原那么、語(yǔ)法一致原那么和就近原那么.這三個(gè)原那么常常發(fā)生矛盾,但當(dāng)發(fā)生沖突時(shí),意義一致原那么為優(yōu)先考慮的原那么.i語(yǔ)法一致原那么：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)通常是在語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致,即主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)采取單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)

12、數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)采取復(fù)數(shù)形式.She is a girl.她是女孩.They are all girls .她們都是女孩.The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.這位教授兼作家被邀請(qǐng)到很多大學(xué)作報(bào)告.教授與作家是同一個(gè)人,是單數(shù).The old are very well taken care of in our city .老年人在我們城市被照顧得很好.the old指所有的老年人,指一類人,為復(fù)數(shù)概念.2就近原那么：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)由靠近它的主語(yǔ)決定.There is a

13、 book, two pens and three pencils on the desk.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔書桌上有一本書,兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆.There are two pens, a book and three pencils on the desk.書桌上有兩支鋼筆,一本書和三支鉛筆.Either my sisters or my mother is coming.不是我的姐妹們就是我的媽媽要來(lái).(3)意義一致原那么：主語(yǔ)形式上是單數(shù),但表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義,那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式；或主語(yǔ)形式上是復(fù)數(shù),但表達(dá)單數(shù)意義,那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采用單數(shù)形式.The police are still ru

14、nning after the murderer.警察還在追殺人犯.The news was very exciting.這那么新聞令人沖動(dòng).My family were watching TV at 7 oclock.7點(diǎn)鐘的時(shí)候,我們?nèi)胰嗽诳措娨?My family has moved three times .我們家搬過(guò)三次.2 .主謂一致的應(yīng)用.(1)單一主語(yǔ)的情況.單一主語(yǔ)指的是由一個(gè)中央名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的主語(yǔ),其主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致情況如下：不定代詞作主語(yǔ)a. 不定代詞 either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone,

15、somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything , everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)、b. none作主語(yǔ)時(shí)如果指人或可數(shù)的物,表數(shù)目,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式皆可；如果指不 可數(shù)名詞,表量,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.吉米把所有的錢都用光了,一點(diǎn)沒留.c. neither/either of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)形式的代詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù).Neither

16、of these words is correct.這些單詞沒有一個(gè)是正確的.d. the other two (),the other three ()another two( . ) , both 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 復(fù)數(shù)、Five people came to help, but another three were still needed.已經(jīng)有五個(gè)人來(lái)幫助了,但我們還需要三個(gè)e. all指人時(shí)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；指全部事情時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)All the work was finished.所有的活都干完了All is going well 一切者B彳艮正常.f. 在 ea

17、ch.and each, every- .and every, no.and no,many a. . . and many a 等由 and 連接并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)、Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每個(gè)男孩和女孩都有一個(gè)座位.Every man and everv woman is at work.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔每個(gè)男人和女人都在工作.No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒有聽到一點(diǎn)聲音Every boy and every girl likes the fil

18、m star.所有的男孩和女孩都喜歡這個(gè)電影明星g. such山作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)其意義而定、Such is Stephen Hawking , who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.這就是史蒂芬霍金,遭受著巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人.Such as have plenty of money want more money.那些有足夠錢的人還想要更多的錢.集合名詞作主語(yǔ)a.有些集體名詞,如 people, cattle, police等形式上是單數(shù),但意義上是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞需用復(fù)數(shù).People are tal

19、king about the accident happened yesterday.人們還在談?wù)撟蛱彀l(fā)生的那場(chǎng)事故.b.集合名詞,如 audience 觀眾,army, class, crew 船員,company 公司,crowd 人群,enemy, family, group, government政府,public 公眾,population人 口,team隊(duì)員等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),假設(shè)作為一個(gè)整體看待,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；假設(shè)著眼于組成該 集體的一個(gè)個(gè)成員或個(gè)體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)就該用復(fù)數(shù).The population in China is very large and 80% of the populati

20、on live in rural areas.中國(guó)人口很多,其中80%的人住在農(nóng)村.c.有些以-sh, -ese , -ch結(jié)尾的表示國(guó)家、民族的形容詞與the連用時(shí)表示復(fù)數(shù)含義,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)如 the English, the Chinese, the French 等The English are a polite people . 英國(guó)是個(gè)禮儀之邦.以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的特殊名詞作主語(yǔ)a.以一 ics結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科名稱的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) Politics is taught in our school.我們學(xué)校開設(shè)政治課.b.專有名詞如國(guó)名、人名、書名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)等作主語(yǔ),形式上即使是

21、復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù),如 the United Nations, the United States , the New York Times 等. Lu Xuns works sells well. 魯迅的著作很暢銷.c.有些名詞如.arnings, thanks, goods, leavings 殘?jiān)?乘U余,clothes, trousers,belongings 財(cái)產(chǎn),savings, scissor,等作主語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式The family were saved but the belongings were lost.這一家人獲救,但損失了所有財(cái)產(chǎn).d. mean

22、s , sheep , leer, crossroad等單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其單復(fù) 數(shù)而定Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.每一種方法都試過(guò),但沒有一個(gè)是有效的.含有修飾語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)a 一些由兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)局部組成一體的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,如 trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作 主語(yǔ),前面假設(shè)無(wú) a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等這類單位詞,通常作復(fù)數(shù)用,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞作復(fù)數(shù).假設(shè)帶有單位詞,那么由

23、單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式.My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔His black trousers are too long .他的那條黑褲子太長(zhǎng)了.Your glasses are on your nose. 你的眼鏡在鼻子上.但假設(shè)這類名詞與a pair連用時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往用單數(shù).This pair of shoes is made in Beijing . 這雙鞋子是北京制造的.There is a pair of glasses on your bed. 你的床上有副眼鏡.b. a number of意為許多,修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)

24、數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)一般也用復(fù)數(shù)：the number of意為“的數(shù)目,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)只能用單數(shù)A number of the other plants were found in America.在美洲還發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多別的植物.The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before .在中國(guó)乘飛機(jī)旅行的人數(shù)比以往多了.c.只修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of.)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)

25、形式Usually few regard their work as a pleasure.通常很少有人把工作當(dāng)成娛樂(lè).d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of )等詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞,又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 謂語(yǔ)的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)所修飾詞而定、A lot of students are coming to the meeting.很多學(xué)生要來(lái)參加這次會(huì)議.A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.為了準(zhǔn)備會(huì)議,還有很多工作要做.注意a quantity( of) , ( large

26、)quantities( of )作主語(yǔ)或其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)quantity的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定.Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.學(xué)校安裝設(shè)備需要很多錢.A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.為孩子們買了大量的故事書：e. a great/ good deal( of), a little , quite a little , a large amount( of)等修飾不可數(shù)名詞的 量詞作主語(yǔ)或修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù)形

27、式A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used .很多時(shí)間在玩耍中浪費(fèi)掉了,但本應(yīng)好好利用的f. more than one十單數(shù)名詞盡管意義上是復(fù)數(shù),但因中央詞是單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)也必 須用單數(shù)以符合語(yǔ)法一致的原那么在“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ than one結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語(yǔ)常用復(fù)數(shù).More than one person was injured in the accident.不止一人在這次事故中受傷-More members than one are against the proposal.

28、反對(duì)這項(xiàng)提議的會(huì)員不止一個(gè)g. one or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.昨天下午有一兩個(gè)學(xué)生在植樹h.表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡的復(fù)數(shù)名詞與pass, go by, waste, use, spend等詞連用時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Five years have passed since I joined the Party. 我入黨五年了i. one or two后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)但在“a/an十單數(shù)名詞+ or two結(jié)構(gòu)之后,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔謂語(yǔ)卻常

29、用單數(shù)One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.干這活一兩天就夠了j. the rest (of),the remaining , part (of.), one half( of )等詞或短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)和它們所 修飾的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的單復(fù)數(shù)而定Part of his story was not true .他講的故事有一局部不是真的.Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我們

30、學(xué)校一局部外籍教師來(lái)自加 拿大.k.當(dāng)“幾分之幾(百分之幾)+ of +名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般也應(yīng)根據(jù)of后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)one and a half +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans.這是由于地球外表積的2/3是由廣闊的海洋構(gòu)成的Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.這些任務(wù)已經(jīng)完成了三分之.One and a half days is all I can spare

31、.我只能抽出一天半的時(shí)間It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.據(jù)報(bào)道在此地區(qū)有四分之一的人患肺癌(一般情況下,one in ten作主語(yǔ)和其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式)(2)非謂語(yǔ)形式、從句作主語(yǔ)單獨(dú)的不定式、動(dòng)詞的一ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式：如果多個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連在一起表達(dá)同一概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果表達(dá)不同概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Persuading him to join us seems really hard.勸他參加我們似乎很難.To go

32、 to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.早睡早起是好習(xí)慣.To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.雖然工作和生活是兩件不同的事情,但是它們永遠(yuǎn)相伴.that, what, who , which , when , where, why , whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve：等引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)或單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)疑問(wèn)句時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)概念上一致的原那么決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞的數(shù)That .lack

33、has gone abroad makes us all surprised.杰克出國(guó)去了使我們都很驚訝Who is Abraham Lincoln ?林肯是誰(shuí)？Who are talking with each other ?誰(shuí)在相互討論？(3)以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致 and 及 both. and.a. 一般來(lái)說(shuō),兩個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)用and連接起來(lái),表示兩個(gè)不同的人或物, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)； 但如果兩個(gè)并列的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)在意義上指同一個(gè)人、同一個(gè)事物或同一個(gè)概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù)A smile and handshake show welcome . 微笑和握手表示歡送標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用文檔The p

34、oet and writer has produced many works.這個(gè)詩(shī)人兼作家寫出彳艮多作品、b.并列主語(yǔ)由 or, either. . or. . . , neither. nor. . . , not only - but also連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 常與鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持人稱、數(shù)的一致Either the teacher or the students are to blame.或者是老師,或者是學(xué)生要受到責(zé)備Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it .不僅僅是學(xué)生,還有他們的老師都對(duì)此一無(wú)所知Neither you nor I am fit for the work.你和我都不適合干這個(gè)工作-Are neither you nor I fit for the work?你和我都不適合干這個(gè)工作嗎？4假性主語(yǔ)的主謂一致with,together with 連同,along with 和一起,as wellas 也,like 諸如,such as諸如,as much as, no les