動(dòng)詞分類(lèi)-詞性變化-用法辨析

1、精銳教育學(xué)科教師輔導(dǎo)教案 學(xué)員編號(hào)： 年 級(jí)：初三 課 時(shí) 數(shù)：3學(xué)員姓名：YYY 輔導(dǎo)科目：英語(yǔ) 學(xué)科教師：XX 課 題動(dòng)詞分類(lèi)及詞形變化講解；動(dòng)詞用法辨析教學(xué)目的1.掌握動(dòng)詞的基本類(lèi)型，各類(lèi)動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)2.掌握動(dòng)詞變化形式，了解語(yǔ)法構(gòu)成3.具備中考涉及動(dòng)詞用法辨析能力授課日期××年××月××日教學(xué)內(nèi)容Step 1動(dòng)詞分類(lèi)及詞形變化講解1、動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)：類(lèi) 別意 義例 句實(shí)義動(dòng)詞含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes

2、. 他們常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書(shū)。連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須和表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。Twins usually look the same.雙胞胎通?？雌饋?lái)一樣。The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，用來(lái)表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)或其它語(yǔ)法形式，助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱(chēng)、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。He doesnt speak English. 他不說(shuō)英語(yǔ)

3、。We are playing basketball. 我們?cè)诖蚧@球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過(guò)去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.這些書(shū)你可以借兩個(gè)星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？We must go now. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。重要注解：（1）關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞： 英語(yǔ)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類(lèi)：后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞

4、；本身意義完整，后面不需跟賓語(yǔ)的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。 有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study, sing等。 有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。 有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類(lèi)一起構(gòu)成固定詞組，形成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.（2）關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞：連系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。常見(jiàn)的

5、連系動(dòng)詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。有些連系動(dòng)詞來(lái)源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意思也跟著變化：look（看看起來(lái)）、feel（感覺(jué)、摸感到）、 smell（聞、嗅聞起來(lái)）、taste（嘗嘗起來(lái)）、turn（翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)變得）、grow（生長(zhǎng)變得）、get（得到、到達(dá)變得）、go（去變得），所不同的是，作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面不能跟形容詞。注釋 become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”，比較正式，通常不用將來(lái)時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。g

6、et也表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，但是更加口語(yǔ)化，通常表示溫度、時(shí)間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”，常見(jiàn)于某些短語(yǔ)中，后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當(dāng)”，多用于將來(lái)時(shí)、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”，常指逐漸的變化，表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)。turn表示“變得”，指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況，通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill./ He has got rich./ He will be a scientist in the future./ My little brother has grown

7、 much taller in the past year./ The sandwich has gone bad./ Her face turned red after her mother criticized（批評(píng)） her.（3）關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞：常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞有：用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的be（am, is, are ,was, were, been, being） ；用于完成時(shí)的have（has, had, having）；用于將來(lái)時(shí)的shall（should）；will（would）和用于一般時(shí)的do（does, did） . 助動(dòng)詞必須同主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)一致，也就是說(shuō)因主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)、數(shù)的不同而采

8、用不同的形式，其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall, will, should, would.（4）關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can （could） ,may （might）, must ,shall （should）, will （would）, dare （dared） , need等，另外，have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的原形。 can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性?？谡Z(yǔ)中，在詢(xún)問(wèn)或說(shuō)明一件事可不可以做時(shí)，常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”的過(guò)去式是“could”，否定式是“cannot”通?？s寫(xiě)成“ca

9、nt”，“could”的否定式是“could not”，通?？s寫(xiě)成“couldnt”。如：Can I help you?/ He can swim./ That cant be Mr Li. may表示允許、請(qǐng)求或可能性，用may提問(wèn)時(shí)，肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may。否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如：May I ask you a question?Certainly. / You may go now. / It may be in your pocket. must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時(shí)否定形式是mustnt；表示“一定”時(shí)，否

10、定形式是“cant” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road/ It must be Jack./ I havent seen Kate today. She cant be here. 注意用must（必須）進(jìn)行提問(wèn)時(shí)，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt；用must（一定）進(jìn)行提問(wèn)時(shí)，肯定回答仍用must，但是否定回答用cant.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? Yes，you must.或No, you neednt. / Must she be in the romm? Y

11、es,she must.或No,she cant. “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。Well have to leave now for it is very late at night. have to的疑問(wèn)形式是：助動(dòng)詞have to,否定形式是：助動(dòng)詞nothave to或者用neednt.如：Do you have to stay until 8 oclock? / You dont have to do so.（=You neednt do so.） shall在問(wèn)句中，可表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，與第一人稱(chēng)連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱(chēng)的主語(yǔ)后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等

12、。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?/ He shall bring his own book next time. should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely. will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思，一般與第二人稱(chēng)連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?/ I will teach you a lesson.would表示過(guò)去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every ti

13、me he returned home.would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況，表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊螅Z(yǔ)氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會(huì)話(huà)中，“我想要”通常用“I would like to”或“I should（Id） like to”來(lái)表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment? would還可以表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people. need表示“需要”，用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句。

14、“need”作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中都可以用。如：He neednt do it in such a hurry.（他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事）/ He needs some help.（他需要一些幫助）/ He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.（那么他就無(wú)須帶上足球襪了） dare是“敢”的意思，用法幾乎與“need”完全相同，即在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中，可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后面用不帶“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式。在肯定句中和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool? / He d

15、idnt dare to touch the red button. d better （do）（“最好是”）一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用，否定式是：d better not （do）. 如：Youd better sit here and say nothing./ Youd better not speak because he is sleeping. 2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表：（1）規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：規(guī)則變化原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱(chēng)現(xiàn) 在 分 詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞一般情況singeds,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾esinged輔音字母y結(jié)尾yi,esingyi,ed重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾s雙寫(xiě)輔

16、音字母,ing雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,ed不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾s去掉e,ingdie結(jié)尾siey,ingd不規(guī)則變化havehas；beis（無(wú)）（見(jiàn)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表）注意：在加ing或ed時(shí)動(dòng)詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動(dòng)詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)。s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀s；在濁輔音后和元音后讀z；在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后讀iz.ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀t；在濁輔音后和元音后讀d；在t、d后讀id.（2）不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：（ 原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞）be（am,is）wasbeenloselostlostbe（are）werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenma

17、ymightbecomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunr

18、anruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitset

19、setforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave（has）hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentake

20、tooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritew

21、rotewittenlielaylain3、be動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.（I等各人稱(chēng)） will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They w

22、ere.（I等各人稱(chēng)） would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意：句型變化時(shí)，否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫(xiě)為nt （am后面not不可以縮寫(xiě)）；疑問(wèn)句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其

23、它謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）的時(shí)態(tài)變化現(xiàn)在 時(shí)態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用原形（單三加s / es）（問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞do / does）amis 動(dòng)詞-ingarewill 動(dòng)詞原形amis going to動(dòng)詞原形arehave 過(guò)去分詞has過(guò)去 時(shí)態(tài)一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)過(guò) 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式（問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞did）was 動(dòng)詞-ingwerewould 動(dòng)詞原形wasgoing to動(dòng)詞原形werehad 過(guò)去分詞練一練1. Mr Zhang asked me _

24、the words again.A. readB. readsC. to readD. reading2. You _ play on the road. It's dangerous.A. mustn'tB. mayC. canD. must3. Mr Brown _ in Beijing since 1993.A. workB. worksC. workedD. has worked4. I _ a letter when my mother came in.A. writeB. am writingC. was writingD. will write5. It'

25、s not an important party, you needn't _ .A. pay for itB. wear it outC. try it outD. dress up for it6. Can I _ a bike from him?A. lendB. returnC. giveD. borrow7. - Must I stay at home?- No, you _ .A. mustn'tB. needn'tC. may notD. can not8. - How long have you _ here? - About two months. A

26、. beenB. goneC. comeD. arrived9. Stamps _ by people for sending letters.A. useB. usingC. usedD. are used10. The radio says Tianjin will be _ tomorrow.A. rainsB. rainC. rainedD. rainy11. If you don't know this word, _ in the dictionary.A. look for itB. look at itC. look after itD. look it up12. M

27、y father told me _ play on the street.A. notB. to notC. not toD. did not13. There is going to _ an English party this evening.A. beB. hasC. haveD. is14. There _ no bus stop here last year.A. isB. wasC. areD. were15. Our school will hold a sports meeting if it _ tomorrow.A. isn't rainB. rainsC. w

28、on't rainD. doesn't rainKeys：1【答案】 C.【析】ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。2【答案】 A. 【析】must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。3【答案】 D. 【析】句中有since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，因此句中要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。4【答案】 C.【析】當(dāng)母親進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)是一個(gè)瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)作，而寫(xiě)信是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作，所以寫(xiě)信這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表示在寫(xiě)信過(guò)程中發(fā)生的另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作。5【答案】 D. 【析】pay for-為某物，某人付款，wear out-穿壞，磨破，tryout-選拔，挑選，而dress up-梳妝打扮。6【答

29、案】 D.【析】borrow something from為向某人某處借某物。而lend, return, give后面的介詞應(yīng)用to。7【答案】 B.【析】needn't 為“沒(méi)有必要必須做某事”，而mustn't為“禁止做”，can not為“不能做”。根據(jù)題意是：你不一定待在家里。8【答案】 A.【析】have been here是個(gè)狀態(tài)，可以與后面的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連接，而其他三個(gè)動(dòng)詞都是瞬間動(dòng)詞。9【答案】 D.【析】這里是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，意為郵票被人們用來(lái)發(fā)信。10【答案】 D.【析】rainy為形容詞作表語(yǔ)。11【答案】 D.【析】look up 查字典，與look有關(guān)的詞組

30、有：look about 四周環(huán)視look after 照顧look around 周?chē)?，四處看look at 看look back 回顧look for 尋找look forward to 期待look out 當(dāng)心look like 看上去像 12【答案】 C.【析】 不定式的否定式是not to do something.13【答案】 A.【析】這里是there be 無(wú)生命的“有”加助動(dòng)詞的句型，即there will be,而沒(méi)有there have 的句型。14【答案】 B.【析】last year為去年，所以用過(guò)去時(shí)。而there be 句型的單復(fù)數(shù)要看be動(dòng)詞之后離之最近的名詞

31、是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.15【答案】 D.【析】在狀語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)用一般時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示將來(lái)。Step 2 中考動(dòng)詞用法辨析一、語(yǔ)法詳解（1）“Why not動(dòng)詞原形？”（干嘛不?）是簡(jiǎn)略句，完全形式是：Why dont you 動(dòng)詞原形？如：Why not go and have a look? / Why not try it once again?（2）seem（好象）的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：sb./sth. seem （to be）形容詞；sb./sth. seem like ；sb/sth seem to （do）

32、；It seems that 從句。如：He seemed （to be） very happy when he was called by the headmaster. / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. （3）be afraid（害怕）的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：be afraid of sth; be afraid of （doing）; be afraid to （do）; be afraid that從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.（她有點(diǎn)怕

33、蛇）/ Dont be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.（別害怕晚上一個(gè)人在家）/ Im afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.（恐怕有人要取代他了，因?yàn)樗噶四敲创蟮腻e(cuò)誤）（4）be sorry（抱歉）的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：be sorry for （sth）; be sorry for （doing sth）; be sorry to （do）; be sorry that從句。如：I am very sorry for keepin

34、g you waiting so long./ I am sorry to trouble you. / I am sorry （that） he isnt here at the moment.（5）be sure （確信）的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： be sure of （sth）; be sure to（do）; be sure that從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come./ Are you sure of your answer?Maybe its wrong./ I am sure that Dad will hel

35、p me with the job.（6）make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進(jìn)行活動(dòng)或者做工作用do，表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make. 如：I dont know what to do. / Im not going to do any work. / My father and I once made a boat.此外還要記住一些固定說(shuō)法：do good / harm / business / ones best / a favourmake a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war

36、 / the bed / sure,. （7）put on、wear、haveon、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿、戴”這個(gè)動(dòng)作過(guò)程，wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài)，have衣物on主要表示狀態(tài)，be in（顏色/衣物）也是表示一個(gè)狀況，dress（人）表示“給人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes. / The twins are wearing the same clothes. / Today she has an overcoat on./ Do you know the woman who is in black

37、?/ Dad is dressing Tom now. 注意dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語(yǔ)，而dress常用作賓語(yǔ)。表示給自己穿衣時(shí)常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達(dá)。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me? / He is eight but cant dress himself. / She was dressed in a red coat. / Do I have to dress up t

38、o go to Jims party?（8）like、love與enjoy的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“喜歡”的意思，但是，like和enjoy后面跟動(dòng)名詞，love 后面一般跟動(dòng)詞不定式。like后面有時(shí)跟動(dòng)詞不定式，表示一種習(xí)慣或嗜好（往往與具體的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)有關(guān)）。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞，表示“享受樂(lè)趣；玩得開(kāi)心”。如：Do you like shopping?/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon. / They love to sing foreign songs. / Did you enjoy y

39、ourself at the party?/ He enjoys living in China.（9）study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”，指過(guò)程；而learn主要表示“學(xué)會(huì)”，指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時(shí)可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study? / Have you learned it yet? / How long have you studied/learned English? learn還可以表示“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”，如：He learned the musician himself was in town.（10）think、want

40、、would like的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“想”的意思，但think指“思考、考慮”，want指“想要、愿望、企圖”，would like指“想要”，think后面一般跟介詞短語(yǔ)或從句，want和would like后面跟名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? / I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min. / What do you really want to say? / Which of these cakes

41、would you like （to have）?（11）look for、searchfor、find、find out的用法：前面兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作過(guò)程，后面兩個(gè)表示結(jié)果，look for指“尋找”不見(jiàn)的或丟失的東西，但還沒(méi)有找到；searchfor指“為找而搜尋”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個(gè)事實(shí)真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?/ Have you found the lost key to your car? / The soldiers were searching t

42、he room for the spy when they heard a loud noise. / Lets try to find out who broke the window.注解 find的幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到”，find sth./sb. adj./n.“發(fā)覺(jué)某人是”，find it adj. to do（或賓語(yǔ)從句）“發(fā)現(xiàn)（做）如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl. （名詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)） / You can easily find it not good for your he

43、alth to eat cold food.（12）listen to、hear的用法：兩個(gè)詞與聽(tīng)覺(jué)有關(guān)，listen to指“聽(tīng)”這一過(guò)程，hear指“聽(tīng)到”這一結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.（13）look、see、watch、read的用法：四個(gè)詞均與眼睛有關(guān)，look指放眼去“看”（不管是否看得到），指“看”的過(guò)程；see指“看見(jiàn)”這一結(jié)果，有時(shí)see還引申為“明白”，表示“看”時(shí)后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專(zhuān)注的看，含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義，后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書(shū)面

44、材料，譯為“看、閱讀”，后面跟“書(shū)、報(bào)紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at? / Please look at the blackboard. / Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? / He wont feel well until he finishes watching the football match. / Reading gives us knowledge.（14）hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”，后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽(tīng)見(jiàn)的內(nèi)容，hear o

45、f“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”，后面跟人，指對(duì)某人有耳聞但沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)面；hear from“收到的來(lái)信”，后面加人；learn“聽(tīng)說(shuō)、得知”，后面跟從句，含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. / Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? / How often do you hear from your father? / He learned the musician himself was in town. （15）speak、talk

46、、say、tell的用法：四個(gè)詞與“說(shuō)”有關(guān)。speak“講話(huà)、發(fā)言、演說(shuō)”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，涉及人時(shí)要加介詞to，speak作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面跟語(yǔ)言名稱(chēng)；talk“談話(huà)、閑談”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，涉及人時(shí)用介詞with、to等，涉及事情時(shí)后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等，表示說(shuō)的內(nèi)容；tell是及物動(dòng)詞，后面首先要跟人，然后再跟從句或者介詞短語(yǔ)等。如：Do you speak English? / Who spoke at the meeting? / Our teacher is talking to Lin Taos parent. / Can you say

47、 it in English? / Please tell me something about the strange flying object. （16）be able to（do）、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，有許多含義，表示“可能、可以、會(huì)”等意思，只有現(xiàn)在式can和過(guò)去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會(huì)”，有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式，to后面跟動(dòng)詞原形，有時(shí)可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? / He couldnt（wasnt able to） swim when he was 12. （17）there be、have的

48、用法：兩個(gè)詞都可以譯為“有”，但是，have表示的是“擁有”，主語(yǔ)必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念，主語(yǔ)在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. / How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. 注解there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的事情，而用to do 則表示一個(gè)

49、滯后或遲于there be的動(dòng)作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.（18）borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個(gè)詞，borrow“借進(jìn)”、lend“出借”都是一次性動(dòng)作，不可以和表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；keep“保存”用來(lái)表示借一段時(shí)間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? / How long have y

50、ou kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! （19）bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來(lái)”；take指從面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬運(yùn)，不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。（20）hope、wish的用法：兩個(gè)詞都表示“希望”，但是，hope表達(dá)有把握或信心實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式或者賓語(yǔ)從句，不可以跟動(dòng)名詞或作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式；wish表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情，后面跟名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句（用過(guò)去時(shí)）或者作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式

51、。如：We all hope to see him very soon. / I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. / How I wish it was not raining at the moment!（21）take、spend、pay、cost的用法： spend的賓語(yǔ)通常是金錢(qián)或時(shí)間，句型：sb.（spend）時(shí)間/金錢(qián)on sth / （in） doing sth. ；take的主語(yǔ)通常是事情，句型：sth./It （take）sb.時(shí)間to do 。（如果是動(dòng)作則常用it作形式主語(yǔ)將動(dòng)詞不定式后移）； co

52、st的賓語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、力氣，句型：sth. （cost）sb.時(shí)間/金錢(qián)/力氣. ；pay的賓語(yǔ)通常是金錢(qián)，句型：sb.（pay）金錢(qián)for事物. 如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. / This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. / How much does a house like this cost? / I paid him twenty dollars for the book. （22）begin、start的用法：b

53、egin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start，（反義詞是end），后面接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)區(qū)別不大，但是start還可以表示“開(kāi)始、出發(fā)、啟動(dòng)”，反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開(kāi)始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? / They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. / This time he could not start his car. （23）arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞，到達(dá)具體地點(diǎn)時(shí)后面加介

54、詞at，到達(dá)一個(gè)大的地方（國(guó)家、城市）時(shí)后面加介詞in，arrive后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達(dá)”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞，涉及地點(diǎn)（無(wú)論大小）時(shí)后面加to，get后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here等；reach是及物動(dòng)詞，后面直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. / How did you get there in the night? / We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left.（24）be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區(qū)別：be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料，而be mad