動詞分類-詞性變化-用法辨析

1、精銳教育學(xué)科教師輔導(dǎo)教案 學(xué)員編號： 年 級：初三 課 時 數(shù)：3學(xué)員姓名：YYY 輔導(dǎo)科目：英語 學(xué)科教師：XX 課 題動詞分類及詞形變化講解；動詞用法辨析教學(xué)目的1.掌握動詞的基本類型，各類動詞特點2.掌握動詞變化形式，了解語法構(gòu)成3.具備中考涉及動詞用法辨析能力授課日期××年××月××日教學(xué)內(nèi)容Step 1動詞分類及詞形變化講解1、動詞的分類：類 別意 義例 句實義動詞含有實在的意義，表示動作或狀態(tài)，在句子中能獨立作謂語。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes

2、. 他們常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書。連系動詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。Twins usually look the same.雙胞胎通?？雌饋硪粯?。The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。助動詞本身沒有詞義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，用來表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式，助動詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。He doesnt speak English. 他不說英語

3、。We are playing basketball. 我們在打籃球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，有些情態(tài)動詞有過去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.這些書你可以借兩個星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？We must go now. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。重要注解：（1）關(guān)于實義動詞： 英語的實義動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類：后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動詞

4、；本身意義完整，后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動詞。 有些動詞通常只作不及物動詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些動詞通常用作及物動詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多數(shù)動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如：study, sing等。 有些動詞作及物動詞與作不及物動詞時的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。 有些動詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組，形成短語動詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.（2）關(guān)于連系動詞：連系動詞用來連接主語和表語，連系動詞后面常為形容詞。常見的

5、連系動詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。有些連系動詞來源于實義動詞，意思也跟著變化：look（看看起來）、feel（感覺、摸感到）、 smell（聞、嗅聞起來）、taste（嘗嘗起來）、turn（翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動變得）、grow（生長變得）、get（得到、到達(dá)變得）、go（去變得），所不同的是，作為實義動詞時，后面不能跟形容詞。注釋 become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”，比較正式，通常不用將來時表示動作已經(jīng)完成。g

6、et也表示動作已經(jīng)完成，但是更加口語化，通常表示溫度、時間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”，常見于某些短語中，后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當(dāng)”，多用于將來時、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”，常指逐漸的變化，表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長。turn表示“變得”，指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況，通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill./ He has got rich./ He will be a scientist in the future./ My little brother has grown

7、 much taller in the past year./ The sandwich has gone bad./ Her face turned red after her mother criticized（批評） her.（3）關(guān)于助動詞：常見的助動詞有：用于進(jìn)行時和被動語態(tài)的be（am, is, are ,was, were, been, being） ；用于完成時的have（has, had, having）；用于將來時的shall（should）；will（would）和用于一般時的do（does, did） . 助動詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致，也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采

8、用不同的形式，其中有些助動詞也可作情態(tài)動詞。如：shall, will, should, would.（4）關(guān)于情態(tài)動詞：常見的情態(tài)動詞有：can （could） ,may （might）, must ,shall （should）, will （would）, dare （dared） , need等，另外，have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動詞使用。情態(tài)動詞后面必須加動詞的原形。 can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性?？谡Z中，在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時，常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動詞“can”的過去式是“could”，否定式是“cannot”通常縮寫成“ca

9、nt”，“could”的否定式是“could not”，通?？s寫成“couldnt”。如：Can I help you?/ He can swim./ That cant be Mr Li. may表示允許、請求或可能性，用may提問時，肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may。否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如：May I ask you a question?Certainly. / You may go now. / It may be in your pocket. must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時否定形式是mustnt；表示“一定”時，否

10、定形式是“cant” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road/ It must be Jack./ I havent seen Kate today. She cant be here. 注意用must（必須）進(jìn)行提問時，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt；用must（一定）進(jìn)行提問時，肯定回答仍用must，但是否定回答用cant.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? Yes，you must.或No, you neednt. / Must she be in the romm? Y

11、es,she must.或No,she cant. “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。Well have to leave now for it is very late at night. have to的疑問形式是：助動詞have to,否定形式是：助動詞nothave to或者用neednt.如：Do you have to stay until 8 oclock? / You dont have to do so.（=You neednt do so.） shall在問句中，可表示征求對方意見，與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等

12、。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?/ He shall bring his own book next time. should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely. will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思，一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?/ I will teach you a lesson.would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every ti

13、me he returned home.would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況，表達(dá)說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊?，語氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會話中，“我想要”通常用“I would like to”或“I should（Id） like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment? would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people. need表示“需要”，用于疑問句或否定句。

14、“need”作實義動詞時，在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He neednt do it in such a hurry.（他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事）/ He needs some help.（他需要一些幫助）/ He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.（那么他就無須帶上足球襪了） dare是“敢”的意思，用法幾乎與“need”完全相同，即在疑問句和否定句中，可以作情態(tài)動詞，后面用不帶“to”的動詞不定式。在肯定句中和實義動詞一樣，后面的動詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool? / He d

15、idnt dare to touch the red button. d better （do）（“最好是”）一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動詞使用，否定式是：d better not （do）. 如：Youd better sit here and say nothing./ Youd better not speak because he is sleeping. 2、動詞詞形變化一覽表：（1）規(guī)則動詞變化表：規(guī)則變化原形動詞結(jié)尾情況現(xiàn)在時單三人稱現(xiàn) 在 分 詞過去式和過去分詞一般情況singeds,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾esinged輔音字母y結(jié)尾yi,esingyi,ed重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾s雙寫輔

16、音字母,ing雙寫輔音字母,ed不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾s去掉e,ingdie結(jié)尾siey,ingd不規(guī)則變化havehas；beis（無）（見不規(guī)則動詞變化表）注意：在加ing或ed時動詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫。s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀s；在濁輔音后和元音后讀z；在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后讀iz.ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀t；在濁輔音后和元音后讀d；在t、d后讀id.（2）不規(guī)則動詞變化表：（ 原形 過去式 過去分詞）be（am,is）wasbeenloselostlostbe（are）werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenma

17、ymightbecomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunr

18、anruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitset

19、setforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave（has）hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentake

20、tooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritew

21、rotewittenlielaylain3、be動詞的各種時態(tài)變化一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時一 般 將 來 時現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.（I等各人稱） will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一 般 過 去 時過 去 將 來 時過 去 完 成 時I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They w

22、ere.（I等各人稱） would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意：句型變化時，否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為nt （am后面not不可以縮寫）；疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其

23、它謂語動詞（主動語態(tài)）的時態(tài)變化現(xiàn)在 時態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時一 般 將 來 時現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時謂語動詞構(gòu)成動詞用原形（單三加s / es）（問句和否定句借用助詞do / does）amis 動詞-ingarewill 動詞原形amis going to動詞原形arehave 過去分詞has過去 時態(tài)一 般 過 去 時過 去 進(jìn) 行 時過 去 將 來 時過 去 完 成 時謂語動詞構(gòu)成動詞用過去式（問句和否定句借用助詞did）was 動詞-ingwerewould 動詞原形wasgoing to動詞原形werehad 過去分詞練一練1. Mr Zhang asked me _

24、the words again.A. readB. readsC. to readD. reading2. You _ play on the road. It's dangerous.A. mustn'tB. mayC. canD. must3. Mr Brown _ in Beijing since 1993.A. workB. worksC. workedD. has worked4. I _ a letter when my mother came in.A. writeB. am writingC. was writingD. will write5. It'

25、s not an important party, you needn't _ .A. pay for itB. wear it outC. try it outD. dress up for it6. Can I _ a bike from him?A. lendB. returnC. giveD. borrow7. - Must I stay at home?- No, you _ .A. mustn'tB. needn'tC. may notD. can not8. - How long have you _ here? - About two months. A

26、. beenB. goneC. comeD. arrived9. Stamps _ by people for sending letters.A. useB. usingC. usedD. are used10. The radio says Tianjin will be _ tomorrow.A. rainsB. rainC. rainedD. rainy11. If you don't know this word, _ in the dictionary.A. look for itB. look at itC. look after itD. look it up12. M

27、y father told me _ play on the street.A. notB. to notC. not toD. did not13. There is going to _ an English party this evening.A. beB. hasC. haveD. is14. There _ no bus stop here last year.A. isB. wasC. areD. were15. Our school will hold a sports meeting if it _ tomorrow.A. isn't rainB. rainsC. w

28、on't rainD. doesn't rainKeys：1【答案】 C.【析】ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。2【答案】 A. 【析】must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。3【答案】 D. 【析】句中有since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，因此句中要用完成時態(tài)。4【答案】 C.【析】當(dāng)母親進(jìn)來時是一個瞬時的動作，而寫信是一個長動作，所以寫信這個動作應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)，表示在寫信過程中發(fā)生的另一個短動作。5【答案】 D. 【析】pay for-為某物，某人付款，wear out-穿壞，磨破，tryout-選拔，挑選，而dress up-梳妝打扮。6【答

29、案】 D.【析】borrow something from為向某人某處借某物。而lend, return, give后面的介詞應(yīng)用to。7【答案】 B.【析】needn't 為“沒有必要必須做某事”，而mustn't為“禁止做”，can not為“不能做”。根據(jù)題意是：你不一定待在家里。8【答案】 A.【析】have been here是個狀態(tài)，可以與后面的長時間狀語連接，而其他三個動詞都是瞬間動詞。9【答案】 D.【析】這里是被動語態(tài)，意為郵票被人們用來發(fā)信。10【答案】 D.【析】rainy為形容詞作表語。11【答案】 D.【析】look up 查字典，與look有關(guān)的詞組

30、有：look about 四周環(huán)視look after 照顧look around 周圍，四處看look at 看look back 回顧look for 尋找look forward to 期待look out 當(dāng)心look like 看上去像 12【答案】 C.【析】 不定式的否定式是not to do something.13【答案】 A.【析】這里是there be 無生命的“有”加助動詞的句型，即there will be,而沒有there have 的句型。14【答案】 B.【析】last year為去年，所以用過去時。而there be 句型的單復(fù)數(shù)要看be動詞之后離之最近的名詞

31、是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.15【答案】 D.【析】在狀語從句中應(yīng)用一般時態(tài)來表示將來。Step 2 中考動詞用法辨析一、語法詳解（1）“Why not動詞原形？”（干嘛不?）是簡略句，完全形式是：Why dont you 動詞原形？如：Why not go and have a look? / Why not try it once again?（2）seem（好象）的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：sb./sth. seem （to be）形容詞；sb./sth. seem like ；sb/sth seem to （do）

32、；It seems that 從句。如：He seemed （to be） very happy when he was called by the headmaster. / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. （3）be afraid（害怕）的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：be afraid of sth; be afraid of （doing）; be afraid to （do）; be afraid that從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.（她有點怕

33、蛇）/ Dont be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.（別害怕晚上一個人在家）/ Im afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.（恐怕有人要取代他了，因為他犯了那么大的錯誤）（4）be sorry（抱歉）的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：be sorry for （sth）; be sorry for （doing sth）; be sorry to （do）; be sorry that從句。如：I am very sorry for keepin

34、g you waiting so long./ I am sorry to trouble you. / I am sorry （that） he isnt here at the moment.（5）be sure （確信）的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)： be sure of （sth）; be sure to（do）; be sure that從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come./ Are you sure of your answer?Maybe its wrong./ I am sure that Dad will hel

35、p me with the job.（6）make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進(jìn)行活動或者做工作用do，表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make. 如：I dont know what to do. / Im not going to do any work. / My father and I once made a boat.此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good / harm / business / ones best / a favourmake a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war

36、 / the bed / sure,. （7）put on、wear、haveon、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿、戴”這個動作過程，wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài)，have衣物on主要表示狀態(tài)，be in（顏色/衣物）也是表示一個狀況，dress（人）表示“給人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes. / The twins are wearing the same clothes. / Today she has an overcoat on./ Do you know the woman who is in black

37、?/ Dad is dressing Tom now. 注意dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語，而dress常用作賓語。表示給自己穿衣時常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達(dá)。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me? / He is eight but cant dress himself. / She was dressed in a red coat. / Do I have to dress up t

38、o go to Jims party?（8）like、love與enjoy的用法：三個詞都含有“喜歡”的意思，但是，like和enjoy后面跟動名詞，love 后面一般跟動詞不定式。like后面有時跟動詞不定式，表示一種習(xí)慣或嗜好（往往與具體的時間或地點有關(guān)）。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞，表示“享受樂趣；玩得開心”。如：Do you like shopping?/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon. / They love to sing foreign songs. / Did you enjoy y

39、ourself at the party?/ He enjoys living in China.（9）study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”，指過程；而learn主要表示“學(xué)會”，指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study? / Have you learned it yet? / How long have you studied/learned English? learn還可以表示“聽說”，如：He learned the musician himself was in town.（10）think、want

40、、would like的用法：三個詞都含有“想”的意思，但think指“思考、考慮”，want指“想要、愿望、企圖”，would like指“想要”，think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句，want和would like后面跟名詞或動詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? / I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min. / What do you really want to say? / Which of these cakes

41、would you like （to have）?（11）look for、searchfor、find、find out的用法：前面兩個詞語表示動作過程，后面兩個表示結(jié)果，look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西，但還沒有找到；searchfor指“為找而搜尋”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個事實真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?/ Have you found the lost key to your car? / The soldiers were searching t

42、he room for the spy when they heard a loud noise. / Lets try to find out who broke the window.注解 find的幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到”，find sth./sb. adj./n.“發(fā)覺某人是”，find it adj. to do（或賓語從句）“發(fā)現(xiàn)（做）如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl. （名詞作補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)足語） / You can easily find it not good for your he

43、alth to eat cold food.（12）listen to、hear的用法：兩個詞與聽覺有關(guān)，listen to指“聽”這一過程，hear指“聽到”這一結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.（13）look、see、watch、read的用法：四個詞均與眼睛有關(guān)，look指放眼去“看”（不管是否看得到），指“看”的過程；see指“看見”這一結(jié)果，有時see還引申為“明白”，表示“看”時后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專注的看，含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義，后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書面

44、材料，譯為“看、閱讀”，后面跟“書、報紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at? / Please look at the blackboard. / Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? / He wont feel well until he finishes watching the football match. / Reading gives us knowledge.（14）hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽說”，后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內(nèi)容，hear o

45、f“聽說”，后面跟人，指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面；hear from“收到的來信”，后面加人；learn“聽說、得知”，后面跟從句，含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. / Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? / How often do you hear from your father? / He learned the musician himself was in town. （15）speak、talk

46、、say、tell的用法：四個詞與“說”有關(guān)。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說”，是不及物動詞，涉及人時要加介詞to，speak作及物動詞時后面跟語言名稱；talk“談話、閑談”，是不及物動詞，涉及人時用介詞with、to等，涉及事情時后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動詞，后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等，表示說的內(nèi)容；tell是及物動詞，后面首先要跟人，然后再跟從句或者介詞短語等。如：Do you speak English? / Who spoke at the meeting? / Our teacher is talking to Lin Taos parent. / Can you say

47、 it in English? / Please tell me something about the strange flying object. （16）be able to（do）、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動詞，有許多含義，表示“可能、可以、會”等意思，只有現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會”，有多種時態(tài)形式，to后面跟動詞原形，有時可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? / He couldnt（wasnt able to） swim when he was 12. （17）there be、have的

48、用法：兩個詞都可以譯為“有”，但是，have表示的是“擁有”，主語必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念，主語在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. / How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. 注解there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個正在發(fā)生的事情，而用to do 則表示一個

49、滯后或遲于there be的動作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.（18）borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個詞，borrow“借進(jìn)”、lend“出借”都是一次性動作，不可以和表示一段的時間狀語連用；keep“保存”用來表示借一段時間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? / How long have y

50、ou kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! （19）bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來”；take指從面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬運，不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。（20）hope、wish的用法：兩個詞都表示“希望”，但是，hope表達(dá)有把握或信心實現(xiàn)的事情，后面直接跟動詞不定式或者賓語從句，不可以跟動名詞或作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式；wish表達(dá)實現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情，后面跟名詞、賓語從句（用過去時）或者作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式

51、。如：We all hope to see him very soon. / I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. / How I wish it was not raining at the moment!（21）take、spend、pay、cost的用法： spend的賓語通常是金錢或時間，句型：sb.（spend）時間/金錢on sth / （in） doing sth. ；take的主語通常是事情，句型：sth./It （take）sb.時間to do 。（如果是動作則常用it作形式主語將動詞不定式后移）； co

52、st的賓語通常是時間、金錢、力氣，句型：sth. （cost）sb.時間/金錢/力氣. ；pay的賓語通常是金錢，句型：sb.（pay）金錢for事物. 如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. / This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. / How much does a house like this cost? / I paid him twenty dollars for the book. （22）begin、start的用法：b

53、egin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start，（反義詞是end），后面接不定式或動名詞時區(qū)別不大，但是start還可以表示“開始、出發(fā)、啟動”，反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? / They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. / This time he could not start his car. （23）arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動詞，到達(dá)具體地點時后面加介

54、詞at，到達(dá)一個大的地方（國家、城市）時后面加介詞in，arrive后面可以直接跟地點副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達(dá)”時是不及物動詞，涉及地點（無論大?。r后面加to，get后面可以直接跟地點副詞here等；reach是及物動詞，后面直接跟地點名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. / How did you get there in the night? / We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left.（24）be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區(qū)別：be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料，而be mad