小升初英語知識點全

1、小升初孩子必會英語語法集錦【上】1 .知識點一：小升初必會語法 -go的用法“三點談”2 .知識點二：小升初必會語法（2）- "out of ”用法3 .知識點三：小升初必會語法（3）-區(qū)分 where , which , that, who , whose ,what的用法4 .知識點四：小升初必會語法-As的用法5 .知識點五：小升初必會語法（5）-Happen 用法小結(jié)1.大家都知道單詞go的基本含義是“去”，根據(jù)它的基本用法，我們可以從三 個方面加以總結(jié)。請看：一、go與to 一起構(gòu)成動詞短語，后接地點名詞，表示“去”。如：go to the playground 去操場go

2、 to school 去上學go to the park 去公園go to Beijing 去北京二、go后接表示地點的副詞，表示“去”。如：go there去那兒go home回家三、go后接動詞的-ing形式，表示“去做”。如：go shopping 去購物go swimming 去游泳go fishing 去釣魚go hiking 去徒步旅行2.在下列兩個句子中， out of 的意思截然不同：Is honesty going out of style?Are these just two stories out of many?在“難道誠實正在變得不合時宜了嗎?”中，out of 表示

3、“跟不上”，“脫離”的意思 ;在“這些僅是許多故事中的兩個嗎?”一句中，out of 表示部分關(guān)系。在短語介詞中， out of 表示的意思很多，其用法也頗為復(fù)雜。靈活地、有規(guī)律地掌握其用法，對學好英語大有裨益，現(xiàn)將其用法歸納如下：1 .表示地點 （從里向外 ）Fish can not live out of water. 魚離開了水就不能活。This animal is not found out of certain areas in Africa. 這種動物只在非洲某些地區(qū)有。（在非洲的某些地區(qū)之外，是沒有這種動物的。）This plant is situated only five m

4、iles out of the city. 那個工廠離市區(qū)僅五英里。2 .表示動作或運動的方向As we pulled out of the garage ， I saw the gun pointing against the carwindow. 當我們把車開出車庫時，我看見那支槍頂住了車窗玻璃。They walked out of the supermarket. 他們走出了超級市場。3 .表示部分關(guān)系This will happen in nine cases out of ten. 這種情況十之八九會發(fā)生。This is but one instance out of many. 那

5、只不過是許多例子中的一個而已。4 .表示“在范圍以外”，“越出界限之外”The ship is out of sight. 船已看不見了。They sang out of tune. 他們唱得走了調(diào)。This plan is out of the ordinary. 這是一個非凡的計劃。5 .表示“出于動機”，"由于原因”The traffic accident was out of carelessness in driving. 這起交通事故是由于 粗心駕駛所致。The treatment of the topic is out of necessity much condens

6、ed. 由于需要， 關(guān) 于這個問題的闡述已大加壓縮。6 .表示竭盡和缺乏We are out of tea. 我們的茶葉用完了。This book is out of print. 這本書絕版了。That novel is out of stock. 那本小說脫銷了。7 .表示材料或來源He made the box out of old planks. 他用舊木板做了箱子。This paragraph is out of Marx's works in the original. 這一段引自馬克思原 著。8 .與某些動詞連用，表示“放棄”，“喪失”He talked his wife

7、 out of buying a new bicycle. 他說服他的妻子不要買新自 行車。I couldn't persuade him out of the resolution. 我沒能說服他改變決心。另外， out of 與其他詞可以構(gòu)成許多非常有用的、常見的固定詞組，這些詞組有：out of accord with（與不一致同不協(xié)調(diào)，out of action（失去作用，停止運動），out of all relation to（和毫無關(guān)系），out of balance（失去平衡），outof breath（ 上氣不接下氣）， out of character（ 不相稱，不適

8、當 ）， out of control（ 失去控制 ）， out of date（ 過時 ）， out of doubt（ 確定無疑 ）， out of fashion（ 不合時尚 ）， out of gear（ 脫節(jié)，失調(diào) ）， out of harmony（ 不和諧 ）， out of kindness（ 出于好意 ） ， out of necessity（ 出于必要）， out oforder（ 不整齊， 次序顛倒 ）， out of one's power（ 力所不及 ）， out of place（ 不適當，不相稱） ， out of question（ 毫無疑問）， out

9、 of thequestion（不可能，成問題）out of shape（變形），out of step（失調(diào)，不同步），out of sympathy with（出于對的同恂，out of touch with（與脫離接觸），out oftrue（不誠實，不準確）,out of work（失業(yè)）等。3.用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞（有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分）而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。一.詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1 . 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞只用于限制性從句句子成分用于限制從句或非限制性從句代替人代替物代替人或物主語Whowhichthat主語 Whomwhicht

10、hat賓語Whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)例 1： This is the detective who came from London.例 2： The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.例 3： The desk whose leg is broken is very old.例 4： This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2 .關(guān)系代詞的用法(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing,

11、 everything, little,none 等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用 that ，不用 which 。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no,some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who ,或whom。例如：(3) 非限制性定語從句中， 不能用關(guān)系代詞that, 作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如：There are about seven million people taki

12、ng part in the election, most of whom 、 are well educated.(4) which 還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中， which 可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數(shù)情況下意思是與 and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5) that可指人或物，在從句中作表語，(指人作主語時多用who)僅用于限制性定語從句中。(6) which 可作表

13、語，既可指人，以可指物。指人時，一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有種特征.品性或才能的人。Which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。(7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員，則用 who 。(8) 先行詞有兩個，一個指人，一個指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 that 。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone,somebody, 關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who

14、 或 whom ，不用 which 。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) “介詞 +關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句， 也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of,without等，關(guān)系代詞只可用 whom或which,不可用that。(2) from where 為“介詞 +關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill,

15、 from where we can see the town.(3) 像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1 .關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時間.地點或原因。關(guān)系副詞 when 在從句中充當時間狀語， where 充當?shù)攸c狀語， why 充當原因狀語。2 . that 可引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間.地點或原因That

16、 有時可以代替關(guān)系副詞when, where 或者 why 引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間 .地點或原因，在that 引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句中， that 也可以省去。三.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1 .二者差異比較限制定語從句緊跟先行詞， 同先行詞這間一般不加逗號， 僅修飾先行詞， 可以由關(guān)系代詞.關(guān)系副詞或that 來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用 that 引導(dǎo)。2 .關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù)(1) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞，作主語.賓語或表語的可選用關(guān)系代詞。3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離

17、定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后， 但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分，構(gòu)成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如：1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.2) He was the only person in this country who was invited四 .As 在定語從句中的用法1 . 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句as多與such或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞(2)as 也可單獨使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，作用相當于 which 。例如：The elephant

18、s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.(3)the same that 與 the same as 在意思上是不同的。2 .As 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面.中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which 所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.4

19、.一、作副詞，意為“相同地”，“同樣地”。例如：They don t have as many airplanes. 他們沒有同樣多的飛機。二、作連詞，1. 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句as與when, while都是引導(dǎo)時間狀語從何的從屬連詞，含義都是"當?shù)臅r候 "。但它們有區(qū)別:(1) . when作“當?shù)臅r候”解以指較短的(一點)時間，也可指一段時間。從句的動作可以與主句的動作同時發(fā)生，也可以先于主句的動作發(fā)生。例如 :John was having his dinner when I saw him. 當我看到約翰的時候，他正在吃飯。She can write only whe

20、n the baby is asleep. 只有嬰兒睡著的時候， 她才能寫作。(2) . while常表示一段較長的時間或一個過程，強調(diào)主句謂語動詞與從何謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或在從句動作過程中發(fā)生。例如 :We must strike while the iron is hot. 要趁熱打鐵。While we were reading, the teacher came in. 我們正在讀書的時候，老師走了進來。(3) . 但屬下列情形時，只用 as, 而不用 when 或 while 。 用于表示同一個人的兩種動作交替進行，指“一邊，邊”。例如The girl dances as she sin

21、gs on the stage. 那個女孩在舞臺邊唱歌邊跳舞。He looked behind from time to time as he went forward. 當他朝前走時，不時地向后看。 表示兩個同步發(fā)展的動作或行為，譯為“隨著”。例如As time went on / by, she became more and more worried. 隨著時間的流逝，她變得越來越焦慮。As he grew older, he became more intelligent. 隨著他年齡的增長，他變得更有才智了。 表示兩個短促行為或事件幾乎同時發(fā)生。例如 :I thought of it

22、 just as you opened your mouth. 恰好在你開口時，我想到了它。Just as the flying worm hit her face, she gave a loud cry. 恰巧在飛蟲撞到她臉上時，她大哭起來。2. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句as, because, since都可以表示因果關(guān)系，連接原因狀語從句，含義是“因為，由于"，但它們有區(qū)別：because表示的語氣最強；as一般放在句首，語氣較 弱，較口語化；since常常用在書面語中，表示多為對方已知的、或稍加分析便可 得知的原因，有時可譯作“既然”。例如：I do it because I li

23、ke it. 我做這件事是因為我喜歡。Since many of the customers work during the day, Billy has to collect the money at night. 因為許多顧客白天上班,所以畢利只好晚上去收錢。As she has been ill perhaps she'll need some help. 她由于生病可能需要些 幫助。3. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句as與 although (或 though) , however (或 no matter how) 等者B可以弓 I 導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，含義是“雖然，盡管”，但它們有區(qū)別：

24、although 語氣稍正式些，可放在旬首，也可放在旬中，主句中不能再用but,但可以用yet;as所表示的語氣較強，引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序 ;however 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，它的后面可跟形容詞或副詞，也要用倒裝語序。例如：Although they are poor they are happy. 雖然他們很窮，但很快樂。Angry as he was, he managed to speak calmly. 雖然他很生氣，但是他講話很平靜。However hard the question is, he can answer it. 不管問題有多難他都能回答。注意：當 as 引導(dǎo)

25、讓步狀語從句時，句子的倒裝語序有以下三種形式：(1) .形容詞或副詞+as+主語+連系動詞be或?qū)嵙x動詞。例如：Rich as he is, he never spends a cent on clothes. 雖然他很富有， 但他從不花 一分錢在衣服上。Much as I admire his courage, I don t think he acted wisely. 我雖然佩服他的 勇氣，但我認為他這樣做是不聰明的。(2) .名詞+as+主語+連系動詞be (注意句首的名詞不帶冠詞)。例如：Child as he is, he knows a lot. 盡管他是個孩子，但懂很多事情。B

26、oy as he was, he was chosen king. 盡管他還是個孩子，但卻被立為國王。(3) . 實義動詞 +as+ 主語 +助動詞如果沒有助動詞，則要加上一個do(does或 did) 。例如：Try as he may, he never succeeds. 盡管他很努力，但總是不成功。Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support. 即使你改 變主意，你也不會得到另外的支持。(4) 導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，意為“如"，“像”，“按照的方式”：o如I want you to tell my

27、 friend your very interesting experience exactly as you have told it to me. 我想讓你像給我講述的那樣，給我的朋友講一講你那段極其 有趣的經(jīng)歷。Remember, you must do everything as I do. 記住，你必須按照我做的那樣 做一切。注意： like 在非正式語體中可以有與as 相同的用法。如：I can t sing like I used to. 我不能像以前那樣唱歌了。He writes just like his brother did when he was young. 他現(xiàn)在寫

28、文章正像他 哥哥年輕時寫文章一樣(5) 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句,用于“as.as.或.not so/ as.as.”中 ,前一個as 是副詞 ,后一個as是連詞，意為“如(不如)一樣"。如(1) . You hate her as much as I (=as I hate her).(2) . I don't speak English so/ as well as he does.注意：句中連詞 as 后面的代詞實際是省略了與主句相同的部分，即例(1)可以寫成 You hate her as much as I hate her. 如果很明顯就能看出所省略的部分，意義不會含糊不

29、清時，在口語中也可以用代詞的賓格形式。例： At your age youcan t expect to play football as well as me (= as I do). 但例 (1)就不能改 I 為 me ，改后意思就變?yōu)椋?You hate her as much as you hate me. 你恨她像恨我一樣深;而原句的意思為：你恨她像我恨她一樣深。三、作代詞as作關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞 as 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，既可以單獨使用，也可以與其他詞連用，其用法要比 that 和 which 更為復(fù)雜。1. as引導(dǎo)定語從何與其他詞連用(1) .用于the sameas結(jié)構(gòu)中Th

30、is is the same watch as I have lost. 這塊手表跟我丟失的那塊一樣。(2) .用于suchas結(jié)構(gòu)中I don t like such novels as you recommend. 我不喜歡你推薦的那些小說。(3) . 用于 "so +adj. + a/an + n. ( 單數(shù) ) + as "結(jié)構(gòu)中I am not so strong a man as I was. 我已經(jīng)沒有從前那么強壯了。2. as單獨引導(dǎo)定語從句as單獨引導(dǎo)定語從何時，先行詞可以是一個詞，也可以是一個句子或短語。例如：(1) She is late, as is

31、 often the case. 她遲到了，這是經(jīng)常的事。(先行詞是整個主句 )(2) To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 對事實視而不見- 你們好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行詞是不定式短語)注意1 ： (1).當as引導(dǎo)的定語從何位于具有否定意義的主句之前時，as從句所修飾的范圍是整個主句的內(nèi)容，也就是說，把否定意義也包括在內(nèi)。例如：As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 正如前面所說，語法不是一套死條文。(2) .當as引導(dǎo)的定語從

32、何位于具有否定意義的主句之后時，as從句所修飾的范圍不包括否定意義。例如：Spiders are not insects, as many people think. = Spiders are not insects. But many people think they are. 許多人認為蜘蛛是昆蟲，但蜘蛛并不是昆蟲。(3) .當as引導(dǎo)的定語從何位于具有否定意義的主句中間時，as從句所修飾的范圍也不包括否定意義。例如：She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case. 她沒有打開盒子，而她的朋友就是怕她當面打開盒子。注意2:當修飾

33、句子的非限制性定語從句位于旬尾時，as可以用which來替代。例如：I live a long way from work, as (which) you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠， 這你是知道的。但是，當 as 從句位于句首或句中是， as 就不能用 which 來替代了。例如：As you will find out, I will never let you down. 你將會發(fā)現(xiàn)，我絕不會使你失望的。Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China. 你們知道， 臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。此外，如果主句為否定句，則位于旬

34、末和旬中的as從句所修飾的范圍并不包括主句的否定意義，此時， as 也不能用 while 來替代。例如：Greenland was not a continent, as people thought. 格陵蘭并不像人們所想象的那樣是一個大陸。四、作介詞，1. 表示 “好像（某人 ）”，例如:They entered the building disguised as cleaners. 他們化裝成清潔工人的模樣進入大樓。2. 表示“作為，當作”，例如：I found a job as a teacher. 我找了一份教師的工作。3. 表示“當某人是（某身份）時。例如：As a child,

35、she was sent to three different countries. 她兒時去過三個不同的國家。4. 表示“因某人是（某身份）”，例如：As her private secretary he has access to all her correspondence. 他是她的私人秘書，能接觸到她所有的信件。注意1： as引導(dǎo)的介詞短語大多用作狀語，as譯為“作為"，少數(shù)情況可引起賓語補足語。例如 :As a Party member, I'll take the lead in everything. ( 狀語 )She works as a nurse. (

36、狀語 )Tom has me as one of his best friends. ( 引起賓語補足語)注意2： as和like都可以作介詞，但意義不同。as表示“以實際的身份或地位"。like則表示“與相似，以與相類似的方式”。例如：(1) . He spoke as a teacher.(2) . He spoke like a teacher.句(1)的意思是：“他作為老師發(fā)言”或“他以老師的身份發(fā)言”。句(2)的意思是：“他講話很像是老師”。五、用于一些固定搭配1. as good as 差不多，幾乎Don t worry, the matter s as good as

37、settled. 別擔心，問題差不多已經(jīng)解決了。When the car was repaired, it looked as good as new. 這輛汽車修理好的時候，看起來差不多就像新的一樣。2. as if /as though 似乎 ;好像He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他裝著若無其事的樣子。She treats him as though he was her own son. 她待他好像待自己的兒子一樣。另外， as if 可以接一個動詞不定式短語。例如：He waved his hand to me as if to have

38、something to tell me. 他向我揮手好 像有什么要告訴我。3. as well as 同 （一樣也）;和 ;還Joan can speak Chinese as well as English. 瓊能講英語還能講漢語。He spent all his money, as well as wasting his time. 他不僅浪費了時間，還 花光了他所有的錢。4. suchas, such as 像這樣的I bought a lot of fruits, such as apples, oranges, bananas and so on. 我買了 許多種水果，像蘋果，桔子

39、，香蕉等。We had such books as you never saw. 我們有一些你從未看過的書。5. as for 至于某人（某事物）We had a delightful weekend in the country. As for the traffic, we had no difficulty. 在鄉(xiāng)下我們度過了一個愉快的周末。 至于交通，我們沒遇到任何困難。6. as to 關(guān)于某事物;提到某事物I don't know anything as to the others. 至于其他，我一無所知。7. so as to . 以便 , 為了Students shou

40、ld take notes so as to make revision easier. 學生應(yīng)當記筆記， 以便容易復(fù)習。8. as a matter of fact 其實 ;實際上As a matter of fact, I m very fond of housework. 其實，我很喜歡做家務(wù)。9. as a result 結(jié)果（發(fā)生某種情況）As a result， he had been given an excellent job. 結(jié)果，他得到了一份極好 的工作10. as long as 只要You may borrow this book as long as you pro

41、mise to give it back. 只要你答應(yīng)歸還，你就可以把這書借走?？傊?，通過以上的分析，我們對as 的詞性和用法有了比較全面的理解和把握，才能在實際的運用中做到心中有數(shù)，應(yīng)付自如。鞏固練習1. She had a tense expression on her face, she were expectingtrouble.A. even though B. even as C. as though D. now that2. A good many proposals were raised by the delegates, was to beexpected.A. that

42、 B. what C. so D. as3. might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.A. As B. That C. It D. What4. Americans eat as they actually need every day.A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as muchC. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much5. The trumpet player was certainly loud

43、. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness by his lack of talent.A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as6. Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.A. as for B. in view of C. in case of D. such

44、as7. he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.A. As soon as B. So far as C. As well as D. As long as8. the danger from enemy action, people had to cope with a severeshortage of food, clothing, fuel and almost everything.A. As long as B. As far as C. As soon as D. As well asKey

45、: 1-5 CDAAD 6-8 DDD高考真題直練1. It is generally believed that teaching is it is a science.A. an art much as B. much an art asC. as an art much as D. as much an art as2. She doesn't speak her friend, but her written work is excellent.A. as well as B. so often as C. so much as D. as good as3. The pian

46、o in the other shop will be , but .A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as betterC. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good4. After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.A. as long as B. as soon as C. as much as D. as many a

47、s5. With the help of the German experts, the factory produced cars in1993 as the year before.A. as twice many B. as many as twiceC. as twice as many D. twice as many6. After the new technique was introduced, the factory producedtractors in 1988 as the year before.A. as twice many B. as many twice C.

48、 twice as many D. twice many as7. , he doesn't study well.A. As he is clever B. He is as clever C. Clever as he is D. As clever he is8. , he was unable to make much progress.A. Hard as he try B. Hard as he triedC. As he tried hard D. He tried hard9. Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job.A. so not as to B. so as no