中考英語 詞匯與語法―助動詞、情態(tài)動詞素材

1、中考英語詞匯與語法滿分快車道書稿第八章 助動詞·情態(tài)動詞在英語中，助動詞一般沒有詞義，主要幫助構(gòu)成謂語，表示時態(tài)、語態(tài)或構(gòu)成疑問及否定形式。對于助動詞，同學(xué)們一般了解即可。情態(tài)動詞與助動詞不同，它有詞義，但它也和助動詞一樣，不能單獨作謂語，它必須和其他動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，另外重要的一點是情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化；情態(tài)動詞后必須跟動詞原形。第一節(jié) 知識點概述助動詞的種類1.be（am，are，is，was，were，been，being）它與現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)合，可以構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)，與過去分詞結(jié)合可以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。I am reading the book.我正在讀這本書。The book wa

2、s written by me.這本書是我寫的。2. have（has，had，having）它與過去分詞結(jié)合，構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)。I have finished my homework.我已經(jīng)寫完作業(yè)了。3.shall（should），will（would）它與動詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成將來時。I will visit Beijing tomorrow.我明天將到北京參觀。4. do（does，did）它與其他動詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句。I don't like dog.我不喜歡狗。Do you clean the room.你打掃房間嗎？情態(tài)動詞的種類can，may，mustcan，may，must是

3、三個最重要的情態(tài)動詞，其基本句型如下：肯定句：主語+can，may，must +動詞原形否定句：主語+can，may，must +not +動詞原形疑問句：Can，May，Must +主語+動詞原形？1. can，may，must的肯定句You may eat lunch，but you must wash your hands.你可以吃飯，但是你必須洗手。（1）cana.表示能力；能，會She can run fast，but I can't.她很會跑，但是我不會。b.表示可能；能夠I can get there in ten minutes.我十分鐘之后就可以到那兒。（表示一種可能

4、性）c.表示允許；許可You can use this dictionary.你可以用這本字典。d. can和be able to比較can只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式，而be able to可以用于各種時態(tài)。can（could）表示能力時，可用be able to代替。I can（=am able to）pay for the book.           我買得起那本書。He will be able to tell you the news soon.    

5、;     他很快就能告訴你消息了。She has been able to come to school.              她已經(jīng)能去學(xué)校了。2.maya.表示請求、許可May I borrow your pen？我可以借你的鋼筆用一用嗎？b.可能、或許Tomorrow I may go shopping.明天，我可能（或許）去商店買東西。He might be our new teacher.他或許是我們的新老師

6、。3.musta.必須、應(yīng)該（表示有做某一動作的必要或義務(wù)）You must buy a ticket.你必須買一張票。b.一定、準(zhǔn)是（表示有把握的判斷或推測，一般只用于肯定句中）在You must這一句型中，它的意思與祈使句相同。You must get up early. =Get up early.你必須早起。You must study hard. =Study hard.你必須用功讀書。He must be our new teacher.他肯定是我們的新老師。e. must與have to比較must側(cè)重于個人意志和主觀上的必要，have to側(cè)重于客觀上的必要。如果用于過去時態(tài)或

7、將來時態(tài)時，則要用have to來代替。但must可用于間接引語中表示過去的必要或義務(wù)。My brother was very ill，so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請來。（一般過去時）I haven't got any money with me，so I'll have to borrow some from my friend.我身上沒有錢，只好向朋友借點了。（一般將來時）He said that they must work hard.他說他們必須努力工作

8、。4.表示推測的用法can , could ,may ,might ,must 皆可用來表示推測，其用法如下：acould ,might 表示推測時不表示時態(tài)，其推測的程度不如can ,may。bcan ,could 用于否定句和疑問句中。句型：主語+ can't , couldn't +be +動詞ing（否定句）Can ,Could +主語 +be +動詞 ing（疑問句）They can't be cleaning the room now他們現(xiàn)在不可能在打掃房間。cmay ,might , must 用在肯定句中。句型：主語+ may ,might ,must

9、+be +動詞 -ing （表示對現(xiàn)在發(fā)生動作的推測）He must be sleeping . 他現(xiàn)在肯定在睡覺。d但如果上述這些詞 (must ,can't + have +過去分詞則指對過去已發(fā)生的事進(jìn)行推測。The road is wet , It must have rained last night .地是濕的；昨天晚上肯定下雨了。There isn't any water on the road . It (can't couldn't have rained last night .地面上一個水滴都沒有，昨天不可能下雨了。5. have to的用

10、法（1）have（has）to +動詞原形have（has）to后面要用動詞原形。當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時用has to，當(dāng)句子是過去時用had to。We have to leave now.我們不得不現(xiàn)在就離開。He has to work on Sunday.他不得不在周日工作。I had to do my homework last Sunday.上周日，我不得不做作業(yè)。（2） have to的否定句句型：主語+don't（doesn't）have to+動詞原形You don't have to walk so fast.你不必走那么快。He will not

11、have to buy a new coat next year.明年，他沒必要買新外衣了。（3） have to的疑問句句型：Do（Does）+主語+have to +動詞原形？Do you have to study maths now？你現(xiàn)在必須學(xué)數(shù)字嗎？Yes，I do.是的，必須學(xué)。No，I don't（have to）.不，不必學(xué)。Did he have to ask the question？他非要問那個問題嗎？Yes，he did.是的。No，he didn't（have to）.不。第二節(jié) 實戰(zhàn)演練一、例題選講1. You _ smoke in the off

12、ice.答案為 mustnt 或cant。mustnt 表示絕對禁止，cant 語氣較弱。2. May I take this magazine out of the reading-room?No, you _. 答案為mustnt。may 的否定回答常用mustnt。3. Must I clean the blackboard before class ?No, you _.答案為neednt。表示“不必”，不用mustnt，但也可用dont have to4. It was too late. I _ go back. 答案為had to。 表示客觀要求。5. Little Mary _

13、 stay at home by herself at night.答案為dare not。dare not既能作情態(tài)動詞，也能作實義動詞，作為情態(tài)動詞直接否定。6. _ we go swimming this afternoon?Thats great.答案為Shall。Shall用于第一人稱，表示請求。7. Excuse me, _ tell me where the post office is ? 答案為could you。could you ?表示客氣， 不是過去時。8. Shes very well. She _ any help.答案為neednt have，doesnt nee

14、d。Need 作為情態(tài)動詞時，后要接動詞原型，作為實義動詞時否定要加助動詞。二、復(fù)習(xí)時需要注意的要點（1） 情態(tài)動詞在句中沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。（2） 含有情態(tài)動詞的句子改為否定句或疑問句不必加助動詞，只需要將情態(tài)動詞置于主語前，或在情態(tài)動詞后加上not。例如：1Must I write a letter to cheer him up?2You neednt wait for me.（3） 情態(tài)動詞的過去式，例如can-could，may-might。但是少數(shù)情態(tài)動詞只有過去式，例如used to表示過去常常。Must的過去式往往用had to。（4） 大多數(shù)情態(tài)動詞后接不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式

15、和被動式。例如：1He can be doing his homework now.2He must have attended the meeting last night.第三節(jié) 鞏固練習(xí)一、用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空，必要時可用否定式：1. What _ I do for you ?2. _ we have lunch before 11:45?No, you neednt.3. The boy _ skate well when he was six years old.4. _what he said be true?5. Tomorrow will be a fine day. _ we

16、 go our for a picnic ?Thats great.6. How _ you say Im foolish ?7. You _ to have a good rest. Its good for you.8. You _ not hurry. There is enough time to go.9. _ the girl go out alone on a rainy night ?10. Is the man Professor Li ?No, he _ be Professor Li. I know that Professor Li has gone to Beijin

17、g.二、選擇題（ ）1. “ Who _ it be that hid behind the door ? “ the old lady wondered.A. can B. may C. must D. will（ ）2. You must be a teacher, _?A. are you B. must you C. mustnt you D. arent you（ ）3. I have told him many times, but he _ listen to my advice.A. wont B. shant C. couldnt D. mustnt（ ）4. “Do I h

18、ave to get back before 10:00 ? “ No, you _. “A. neednt B. may no C. cant D. must（ ）5 Oh, dear! How _ this happen?A. may B. can C. might D. must（ ）6. _ you tell me whom he is ?A. could B. May C. Might D. Must（ ）7. “ Must he do it ? “ “ No, he _. “A. must B. neednt C. doesnt have to D. Both B and C （

19、）8. You _ to be more careful if you want to get good marks.A. must B. should C. can D. ought（ ）9.You _ return the book now. You can keep it till next week.A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not（ ）10.Can I leave this door open at night ? No, you _ .A. should better not B. would better notC. had better not