句子成分(SentenceMembers)

1、句子成分(Sentence Members)句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)，是理解和表達(dá)英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵。英語(yǔ)中許多詞類都對(duì) 句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)有影響。英語(yǔ)中的句子是由詞或短語(yǔ)組成的，這些詞或短語(yǔ)在句子中起 一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英語(yǔ)的篇章是由句子構(gòu)成的，不同的內(nèi)容需要不同類型的 句式結(jié)構(gòu)，這些句式結(jié)構(gòu)又構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)中不同的句子類型。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)句法的基礎(chǔ)是了解句 子成分、句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句子種類。在英文中句子成分包括：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ) （直接賓語(yǔ)、間接賓語(yǔ)）、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。（一）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)講述的對(duì)象，表示所說(shuō)的是什么”或 是誰(shuí)”。一般由名詞、代(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)詞、不定式或

2、相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)。它 在句首。如:Lucy is a beautiful nurse.（名詞作主語(yǔ)）He reads n ews papers every day.（代詞作主語(yǔ)）Smoki ng is harmful to the health.（動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pl easure.（不定式作主語(yǔ)）What we should do is not yet decided. （主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)）練一練：指出下例句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞。1) .The teacher with two of his stude nts is wa

3、lk ing into the classroom.2) .There is an old man coming here.3) .The useful dictio nary was give n by my mother last year.4) .To do today's homework without the teacher's hel p is very difficult.必須是動(dòng)詞。(二)謂語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ) 做什么”是什么”或 怎么樣”。謂語(yǔ)(謂語(yǔ)部分里主要的詞) 謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語(yǔ)后面。女口： His parents are teach

4、ers.(系動(dòng)詞和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ))We study hard.(行為動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ))We don ' t finish reading the book.(助動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ))He can sp eak En glish.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ))練一練：選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞。 I don't like the picture on the wall. The days get Ion ger and Ion ger whe n summer comes. Do you usually go to school by bus? There will be a meet

5、 ing at the library this after noon. Did the twi ns have po rridge for their breakfast? Tom did n't do his homework yesterday. What I wa nt to tell you is this. We had better send for a doctor.三)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,1 / 4'.它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么。一般放在謂語(yǔ)之后。She is doing her homework

6、now.（名詞作賓語(yǔ)）She says（that）she is ill.（賓語(yǔ)從句作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）We often help him.（代詞作賓語(yǔ)）He likes to play basketball.（不定式作賓語(yǔ)）We enjoy listening to the music.我們喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)） 練一練：挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)。 My brother has n't done his homework. People all over the world sp eak En glish. You must pay good atte nti on to your pro

7、nun ciati on. How many new words did you lear n last class? Some of the stude nts in the school want to go swim ming, how about you?說(shuō)明1:賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞涉及到的人或物，賓語(yǔ)一般放在及物動(dòng)詞之后。 介詞后面的名詞或代詞或動(dòng)名詞，稱為介詞賓語(yǔ)。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞常在句中做動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)。另外，動(dòng)詞不定式可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)；動(dòng)名詞和賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。指物，間接賓語(yǔ)通常是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所及的人，間說(shuō)明2：及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面要跟賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)分直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。直接

8、賓語(yǔ) 是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象，直接賓語(yǔ)接賓語(yǔ)指人1。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。不是所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可以用雙賓語(yǔ)。有的動(dòng)詞可以跟。女口： give, showbring, pass, buy等。如：(1)Our teacher tells us a story.“to ”(2)The sun gives us light.間接賓語(yǔ)如果放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后，在表示 人”的間接賓語(yǔ)之前會(huì)出現(xiàn)介詞“ for。間接賓語(yǔ)前加“ to的有：give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, pr

9、omise (答 應(yīng)),refuse (拒絕)等。間接賓語(yǔ)加“for的有：I give him a book. 改成： He passes me the book.(他將書(shū)遞給我。) 改成: He writes me a letter. 改成： He will buy me some books. 改成： She is making me a cake. 改成： make, buy, do, get, play, order (命令)，sing, pay 等(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)練一練：劃出句中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。 PI ease tell us a story. My father

10、 bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?7 / 4'.（四）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)后面 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分，稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)以及動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞等可用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。女0: They make her happy.（形容詞）I see her dance.（不定式）we

11、 II help you to make the Olympics a success.（名詞） Please let him in.（副詞）We heard her singing a song.（分詞短語(yǔ)）（五）表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ) 是什么”或者 怎么樣 于名詞或形容詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。它的位置”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當(dāng) 在系動(dòng)詞后面。I am a teacher.（名詞）He is always happy.（形容詞）They are on the p laygro und now.It gets cold.（形容詞）Be 動(dòng)詞（am , is, are, was, were

12、） 表保持（keep, stay, remain ） 表改變（get, turn ）感官動(dòng)詞（feel, sou nd （聽(tīng)起來(lái)），seem/look （看起來(lái)），taste, smellIt sounds interesting. （sound 為系動(dòng)詞，interesting 為表語(yǔ)）We should all remain careful. Rema in （為系動(dòng)詞， careful 為表語(yǔ)）練一練：挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ)。 The old man was feeli ng very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have t

13、urned yellow. Soon They all became in terested in the subject. She was the first to lear n about it.（六）定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞 的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不等式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等。單個(gè)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。女口： The black bike is mine.（形容詞）What' s your name（代詞）They make paper flowers.（名詞）練一練：挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ)。 They use Mr, Mrs with t

14、he family n ame. What is your give n n ame? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to swee p the floor.如:系動(dòng)詞become,如:（介詞短語(yǔ)） The man dow nstairs was tryi ng to slee p.說(shuō)明 1:當(dāng)定語(yǔ) 修飾不定代詞 ：nothing, anything, everything, something 等時(shí)，定語(yǔ) 在不定 代詞后面 。女口： I tell him something i

15、nteresting.（形容詞 interesting 作不定代詞something的后置定語(yǔ)）He has someth ing to do. I am wait ing for the sound of the other shoe!（to do為不定式作后置定語(yǔ)）說(shuō)明2:短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。女0: The boys in the room are in Class Four. （ in the room 是介詞短語(yǔ)作 the boys 的后置定語(yǔ)。）（七）狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式

16、或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。狀語(yǔ)一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。女口： He did it carefully.（副詞）Her mother goes out to do some sho pping on Sun day.（介詞短語(yǔ)） When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） He sits there.（副詞地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）練一練：挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ)。 There was a big smile on her face. Every ni ght he heard the no ise up stairs. He bega n to lear n En glish whe n he was eleve n. The man on the motorbike was traveli ng too fast.綜合練習(xí)一、寫出劃線部分的句子成分。1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.2. Her garde n is the best in our tow n.3. Liu Mi ng is thirteen years old.4.