現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)講解

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)講解一 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞have/has+過(guò)去分詞(done)二句型：否定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他. 一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他.簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ): Yes, 主語(yǔ) + have/has.(肯定) No, 主語(yǔ) + haven't/hasn't.(否定)三用法（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果 I have spent all of my money (so far).(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了.) Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含義：郭子君現(xiàn)在在這兒)

2、My father has gone to work.(含義是:我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒) （2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子）連用.for+時(shí)段since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從以來(lái)）since+時(shí)段+agosince+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）It is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.四has gone (to),has been (to), has

3、been (in) 的區(qū)別Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說(shuō)話現(xiàn)場(chǎng))Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to) :去過(guò)（已不在去過(guò)的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久（還在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.五現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)

4、這種含義:* 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志He has already got her help.他已得到她的幫助。He has just seen the film.他剛剛看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影。He hasn't come back yet.他還沒(méi)有回來(lái)。* 以ever和never為標(biāo)志This is the best film I have ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。He has never been to Beijing.他從沒(méi)有到過(guò)北京。* 以動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志He says he has been to the USA three times

5、. 他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)去過(guò)美國(guó)三次了。* 以so far（到目前為止）為標(biāo)+beforeHe has got to Beijing so far.到目前為止他已到了北京。She has passed the exam so far.到目前為止她已經(jīng)通過(guò)了考試。2.過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動(dòng)作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時(shí)間”點(diǎn)段的區(qū)分入手,進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。* for+時(shí)段 since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（過(guò)去 從句）為標(biāo)志 注意： 1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;2)不

6、能與when連用 2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過(guò)去分詞.規(guī)則變化的過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去式的變化一樣,在動(dòng)詞詞尾加ed; 不規(guī)則變化的過(guò)去分詞見(jiàn)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表,需要同學(xué)記憶.現(xiàn)以see the film為例將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句, 否定句和疑問(wèn)句列表如下：肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film.否定句：I/You/We/They have not/ have

7、nt seen the film.He/ She/It has not/hasnt seen the film.疑問(wèn)句：Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they havent. Has he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasnt.二、用法：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既涉及過(guò)去,又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在.用法一：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果.常與just（剛剛）,already（已經(jīng)）,n

8、ever（從來(lái)沒(méi)有）,ever（曾經(jīng)）,before（以前）,yet（仍然）,once（一次）,twice（兩次）,many times（很多次）,how many times（多少次）,so far（迄今為止）,during the past（last）three years（最近三年來(lái)）等連用. 副詞的位置：just常用于肯定句中,放在have / has后,He has just come .never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.ever用于疑問(wèn)句中,句型為: Have / Has主語(yǔ)ever 過(guò)去分詞

9、?“曾經(jīng)過(guò)嗎?”用于詢問(wèn)某人過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷.Have you ever been to the farm?before用于句末,The woman has never heard of that before.yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.用法二：表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： f

10、or表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)I have taught English for 19 years. since表示過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)He has been at this school since 1986. since表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句I have lived here since I was born. since一段時(shí)間ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中可以和表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（for,since,how long, all ones life）連用的動(dòng)詞必須是表示延續(xù)的情況或動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,即延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞.如：be,have,kno

11、w,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等.I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?四、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的（到說(shuō)話時(shí)仍未結(jié)束）表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用.如this morning,today,this week,these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He h

12、as written two letters this morning.（說(shuō)話時(shí)間在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（說(shuō)話時(shí)間在下午或晚上）五、英語(yǔ)中還有一些動(dòng)詞的意義決定它們所表示的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù),只是一瞬間就結(jié)束的動(dòng)作,這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做“非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”,常見(jiàn)的有：come,go,arrive,reach,see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,get up,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等.這些動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作

13、的結(jié)果還存在,但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)（how long,for,since）連用.He has come back.（）He has come back for two hours.（×） 但在否定句中,非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾,如I havent heard from my father for a long time. We havent seen him since 1999.六、當(dāng)終止性動(dòng)詞（非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)（how long,since,for, all ones life）相矛盾時(shí),改正錯(cuò)句的方法有如下幾種:（1）用副詞ago把現(xiàn)在

14、完成時(shí)的句子改為一般過(guò)去時(shí).He has come back for two weeks.（錯(cuò)）改為:He came back two weeks ago.（正）I have lost my bike for ten days. （錯(cuò)）改為:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）（2）用“It is / has been時(shí)間since一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)”句型來(lái)改寫(xiě).He has joined the League for 3 years. （錯(cuò)）It is 3 years since he joined the League.I have bought the book f

15、or 5 days. （錯(cuò)）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）He has died for 20 years. （錯(cuò)）It is 20 years since he died. （正）（3）用“時(shí)間has passedsince一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)”句型來(lái)改寫(xiě).He has left home for 20 years. 改為:Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改為:Two days has passed since he lost hi

16、s pen.（4）用系表結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)改寫(xiě).He has died for 20 years. 改為: He has been dead for 20 years.The factory has opened since 1999. 改為:The factory has been open since 1999.How long has he left? 改為:How long has he been away?（5）用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替代非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞.He has bought the book for two weeks. 改為:He has had the book for two weeks.

17、常見(jiàn)的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換形式如下:borrow / lendkeep, buyhave, finish / endbe over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get tobe in /at / be here /be there, begin / startbe on , openbe open , closebe closed, diebe dead , leavebe away（from）,go to schoolbe in school / be a student, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep , fall ill

18、be ill, get to knowknow, losebe lost, becomebe, return / come back / get backbe back, joinbe in / be amember, join the armybe in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letterhave a letter , catch / get a coldhave a cold, begin to studystudy, 他參軍已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（錯(cuò)）改為

19、:He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.He joined the army three years ago.It is three years since he joined the army.Three years has passed since he joined the army.（1）He came to our village two years ago.=He our

20、 village since two years ago.（2）He left home three days ago=He home for 3 days.（3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago=I the watch since 2 weeks ago.（4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book=I the book for 5 days.（5）The film has begun= The film for half an hour.（6）I got to know him 10 years ago=I him for

21、10 years.（7）There is a factory=There a factory for 20 years.（8）Our school opened in 1960=Our school since 1960.七、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題1. have been to 和have gone to的區(qū)別 have been to 強(qiáng)調(diào)“去過(guò)”,現(xiàn)已不在那里,如：He has been to the USA three times.他到美國(guó)去過(guò)三次.（過(guò)去“到美國(guó)”,現(xiàn)在已“不在美國(guó)”）have gone to主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“去了”,現(xiàn)在人不在說(shuō)話的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),如：-Where&

22、#39;s your mother? -你媽媽在哪?-She has gone to the hospital. -她去醫(yī)院了.2. have been to 和have been in的區(qū)別 have been to強(qiáng)調(diào)人“已回到原地”,后面可接表示“次數(shù)”的狀語(yǔ). She has been to Shanghai only once.-How many times has he been there? -He's been there many times.have been in表示某人“已在某地停留一段時(shí)間,現(xiàn)仍在那里”,其后常帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ). They hav

23、e been at the bus stop for half an hour.他們?cè)谲?chē)站呆了半小時(shí).（現(xiàn)在仍然在車(chē)站）We have been in Xi'an for two weeks.我們?cè)谖靼泊袅藘蓚€(gè)多星期.（現(xiàn)仍在西安）How long have they been in China?他們?cè)谥袊?guó)呆了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?（仍在中國(guó)）八、如何通過(guò)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)做比較,進(jìn)一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但意義卻不同.（1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在.如:I learned

24、ten English songs（說(shuō)明過(guò)去學(xué)過(guò),現(xiàn)在是否記得,不是本句的內(nèi)容）I have learnt ten English songs.（learn發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但強(qiáng)調(diào)我現(xiàn)在懂英語(yǔ)歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只說(shuō)明“擦”和其發(fā)生的時(shí)間）I have cleaned the blackboard.（說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在黑板是干凈的）The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上現(xiàn)在有單詞）The teacher wrote some new words on the

25、 blackboard（黑板上現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有單詞）（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以是since,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all ones life等八、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞和它的過(guò)去式相同,即在原形后加ed（d）.已學(xué)近80個(gè)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞約有半數(shù)也和它的過(guò)去式相同,分類(lèi)如下,利于記憶:1) 原形中的元音字母有變化:get-got-got,

26、 sit sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung2) 原形中的輔音字母有變化:make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-builtsend-sent-sent lend- len

27、t- lent spend-spent-spent 3) 在原形后加t或d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heardpay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid 4) 原形中的元音字母和輔音字母都有變化:feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt spelt keep-kept-keptsleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept

28、leave-left-left sell-sold-sold tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-boughtbring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn5) 與原形相同:hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-readset-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut還有些不規(guī)則動(dòng)

29、詞的過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去式不相同,為便于記憶,也分類(lèi)如下:1)原形中的元音字母有變化:ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swumbegin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk2) 在原形上加en:eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- writtenbe-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten3)在原形上加n:see-saw-seen give-gave

30、-given drive-drove-driven take-took-takenmistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown4)在過(guò)去式上加n:steal-stole-stolen break-brokenbroken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken 6) 與原行相同:come-came-co

31、me run-ran-run become-became-become7) 原形、過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞都不相同的:do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain個(gè)別動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞,一個(gè)為規(guī)則變化,另一個(gè)為不規(guī)則變化:learn-learned-learned shined-shined smell smelled-smelledlearnt-learnt shine shone-shone smelt-smeltwake -waked-waked spelled-spelledwoke-woken spell -spelt sp

32、elt【典型例題】1. Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new?  No, I _ it for two years. A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought 2. His grandfather _ for over two years. A. has died B. has been dead C. has dead D. died 3.Uncle Li can speak English very well because he

33、_ England for 5 years. A. has gone to B. has been to C. has come to D. has been in4. Where is Mr. Zhang? He _ London.A. has been to B. has been C. has gone D. has gone to5. _ to the United States? No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.A. Have you been B. Have you gone C. Did you go D.

34、 Will you go 6. I havent seen you _ last Friday. A. for B. since C. from D. on7. John, you _ the computer game for two hours. Its bad for your eyes. Stop, please! OK, Mum. A. played B. have played C. were playing D. play 8.I wont go to the concert because I _ my ticket. A. l

35、ost B. dont lose C. have lost D. will lostExercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense:1. It （rain）for a week.2. I dont know this woman. I （meet, never）her.3.Lets go to the cinema.No, I （see, already）the film.4. We （finish, not）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute?5. John （come, not）ye

36、t. He will be back in a minute.6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he （be）there ten times.7. Wheres John? He just （go）to the teachers office.8. She （study）English since she was ten. She （begin）to study English when she was ten.9. Jim isnt here. He （go）to the library. He （go）there an hour ag

37、o.10. He （travel, never）on a train in her life.11. I （buy）the bike two weeks ago. I （have）this bike since the beginning of this month. I （have）it for two weeks.12. Great changes （take place）in those villages in the last ten years, Great changes （take place, also）in my hometown in the last ten years.

38、13. How many times you （phone）me these days? You （phone）me this morning?14. Tom cant get into the room because he （lost）the key to the door.15. I （look）for the dictionary, but I （find not）it yet.16. the new programmes （start）yet?No, they （plan,still）18. We （live）in Shanghai from 1989 to 1999. We （li

39、ve）for 10 years.19. They cant go with us. They （finish, not）the work yet.20. You （change, not ）your mind, havent you?21.We must pay for the library book if we （lost）it.22. He has already finished his homework.（改為否定句）He finished his homework .23. I hear your father （be）to Japan once.Yes. He （go）there

40、 last year.24. When you （buy）the book?I （have）it for two weeks.25. Such a thing （happen, never）in the village before.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)1have / has +done,請(qǐng)注意與一般過(guò)去式的區(qū)別I have already worked out this math problem? (改為否定句) I worked out the math problem .He has already finished the book.(改一般疑問(wèn)句并做肯定否定回答)  he

41、 the book ? Yes, he . No, he .I have got a book. (改一般疑問(wèn)句并做肯定和否定回答)  you a book? Yes, I . No, I .He has got a book. (改一般疑問(wèn)句并做肯定和否定回答) he a book? yes, he .No, he .You have done your homework, you ?(改為反意疑問(wèn)句)He has never been abroad, he? (改為反意疑問(wèn)句)We have got little milk, we? (改為反意疑問(wèn)句)Jim has got a

42、pen. Lucy has got a pen too.(改為同義句) Jim has got a pen, Lucy.I think you never (hear) such a thing.you (know) where your sister has (go)?I think you (be) all right soon.If you (lose) a book, you (pay ) for it.I (tell) you about the accident as soon as I (finish) the work. you ( read) the book yet?Tom

43、 just (find) his cat.He (not see) the film yet. So he see) it this evening.I (have) my lunch already.You (find) your lost book? Yes, I (find) it hours ago.You neednt tell him about it. I already (tell) him about it. -Have you ever (be) to Tibet?-Yes, I . -when you there?(go) -Three weeks ago.-Jim, y

44、ou (write) a letter to your aunt? -yes,I (write) it just now.Have you (return) the ladder yet? No, not .I (return) it soon.I (有) the book Harry Potter.So far, I (not get) a letter from him.Until now, she already (write) three books.In the past few years, we (build) a lot of buildings.In two or three years, the city (become) the most beautiful one in China.This is the first time I (visit) the Grea