高考英語語法精要講解

1、高考英語語法精要講解 目 錄名詞3數(shù)詞5冠詞6代詞10形容詞16副詞16介詞20基本句型22IT句型24There Be 句型25主謂一致26時(shí)態(tài)31時(shí)態(tài)的綜合問題31一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)31現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)31一般將來時(shí)32現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)33一般過去時(shí)34過去進(jìn)行時(shí)35過去將來時(shí)36過去完成時(shí)36語態(tài)37情態(tài)動(dòng)詞43虛擬語氣52句子結(jié)構(gòu)55特殊疑問句55反意疑問句56否定句59倒裝句60感嘆句61祈使句62省略與替代62從 句66 從句的基本形式66 主語從句66 表語從句66 賓語從句67 同位語從句67名詞性從句的綜合問題67 What-clause68 狀語從句68 定語從句75非謂語動(dòng)詞 78 動(dòng)詞不定

2、式78 分詞81 動(dòng)名詞832008年高考英語單項(xiàng)填空分類匯編86名詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞一、名詞1、在句子里使用名詞應(yīng)注意的問題：名詞的數(shù)：?jiǎn)螖?shù)、復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù)；名詞的格：通格和屬格 （s ）名詞的限定：特指、泛指、數(shù)量和習(xí)慣用法，即名詞前加冠詞或 其它限定詞， 例如： some, many , this, my 等2、名詞的數(shù)和單位詞：1）復(fù)型名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair. 備用詞： shoes, stockings, glasses, socks NOTICE: A pair o

3、f glasses costs quite a lot.2）復(fù)型名詞 + 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying. 備用詞：mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United States B. Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 備用詞： five pounds, two feet, six weeks3) 集合名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 The police have surrounded the building. Cattle are selling

4、 for record price (創(chuàng)記錄）.備用詞： the enemy, (the) people NOTICE: 表示由若干人組成的集合體的單數(shù)詞?？勺鲝?fù)數(shù)用，但若把這個(gè)集合體看作整體就用作單數(shù): My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me. The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be.4)不可數(shù)名詞作可數(shù)的情況A. 部分不可數(shù)名詞可以有下列情況 a (an) + adj. + n. It looks

5、like rain. a thirsty for knowledge(求知欲） a heavy rain He has a good knowledge of politics. 備用詞： snow, breakfast, wine, oil, education B.口語特例（特定場(chǎng)合） A (One) beer, please. Two teas and four coffees, please.5)既是可數(shù)又是不可數(shù)的名詞 I broke a glass this morning. (杯子） Glass is made from sand. （玻璃） 備用詞： paper / a pap

6、er, light(光) / a light(燈); ice(冰) / an ice (冰激凌), chicken(雞肉) / a chicken (雛雞)6) 單位詞A.個(gè)數(shù) a piece of information (furniture, advice)B. 以形狀表示個(gè)數(shù) a grain of rice, a flight of stairsC. 容量 a box of matches, a cup of teaD. 計(jì)量 a metre of cloth, a ton of coalE.其它 a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)3、名

7、詞的格： 1） s 的用法 A . 與時(shí)間有關(guān)的名詞 a nights sleep ten minutes walk NOTICE: a two-hour walk = two hourswalk B. 和else 連用 book can this be? A. Who elses B. Whose else C. Whos else D. Whose elses (A) C. s 修飾的詞，如果前面提到，可省略 This is Jacks book, not Toms. This book is Jacks not Toms. D. 表示店、鋪、家、診所等， s 后面的名詞省略 at the

8、 Greens (house), at the doctors (office) 2) OF 結(jié)構(gòu)表示所有關(guān)系 A. 無生命的名詞用of the price of the success B. 有生命的名詞被一個(gè)短語或從句修飾而表示所有關(guān)系時(shí)用of Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?3)雙重所有格 s 與of結(jié)構(gòu)并用，此時(shí)of結(jié)構(gòu)所修飾的名詞前通常有a, an, two, some, that等 Miss Smith is a friend of Marys mothers. that brother of the girl4)名詞

9、 + 名詞 （名詞用作形容詞） A. 單數(shù)名詞名詞a shoe (flower) shop ticket office NOTICE: the tailors (shop) B. 復(fù)數(shù)名詞名詞 sports meet clothes shop women pilots 二、數(shù)詞1、數(shù)詞在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題：l 易錯(cuò)數(shù)詞：l 年月日及介詞l 計(jì)算用詞l 和數(shù)字相關(guān)的詞2、綜合 1) 數(shù)字表達(dá)：123,856,709 one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred a

10、nd nine 2) 年月日 in the morning; on the morning of September 1; in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September) 3、計(jì)算 Six and five is (are) eleven. Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty. Four from seven is (leaves) three. Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hu

11、ndred.X 16 x 11 = 176 Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six.÷ 9 ÷ 3 = 3 Nine divided by three equals three.4、dozen, score A. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggsB. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times5、小數(shù)，分?jǐn)?shù)，百分比引導(dǎo)的短語作主語時(shí)

12、的主謂一致問題分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)引導(dǎo)的短語作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面的名詞來確定如果是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果是不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses. 70 percent od the fund(資金) was supplied by the Government.6、“一個(gè)半”的表達(dá)法 one pound and a half ,one and a half years三、冠詞、冠詞應(yīng)注意的問題l 習(xí)慣用法l 同一名詞前不同名詞的比較、不定冠詞1) 成對(duì)

13、的名詞（此類名詞間常有一種自然的聯(lián)系） a knife and fork 2) a most + n. “非常“ This is a most beautiful country. 3) a (an) 與 one 之區(qū)別 A. 數(shù)字對(duì)比用one It was one coffee we ordered, not two. B. 對(duì)比 A knife is no good. (刀子不行） One knife is no good. (一把刀子不行） C. 通用a (one) million, a (one) quarter 4) a (an) 與every 之比較: three times a

14、year; twice every three years 5) 慣用法 A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress ! quite a nice day rather a good idea such a funny expression B. too cold a day How lovely a dress! so strange a person as good a map as3、定冠詞 1）普通名詞組成的專有名詞 the Great Wall the Summer Palace 2）江河、海洋、山脈、群島、海峽、海灣 the Pacific (

15、Ocean) 3）the + adj. (-ing; -ed) A. 指一類人，謂語用復(fù)數(shù) The old are being taken good care of. B. 指一類事，謂語用單數(shù) The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 4）用在radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然現(xiàn)象（rain）、身體 部位前 He hates the telephone. 5）被定語從句、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式短語等修飾的名詞前 The boy who you are looking for (in blue, th

16、ere, standing there, dressed in blue ) is a student.4、零冠詞1）街道、廣場(chǎng)、節(jié)假日、季節(jié)、月份、星期、棋類、球類等 National Day Nanjing Road2）職位充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語、同位語時(shí) He was elected headmaster of the school.3）成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的成語 arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牽手), face to face, side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old, from door to door, from m

17、orning till night, from beginning to end5、冠詞比較1) go to school (hospital, church); in prison (強(qiáng)調(diào)用途） go to the school, visit the prison (強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑物本身）2) Ill go there next Friday. (以說話時(shí)間為準(zhǔn)） In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所給時(shí)間為準(zhǔn)）3) by air (plane, boat) in a spaceship ( on the bike, on th

18、e bus)4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指) The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)5) be at table be at the table6) a cup of coffee Two coffees, please. I like white coffee. This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Toms.7) Mr. White is waiting to see you. A Mr. White is waiting t

19、o see you. The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.9) the best season of the year the best time of yearEXERCISES 1 （單選）1. -Id like information about the management of your hotel, please. -Well, you

20、 could have word with the manager. He might be helpful. A. some, a B. an, some C. some, some D. an, a 2. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to have a . A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice3. He dropped the and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffe

21、e cup4. There are only twelve in the hospital. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. women doctor D. woman doctor5. -How many does a cow have? -Four. A. stomaches B. stomach C. stomachs D.stomachines 6. The of the building are covered with lots of . (AADBCA) A. roofs, leaves B.rooves, leafs C. roof,

22、leaf D.roofs, leafs 7.That was a fifty engine. A. horse power B. horses power C. horse powers D. horses powers8. -How far away is it from here to your school? -Its about . A. half an hours drive B. half hours drives C. half an hour drives D. half an hour drive9. Last week I called at my . A. aunt B.

23、 aunts C. aunts D. auntss10. Youll find this map of great in helping you to get round London. A. price B. cost C. usefulness D. value11. Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876. A.不填 B. a C. the D.one12. -Wheres Jack ? -I think hes still in bed but he might just be in bathroom. A.不填， 不填 B.

24、the, the C. the, 不填 D. 不填， the (AACDCD)13. Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public places. A. the, the B. 不填，不填 C. the, 不填 D.不填， the 14.She is newcomer to chemistry bust she has already made some important discoveries. A. the, the B. the, 不填 C. a, 不填 D. a, the15. -Have you s

25、een pen? I left it here this morning. -Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a D. the, a16. Paper money was in use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in thirteenth centry. A. the, 不填 B. 不填, the C. the, the D. 不填, 不填17.The warmth of sweater will of course

26、be determined by the sort of wool used. A. the, the B. the, 不填 C. 不填, the D.不填, 不填18.Summers in south of France are for most part dry and sunny. A. 不填, a B. the, 不填 C. 不填, 不填 D. the, the (CCCBBD)19 A rough estimate, Nigeria is_ Great Britain. （05上海卷） ( D) A. three times the size as B. the size three

27、 times ofC. three times as the size of D. three times the size of 20 He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _ was seen at its best when he worked with others. （05上海卷） (D)A. temper B. appearanceC. talent D. character 21 I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a prett

28、y good _ of direction. （05浙江卷）(D)Aidea BfeelingCexperience Dsense 22 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_. （05天津卷） (C)A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind 23My _ of this weekends activity is going out with some good friends. （05安徽卷） (A)A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought24

29、The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _ all over the country. （05遼寧卷） (B)AcompaniesBbranches CorganizationsDbusinesses 25 It took us quite a long time to get here. It was _ journey.（05北京春）（C）A. three-hour B. a three hour C. a three-hour D. three hours 26Students should be encouraged

30、to use _ Internet as _ resource.（08山東） A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the; the D. the; a D the internet 表示一類事物，a resource表示是資源的一種。EXERCISES 2 (改錯(cuò)，每句一個(gè)錯(cuò)）1. After one year hard work, the Senior Three students have already pre- pared themselves for the entrance exam. ( years)2. More and more middle-aged people i

31、n the West have hearts trouble, which results from high-fat food they like to eat. (heart)3. You can get your library card in the teacher reading-room, which is on the second floor. (teachers)4. His hairs looked disordered, with some gray hair on his forehead. (hairs-第二個(gè))5.Now I eat more fruits and

32、vegetables than I used to. My favorite fruits are apples, bananas and grapes. (fruit-第一個(gè))6. The lady entered a room, opened windows to let the fresh air in, and sat down in an armchair to have a rest. ( the windows)7.Miss Nora is young, nice, kind and active. She is the teacher young students like.

33、( a teacher)8.They elected him the captain of the school football team for a second time. (captain , 去掉the )9.He is fond of playing chess while his sister is fond of playing piano. ( the piano)10. No human being can change the law of the nature, though they can change their own lives. (nature, 去掉the

34、)代 詞一、人稱代詞1、多個(gè)人稱代詞的排列順序： you and I he and I you and he you, he and I you, they and we(情況多)2、It 的用法 代替this, that Thats a book, isnt it ? 做某動(dòng)作的人或嬰兒 -Someone is coming. Who can it be ? -It may be Jack. Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 表示時(shí)間、距離、自然現(xiàn)象 Its 20 miles to (from) Paris.3、簡(jiǎn)略回答中用so, not,

35、it 的情況： 肯定答語中，下列動(dòng)詞后面常用so: think, hope, believe, Im afraid, It seems (appears), etc.-Is it true that he had a heart attack? -Im afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so. 否定答語中用not: -Has Anne got into university? -Im afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not. 協(xié)力動(dòng)詞中也可以用notso: believe, think, suppose, e

36、xpect, etc I dont believe so. / I dont think so. do代替上下文動(dòng)詞，并且表示一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作時(shí)， do后常用so / it: -Please lay the table. -Ive just done so (it).二、指示代詞that, one, it的區(qū)別 one 代替可數(shù)名詞，表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可數(shù)名 詞 ，表示特指; 它們都可以代替前面提到的同一類事物; it指前面提到的 同一事物。 There is an old engineer and a young one here. His attitud

37、e to me is that of a friend. Ive lost my pen. Have you seen it? (Have you lend me one?) the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / ones Ill try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one. the one后面可以接介詞短語或定語從句 The boy in your class is taller than the one in our class. The skirt (t

38、hat) she made herself is more beautiful to wear than the one (that) she bought last year. one 不能代替前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞 Dont use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk. (不可用 fresh one)those , ones These machines are better than those we made last year. -Id like a pound of apples. -Which ones? -The red (ones). -Why

39、 dont we take a little break ? -Didnt we just have ? (NMET2000) A. it B. that C. one D. this (C) 三、物主代詞1、名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語，不能作定語 This is my cup. Yours is the one thats green. These things are mine. Those are theirs.2、名詞性物主代詞與 of 結(jié)構(gòu)連用 That brother of yours looks healthy. He is an old friend of mine.3

40、、下列結(jié)構(gòu)用 the 代替物主代詞 He pulled Jack by the hair (arm). He was wounded in the leg. He was blind in the right eye.四、反身代詞1、加強(qiáng)語氣（可前可后） The headmaster spoke to me himself. The headmaster himself spoke to me. Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it . A. themselves B. oneself C. its

41、elf D. himself (NMET 1996) (A)2、own： 反身代詞無所有格形式，用 own 表達(dá)： Id love to have my own room / a room of my own.五、不定代詞1、every each every指時(shí)間: every other day, every three days = every third day each放在復(fù)數(shù)主謂語之間: We each have a book. each放在句尾: She gave her children an apple each.2、some- any- every- no- 作單數(shù)看: Is there anyone here who is a doctor? 不與 of 連用: 不說someone of; no one of. etc 可說 some one of; none of, etc. adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to sit on ? else: This isnt mine. Its someone elses.3、some any 表示請(qǐng)求、建議的問句用some Would you like some (more) coffee ? some + n.(singl.)