現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一基本用法1表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已完成的某個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果，常同already,just,yet等狀語(yǔ)連用。例：Ihavejustturnedoffthelight.我剛剛把燈關(guān)上。（結(jié)果是燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了）2表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，并可能繼續(xù)下去（也可能不繼續(xù)下去），常同包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：today,now,thisweek,thismorning,thesedays,thisafternoon,recently,sofar等；也同“for+時(shí)間段”或“since時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語(yǔ)連用。例：Ihaventeatenanything

2、sincebreakfast.我從早飯起就一直沒(méi)有吃東西。用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞,介詞:already (已經(jīng): 用于肯定句I have already posted the letter .yet(已經(jīng): 用于否定句,疑問(wèn)句 He hasnt done his homework yet.just(剛剛 They have just left. ever(曾經(jīng) Have you ever been to Beijing ?never(從不 I have never seen him .before(以前 Have you seen the film before?since(自從以來(lái) Ive

3、 worked in the school since 1999.for(長(zhǎng)達(dá) Hes lived in Shenzhen for 6 years.in the past several days / weeks/ years(在過(guò)去的recently(最近 I have not written to my parents recently.so far(到目前為止 So far she has learned 5 English songs.up to now(到目前為止this morning/month/year(今天早上/這個(gè)月/今年3表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間到說(shuō)話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

4、或多次動(dòng)作的總和，常同頻度副詞always,often,seldom,never,twice等連用。例：Hehasdonelotsofworkinthepasttwoyears.在過(guò)去兩年中他做了許多工作。IhavebeentotheGreatWalltwice.我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城兩次for+時(shí)段since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從以來(lái)）since+時(shí)段+agosince+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）It is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 二構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)（第一、二人稱(chēng)單復(fù)數(shù)、第三人

5、稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)）have過(guò)去分詞主語(yǔ)（第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)）has過(guò)去分詞三幾組詞的區(qū)別1、already和yetalready意思是“已經(jīng)”，通常用于肯定句中行為動(dòng)詞之前，動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后；有時(shí)可以放在疑問(wèn)句的句尾，表示“驚奇”的意思。如：Wehavealreadycleanedtheclassroom.我們已經(jīng)打掃了教室。Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkalready?你已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了？yet用于疑問(wèn)句表示“已經(jīng)”，用于否定句表示“還；尚未”。如：-Hashefoundhiswatchyet?他已經(jīng)找到了他的手表了嗎？-No,notyet.還沒(méi)有。2、just和justnowjust

6、意思是“剛剛”，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示行為剛剛過(guò)去，位于助動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞之間。如：Hehasjustcomebackfromschool.他剛從學(xué)?；貋?lái)。justnow意思是“剛才”，表示過(guò)去某時(shí)，用于一般過(guò)去式，置于句首或句尾均可。如：Hecamefromschooljustnow.他剛才從學(xué)?；貋?lái)了。3、for和since都可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，都不能與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式連用。for后面加時(shí)間段，而since后面加過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：EddiehaslivedwithMillieforfoursyears.艾迪和米莉住在一起有四年了。EddiehaslivedwithMilliesincef

7、ouryearsago.自從四年以前艾迪和米莉就住在一起了。4、havebeento、havegoneto和havebeeninhavebeento強(qiáng)調(diào)“去過(guò)”，現(xiàn)已不在那里，后面可接表示“次數(shù)”的狀語(yǔ)。如：HehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.他到美國(guó)去過(guò)三次。（過(guò)去“到美國(guó)”，現(xiàn)在“不在美國(guó)”）-Howmanytimeshashebeenthere?-Hesbeentheremanytimes.havegoneto主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“去了”，現(xiàn)在人不在說(shuō)話的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，如：-Wheresyourmother?-你媽媽在哪?-Shehasgonetothehospital.-她去醫(yī)院了

8、。havebeenin表示某人“已在某地停留一段時(shí)間，現(xiàn)仍在那里”，后常帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。Theyhavebeenatthebusstopforhalfanhour.他們?cè)谲?chē)站呆了半小時(shí)。（現(xiàn)在仍然在車(chē)站）WehavebeeninXianfortwoweeks.我們?cè)谖靼泊藘蓚€(gè)多星期。（現(xiàn)仍在西安）HowlonghavetheybeeninChina?他們?cè)谥袊?guó)呆了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？（仍在中國(guó)）四現(xiàn)在完四。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞1概念：延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,keep,have,wait,wat

9、ch,read,sleep,live,stay等。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,move,borrow,buy等。2.用法特征延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示段時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)有：fortwoyears,duringthepastthreeyears,sincelastyear,howlong等。如：IhavelearnedEnglishsinceIcamehere.自從我來(lái)到這兒就學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的

10、時(shí)間點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Itrainedateightyesterdaymorning.(誤rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而ateight表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)，前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助come,begin,get等非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示。上句可改為：Itbegantorainateightyesterdaymorning.(正又如：-WhendidyougettoknowJack?-Twoyearsago.-Thenyouveknowneachotherformorethantwoyears.-Thatsright.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Thetr

11、ainhasarrived.火車(chē)到了。Haveyoujoinedthecomputergroup?你加入電腦小組了嗎？非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用(只限肯定式如：(1他死了三年了。誤：Hehasdiedforthreeyears.正：Hehasbeendeadforthreeyears.正：Hediedthreeyearsago.正：Itisthreeyearssincehedied.正：Threeyearshaspassedsincehedied.(2他來(lái)這兒五天了。誤：Hehascomehereforfivedays. 正：Hehasbeen

12、hereforfivedays.正：Hecameherefivedaysago. 正：Itisfivedayssincehecamehere.正：Fivedayshaspassedsincehecamehere.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與howlong連用(只限于肯定式。如：誤：Howlonghaveyoucomehere?正：Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?正：Whendidyoucomehere?延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與until,till一起使用。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞只能用于notuntil句型。如：正：Simonwaitedattheschoolgateuntil(tillhisfathe

13、rcame.正：Ididntbuythedressuntiltherewasadiscount.誤：Iboughtthedressuntiltherewasadiscount.3.將終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞瞬間動(dòng)詞（buy,die,join,come，go ,leave,join ）不能直buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be out leave -be awaybegin-be on finish-be overopen-be open close -be closed die-be dead1.h

14、ave代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替

15、put on 接與for since 連用。要改變動(dòng)詞b用“be形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get ill 3、bedead代die 4、beasleep代fall (get asleep 5、beawake代wake/wake up 6、begone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、bemissing(gone,lost代lose c用“be副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1“beon”代start,begin 2“beup”代get up 3“beback(t

16、o”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there”代come(arrive,reach,get here或go (arrive,reach,get there等等 d用“be介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to 常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to s

17、w. have been in sw./at相應(yīng)的介詞2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up； 7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got

18、to sleep have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been over； 11. havemarried have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold； 18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier 4.句型轉(zhuǎn)換表示延續(xù)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句