歐洲文化入門練習(xí)及參考答案

1、歐洲文化入門各章練習(xí)及答案第一章 填空題:1. The richnesselement.ofEur op ean Culture was created byGreco-Roman Judeo-Christianeleme nt and2. The Homers epics consisted of. Iliad and Odysseyis the first writer of problem plays. Euripides _ is called Father of History. Herodotus is the greatest historian that ever lived.

2、 Thucydides7.Julius Caesar.citizereassembly.6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to _7. I came, I saw, I conquered. is a famous saying by 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is判斷題1. Euclid says Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world, (x)Archimedes2. Herodot

3、uss historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (x) Greeks and Persians名詞解釋:1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. Democracy in ancie nt Greece答： 1) Democracy means e

4、xwrcise of power by the whole people； but in Greece by the whole people the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2) Women, children； foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.論述題：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 a war was fought between Greece a

5、nd troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourish!ng of science, philosoph% literature, art an

6、d historical writing in Athens.3) The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century / Greece was conquered by Alexander; king of Macedon.Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting betwee n Greek culture and Roma

7、n culture in 146 the Roma ns conq uered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development 答： There has bee n an en during excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance

8、in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people inve nted mathematics and science andp hilosophy; Theyfirst wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inhe

9、rited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectand Euripides, Aristophaness comedies, PlatosA. Countless writers have quoted, borr

10、owed from and otherwise used Homers epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the expressed their admiration become classics: Byrons19th century,of Greekin England alone, three young Romantic poets culture in works which have themselvesisles of Greece, She

11、lleys Hellas and Pro metheus Un bound and Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishma n James Joyces modernist master piece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture 答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples h

12、ad traditions rooted in the idea of the citizenassembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Roma n

13、s built up a vast empire; the Greeks didnt, exce pt for the brief moment ofAlexanders conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power; their military and administrative cap abilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome

14、divided into two periods: Before the year 27 / Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later; the Roma n Empire reached its climax, marked by land areas extension: Encircling the Mediterranea

15、n.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began

16、to deciine in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emp eror Constant! ne moved the cap ital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked

17、the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire coIlapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.1.第一章 填空題:is by far the most influential in the West, Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded inof the Bible, the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about. the doctrine of Jesu

18、s Christ Noahs Ark.4. The story about Gods flood! ng to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament； the Bible, which was known as The Last5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to de

19、ath was known asSupper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand.John Wyciiff.by the early group of reformers led by名詞解釋：1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. Th

20、e OldTestament is about God and the Laws of God. The word festament means agreement, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most impo rtant of which are the first five books； called Pentateuch. Pentateuch con tains five books: Gen esis,

21、Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGen esis is one of the five books in Pen tateuch, it tells about a religious acco unt of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is o

22、ne of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive Gods Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to TheOld Testament of the Bible. It te

23、llsabout the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.論述簡(jiǎn)答題：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christ詁nity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1) One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffe

24、r as humans suffer; and die to redeem mankind.2 ) The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：l)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament

25、is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament,2) The most an cient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edit! on, which was donein 385-405 By St. Jerome in common peoples language. It became the official Bible

26、 of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliffs version, appeared William Tyndales version. It was based

27、on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible orderedby Henry VO in 1539 to be p lacedin allthe English churches was in part founded on Tyndales work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the Authorized or King James version, first published in 1611. It was preduced

28、 by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New

29、English Bible.3. What is the great signified nee of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally acce pted that the English Bible and Shakes peace are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltions P aradise Lost, Bunya ns Pilgrims P rogress, Byrons Cain, up to the contem po rary Hemi ng wa

30、ys The Sun Also Rises, and Stein becks East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章 填空題:a Germanic (日耳曼)general killed the last Roman emperor and took control ofthe go ver nment. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox

31、 Church.1. Inandthe3.is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew andGreek originals. St. Jeromeintroduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The4.Can terbury Talesp

32、aved the way for the devel op merit of what is the p resent-day Eur opean culture, theMiddel Ages6.名詞解釋1. the Middle agesIn European history the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it

33、 came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word feudalism was derived from the Latin fwudumU a grant of land.3. T

34、he ManorThe centre of medieval lifeun der feudalism was themanor.Manors werefounded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingia n Ren aissa nee is derived from Charle

35、magnes name in The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.Latin,therichesCarolus.spectacle of the5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread th

36、rough all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.論述簡(jiǎn)答題：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of F

37、aith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to kep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influenee.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in wester n Eur ope was

38、 a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped peoples lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the Ag of Faith.2. What is the great significance of the CrusadesY答：1) The crusades brought th

39、e East into closer contact with the West And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) Duri ng the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, whic

40、h, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides through their contact with the more cultured Byza ntines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing p

41、eoples interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in w

42、estern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagnes name in La

43、tin, Carolus. The most interest!ng facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations in

44、to the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also ins pired the com pilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chr on ides,3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Scienee:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observatio

45、n and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.National epic refers to the epic written in vernacular languagesthat is, the languag

46、es of various nati onal states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no Ion ger all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Bot

47、h Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His master piece, The Divine Comedy is one of the Ian dmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante w

48、rote his master piece in Italia n rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Can terbury Tales were his most pop ular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucers innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Itali

49、an styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernac

50、ular Ianguage used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age, It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.National epic refers to the epic written in vernacular Ianguagesthat is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. L

51、iterary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National

52、 Epics.2) The vernacular Ianguage used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue； but also in narration.3) His represe ntative works Life on the Mississip p

53、i.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times, ft developed a

54、 civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the the westernEur ope, thetaxes from lay people andsup remeCatholicvarioushead of all the Christian Churches of(meaning universal) chur

55、ch received heavysupports from nobles and kings. Churchcould remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of theInquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans daily life andalmostevery onebecamea member oftheC

56、hurch.Peopleturnedto theChurchfor comfortand sp iritualguidance; theChurchalso was thecen terof holycommun ion,recreation tradeand communalactivity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead

57、 in politics, lag art, and learning throughout the 蟲ge of Faith. For exam pie, Romanesque and Gothic arts were p redomina ntly religious; in lear ning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers* philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science,6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhaneed the cultural contact between the West and theEast.第四章 填空題:1. Renaissance s